VII.

PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT

A. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Psychosocial Development

(Short discussion about Erikson’s Theory and relate it to the patient)

STAGE DESCRIPTION JUSTIFICATION

Infancy
(From birth to 18
months)
Trust vs Mistrust

B. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

(Short discussion about Piaget’s Theory and relate it to the patient)

STAGE DESCRIPTION JUSTIFICATION

Sensorimotor
(From birth to 2
years of age) Infants and toddlers learn at - Learn about the world
this formative era of via the newborn’s
cognitive development motions and senses.
through sensory encounters
- Through simple
and handling things. In the
movements like sucking,
early stages of this stage, a gripping, seeing, and
child's whole experience is hearing, newborn may
mediated by fundamental learn about the world.
reflexes, perceptions, and
motor responses.
During the sensorimotor
stage, children go through a
period of dramatic growth
and learning. As kids interact
with their environment, they
continually make new
discoveries about how the
world works.

The cognitive development

that occurs during this period
takes place over a relatively
short time and involves a
great deal of growth.
Children not only learn how
to perform physical actions
such as crawling and
walking; they also learn a
great deal about language
from the people with whom
they interact. Piaget also
broke this stage down into
substages. Early
representational thought
emerges during the final part
of the sensorimotor stage.
 HEAD-TO-TOE ASESSMENT
BODY PARTS METHOD FINDINGS IMPLICATIONS
Skin Inspection Pink torso and bluish - Cyanosis refers to a
and Palpation extremities bluish-purple hue to
the skin. It is most
easily seen where
the skin is thin, such
as the lips, mouth,
earlobes and
fingernails.

- Cyanosis indicates
there may be
decreased oxygen
attached to red blood
cells in the
bloodstream. It may
suggest a problem
with the lungs or
heart. Cyanosis is a
finding based on
what is seen, not by
a laboratory test.
Hair Inspection
and Palpation There is
inflammation, no
redness, no scarring
at the scalp of the
hair.

Nails Inspection There is no - “Acrocyanosis”

polydactyly, refers to cyanosis
cyanosis in the found in the
Blanch Test extremities extremities,
particularly the
palms of the hands
and the soles of the
feet. It can also be
seen on the skin
 around the lips.

Head Inspection The Head is

symmetric with no
deformities, and no
trauma after
delivery.

Skull Inspection - The fontanels will

and Palpation There is no eventually disappear
deformities, open as the skull bones
anterior and close together —
posterior fontanels usually in about 12
to 18 months for the
front fontanel and in
about 6 months for
the one in back.
Face Inspection Symmetric with no Normal
and Palpation No deformities

Eyes Inspection Anicteric sclerae, Normal

symmetric, there is
no discharge, no
redness, no edema

Eyelashes Inspection Present/developed Normal

Eyelids Inspection No redness, no Normal

scarring

Eyebrows Inspection Symmetrical Normal

Ears Inspection Symmetrical, no Normal
and Palpation discharge, no
imflamation
Nose Inspection No deformities Normal
and Palpation
Mouth Inspection Lips no cleft lip, no - Epstein’s pearls are
Epstein's pearls small white spots on
the roof of the
mouth, usually near
the center
Teeth and Gums Inspection Gums are pink Normal
Neck Inspection No Normal
 and Palpation lymphadenopathy
Lungs/ Chest Inspection No deformities, With + abnormal lung
and Palpation symmetrical, + chest sound or rales.
expansion, crackles,
+ rales - Rales is a fine, high-
pitched crackling or
rattling sound that
can occur when you
inhale.
Abdomen Inspection With an open - The birth
abdominal wall due abnormality known
to an organ. as gastroschisis
Auscultation causes the baby's
intestines to
Percussion protrude outside of
the baby's body via
a hole in the
Palpation abdominal wall next
to the belly button.
Other organs,
including the
stomach and liver,
can occasionally be
detected outside
the baby's body in
addition to the hole,
which can be tiny or
huge.
Extremities Inspection Pink and cyanotic - Cyanosis indicates
extremities , no there may be
edema, no decreased oxygen
deformities attached to red blood
cells in the
bloodstream
Muscles Inspection Active Normal
and Palpation
Bones Inspection Not fully develop Normal for newborn baby
Joints Inspection