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2.1 (I) Know The Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces in Living Organisms 2
2.1 (I) Know The Properties of Gas Exchange Surfaces in Living Organisms 2
1 (i) know the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms (large surface area to
volume ratio, thickness of surface and difference in concentration)
Organisms require a supply of chemical substances e.g. glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration.
These are usually transported from outside of a cell into a cell.
While respiration supplies energy for other other reactions of life, it also produces waste products
(e.g. carbon dioxide) that need to be removed from the cells or else they may cause damage to the
living organism.
To undergo aerobic respiration, living organisms need oxygen and produce waste carbon dioxide.
amoeba is a eukaryotic (complex) organism that is microscopic in size and moves via retracting
arm- like pseudopods.
Single-celled organisms and microscopic multicellular organisms do not need a specialized
system for gas exchange.
Surface area to volume ratio is the key factor that determines whether or not the organism has a
specialized gas exchange system or any other specialized transport systems (e.g. circulatory
system).
Single-celled organisms and small microscopic multicellular organisms have a large surface area to
volume ratio
• Substances diffuse into or out of a cell through the cell membrane (the “surface”)
• Their surface area in contact with the outside environment is very large when compared to the
volume of the inside of the organism (i.e. large surface area to volume ratio SA:Vol)
Single-celled organisms and small microscopic multicellular organisms have a large surface area to
volume ratio
• They have less parts and less demand for nutrients and energy
• They do not regulate their own temperature and the cells do not use much oxygen/nutrient or
produce much carbon dioxide
The SA:Vol ratio of this tiny jellyfish larva is relatively large, so simple diffusion is enough to supply
all its needs and remove waste products.
Single-celled organisms and microscopic multicellular organisms can achieve all their needs/
removal of wastes by diffusion so they do not need specialized transport systems.
(2) Surface area: volume ratio decreases (3) Increasing levels of activity
. There is less surface area for the absorption of nutrients and gases and excretion of waste
products.
• In addition, the greater volume results in
a longer diffusion distance to the cells and tissues of the organism.
Once SA:VOL is too small, we have to think about many ways to supply all of our cells and remove
waste products in more efficient way. .
Imagine trucks delivering to different areas at different times. One way would not work.
Complex organisms have evolved to have specialized gas exchange systems which take in oxygen
and remove carbon dioxide
2.1 (iii) understand how the structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gaseous
exchange
The human gas exchange system
Nasal cavity
• main route for air to enter the system
• has relatively large surface area but no gas exchange takes place here
• has good blood supply to to warm the air
• the lining secretes mucus and is covered with hair
• the hairs and mucus filter out and remove dust, small particles and pathogens such as bacteria in
inhaled air. This protects the lungs from damage and infection
• moist surfaces increase the level of water vapor in the air
Mouth
air enter the gas exchange system, but misses out on the cleaning, warming and moistening effects
of the nasal route
Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that closes over the glottis in a reflex action when food is swallowed, preventing
food from entering the gas exchange system
Larynx
The voice box, which uses the flow of air across it to produce sounds.
Trachea
The major airway to the bronchi, lined with cells including mucus-secreting goblet cells. Cilia on the
surface of the trachea move mucus and any trapped microorganisms and dust away from the lungs
Bronchioles
Small tubes that spread through the lungs and end in alveoli. Their main function is still as an
airway, but some gas exchange may occur.
Alveoli
The main site of gas exchange in the lungs
Ribs:
Protective bony cage
Intercostal muscles:
Found between the ribs and it is important in breathing. They allow air to move into and out of the
lungs to maintain a steep concentration gradient for rapid gas exchange.
Control movement of the rib cage
Pleural membrane:
Surround the lungs and line the chest cavity forming a sterile, sealed unit
Pleural cavity:
Space between the pleural membranes, usually filled with a thin layer of lubricating fluid that allows
the membranes to slide easily with breathing movements
Diaphragm:
Broad sheet of tissue made of tendon and muscle that forms the floor of the chest cavity, also
important in breathing
Alveoli (singular: alveolus) are tiny air sacs responsible for most of the gas exchange in human
lungs.
Each alveolus:
- is made of a single layer of flatten epithelial cells
- has dense network of blood capillaries that surround it
- held to the blood capillary’s wall by a layer of elastic connective tissue, which plays a role in
exhalation
- is coated by a layer of lung surfactant (a special phospholipid) that prevents the alveoli from
collapsing
The alveoli provide an enormous surface area for gas exchange (about 10-18 table tennis tables).
The air within the alveoli is constantly being refreshed with air by inhalation. The continuous blood
flow in capillaries maintains a steep concentration gradient on the capillary side.
Movement of gases into and out of the alveoli is mainly by diffusion, but the movement of air into
and out of the lungs is by a mass transport system.
Presence of phagocytic white blood cells to keep alveoli free of most pathogen (disease-causing
microorganisms).
The liquid lung surfactant on the inner surface of alveoli is a special phospholipid that helps lower
surface tension, which keeps the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation and makes breathing easy.
Summary
Why do we need a ventilation system?
1)We are large organisms.
• Oxygen cannot diffuse into all our cells directly from the air, nor can waste products be directly
ejected from the body.
• We have specialized organ systems, which are efficient, but need delivery of nutrients and removal
of waste. The ventilation system ensures the blood can be the medium for this.
2)We are land-borne.
• Gases need moist surfaces (membranes) in order
to diffuse. Our lungs are moist membranes, allowing oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon
dioxide to diffuse out.
The ventilation system maintains a large concentration gradient between the alveoli and the blood.
• The constant flow of past the alveoli brings
blood with a high CO2 concentration and low
O2 concentration.
• Breathing out keeps the CO2 concentration in
the alveoli low, so it diffuses out of the blood.
• Breathing in keeps O2 concentration in the
alveoli high, so it diffuses into the blood.