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06 Open Channel Part 1
06 Open Channel Part 1
06 Open Channel Part 1
Uniform Flow
Alternate Stages of Flow
Non-uniform Flow
Open Channel
Where:
d – depth of flow
V2/2g – velocity head
s – slope of energy grade line
so – slope of channel bed
ho – difference in elevation in the channel bed
hL – head loss
L – length of channel bed
Geometry of Uniform Flow
Rise ho
So= =
Run Lcosθ
For very small values of θ, cosθ becomes 1.0.
ho
So=
L
Energy Equation
Since velocity and depth of flow are constant, the
Bernoulli’s energy equation can be further simplified.
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ho+ - hL = +
2g γ 2g γ
hL = ho
hL = soL = sL
Specific Energy, H
-Height of the hydraulic grade line above the channel
bed.
v2
H= + d
2g
Flow Measurement
The equation used for flow measurement in open
channels is called the Chezy’s Formula;
v=C Rs
Q = A x C Rs
Where:
R – Hydraulic Radius
S – slope of the energy grade line
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
Chezy’s Coefficient
1) Darcy-Weisbach
C= 8 g /f
Where:
g – gravitational acceleration
f – friction factor
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
Chezy’s Coefficient
3) Manning’s Formula
1 1/6 Where:
C= R
n n – roughness coefficient
1 2/3 1/2 R – hydraulic radius
V= R S s – slope of energy grade line
n
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
(SI Units)
Chezy’s Coefficient
4) Bazin Formula
Where:
87 m – Bazin coefficient
C= m
1+ R – hydraulic radius
√R s
(SI Units)
Chezy’s Coefficient
5) Powell Equation
C ε Where:
C = −42log ( + ) Re – Reynold’s Number
Re R
ε – Roughness in meters
(SI Units)
Boundary Shear Stress
τo = γRs Where:
τo – boundary shear stress
R – hydraulic radius
s – slope of the energy grade line
Problem 43
Water flows uniformly in a rectangular concrete open
channel that is 10m wide at a depth of 3m. The channel
slope is 0.0025. Using roughness coefficient of 0.013, find
the velocity, flow rate and boundary shear stress.
Problem 44
An earth canal carries water at a depth of 1.8m. The canal
is 6m wide on the bottom and has side slope 1.5 to 1V.
S = 0.0002. Using the value of n=0.025, compute the
a) Discharge by manning’s formula
b) The value of n using Kutter’s formula
c) The value of m using Bazin Formula
Problem 45
-Rectangular Section
d
b = 2d
b R = d/2
Proportions for MES
-Trapezoidal Section
2b
d
R = d/2
b b
-Triangular Section
d A = d2
θ
Θ = 90 deg
Proportions for MES
-Circular Section
Maximum Discharge
d = 93.8% D
D Maximum Velocity
d
d = 82% D
Problem 46