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Introduction :

The flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at

which the fuel is heated to form a mixture of its vapor With
air that is flammable for a moment only, or a mixture that
flashes when a certain flame is brought close to it, and the
flash point is characterized by the fact that the flame is
extinguished immediately. There is another temperature
known as the degree of ignition (Fire Point): It is the lowest
temperature to which the fuel is heated to give a mixture of
its vapor with air that is sufficient for ignition and its
continuity in the presence of a flame, and the ignition point
is usually slightly higher than the flash point. In order for
flammable vapors to be flashed, their concentration must
fall within certain limits, so there will be a minimum and an
upper limit for the concentration of vapors. As for the upper
limit, it is the value of the concentration of vapors after
which flashing does not occur due to insufficient oxygen,
and the minimum concentration of oil vapors is the
important thing, which is taken into account when
determining the flashing. The flash point scale does not
depend on light (volatile) products such as automobile
gasoline or aircraft fuel for its occurrence At low
temperatures, instead, the vapor pressure gauge is taken
using the Vapor Pressure (Reid Method), and the vapor
pressure of oil vapors must be (42-40 mm Hg) in order to

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ensure that flashing occurs. Determining the flash point of

petroleum products and calculating their volatility degrees.
These methods are:
1) Abel tester.
2) Penskei Martin Closed Cup Scale (PMCC).
3) Cleveland Scale (Open Cup) …

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The main objective of the experiment:

1.for safety transport
2.safety storage
3.safety handing

Materials:

1. Quantity of the sample whose flash point is to be

measured.

2.Thermometer

3.The test cup is made of copper

4.Heat source for heating the model

5.A source for igniting a group of flames

6.Rubber tubes to transport gas from the source to the

flame

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7.Stirrer

procedure:

The cup dictates the form to be set to the degree of its flash
to the extent of the full mark on the inside of the cup, put
the lid on the cup and fix it well Put the thermometer in
place making sure that the distance is between the mercury

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depot (the bulb of the thermometer) and the base of the

mug. Flame Ignition Device) Turns on the power switch to
start heating at the rate of heat that makes love in the
temperature 6.5°C/min for the product. We open the lid
after a while and approach the flame. If a flash occurs on
the wall of the cup, we note the reading of the thermometer
and record the flash point …

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Q1 // What is the difference between flash point and fire

point ?

ans: flash point: is the minimum temperature at which

vapoure over the liquid fuel will flash, when exposed to an
ignition source. fire point: is the lowest temperature at
which vapors above the oil will ignite, when exposed to a
spark or flame.

Q2//What are the most important factors that affect the

experience?

ans:Instability of ambient air(Since the experiment was not

isolated from the air, the air had an effect on the
experiment in turning off the heat source), instability of
heat source with ignition(The heat source would turn off
and ignite when moved, so it may have negatively affected
the experience), delay in reading of thermometer(Perhaps
the reading of the thermometer was not very accurate
because it read after a flash occurred, which means that it
will be a small difference in temperature), thermometer
position(The thermometer may not reach the bottom of the
cup or it is slightly tilted so it will affect the reading of the
thermometer).

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Q3//Why was the flash point high (58C) knowing that the
product was kerosene and that the flash point range of
kerosene ranged from (38-40C)?

ans:The reason for the increase in the flash point of

kerosene is due to the lack of volatile vapors (the light part),
as the sample was used more than once.

Q4//What is the practical benefit of measuring flash point?

ans:It is useful for safe storage, safe transportation, and

safe manual handling.

Q5//What is the difference between open and closed

Penske Martin device?

ans: The Pensky Martin open device is used for light

products such as kerosene and others, while the heavy
products such as the residual, asphalt and bitumen we use
the Pensky Martin open device for.

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Q6//what The difference between the flash point of

gasoline and diesel Give examples?

ans:Gasoline (petrol) is used in a spark-engine engine. The

fuel should be pre-mixed with air within the flammable
minimum and heated above the flash point, then ignited by
a spark plug. The fuel should not pre-ignite in a hot engine.
Therefore, gasoline is required to have a low flash point and
a high self-ignition temperature.
Diesel is used in high compression engines. compresses air
until it is heated above the auto-ignition temperature of
diesel; The fuel is then injected as a high-pressure atomizer,
keeping the air-fuel mixture within the ignition limits of
diesel fuel. There is no source of ignition. Therefore, diesel
must have a high flash point and a low auto-ignition
temperature…

Murtada hamed kazem

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Conclusion :
This test is very important in the oil industry, especially for
products that have a positive flash point such as (kerosene).
It is important in the process of storage, transportation, and
safe manual handling, so determining these conditions is
very important, and products that have a high flash point
give the concept that the product is safe and does not ignite
easily

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