INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURE SBI6217 Drs. Sugi Iswalono, M.A. English Language and Literature Study Program English Education Department Faculty of Languages and Arts State University of Yogyakarta 2020GNIVERSITAS NEGHRI YOGYAKARTA FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SENI ‘SYLLABUS Intermediate Scare / SBI6217 ‘Semeder Cacal FRMEBSIG-00 Revisi: 00, Ta apne Hal, Languages and Auts Saudy Program ‘Bngich Lenguage and Litrsture Subject & Code ‘Intermediate Structure / SBI6217 Credit 2 Credit points Semester al Prorequisite: Code s Lecturer Drs, Sug Tewalono M.A. 1. Description ofthe Course ‘As seen in the exercises provided, this unit is meant expecially for Indonedan Famers of English who hive reached the intermediate level of English. The topes to highlight cowr (1) the definition and classfation of nouns according to their kinds, gommatical ditincion, number, gender, and cace, (2) noun phrases and compound nouns, (8) indefinite and definite acl, () pronouns, (5} subject verb concord, () verbs and sesh plrzzes, (7) adjectives and adverbs. However, note to be considered that, sioce a dause has not been addressed inthis wait, relative and intetrogative pronouns, aud a noun phrase of hich cructure is made up of a head word and adjective clase and partcipil phrase are not inckided. A noun phrase with moce complex modifiers will aot be discussed in this unit, ether. Whereas the couse isin progres, students ae introduced to “Engish punctuation and spelling mhich ae gen in an according, wit the tops related. TL Competency Standars ‘This course is aimed at developing stidens’ knowledge of and abiltyin having cither practical or theoretical English structure atthe intermediate level through the receptive or producive use, Hence, itis designed to form the basis for the four other skill in hngange Ieaming ic. litening, reading, speaking, and miting, which subsequently serve ae the foundation for other Alicciplines in relation to language and leary sues Tn proportion tothe topics addressed inthe whole zemester atthe end ofthe course, ment are expected to have acquited 1. profound mastery of Engish structure a the intermediate level bed on te topics offered 2. ability © recogriae granmatcal mistakes and reconstruct them in proper English; 8. skills of consiucting idiomatic and accepted English utterances. TIL Orgminition of Teaching/Leaming Actives ‘This subject wll be taught through a combination of cture and class discussion, This slabus and the course orientation are sven in the frst session. Lecturing mil be the technique in delivering the related theory; students are asigned to get the structured work done othe individually or in a small goup dusingthe classroom teaching aiming processor hefore tending. the elas, Cas discussion will he employed when dealing wth exetcizes related t the topes being addressed TV. Progesion of the Coune WEEK TORIC T Orientation 25 [+ Chapior i: Nouns (Kinds, Grammatical Disineion, Number, Gender, & Case 6-7 [+ Chapter I Noun Phrases & Compound Nouns 3 TEST 1. 9 + Chapior I: Indefinite & Definite Arties T0=12 | * Chapter TV: Pronouns 4 Chupicr V: Subject—Verb Concord Te Test 0 T816 [6 Chapter Vi: Verbs & Verb Phrases * Chapter Vik Adectives & Adverbs V. Assesment Stidents are expected to stent lectares and participate in diseusion;inegularatondance and lack of participation due to jade quate preparation wll be penalized. Those whose atendanceis less than 75% will be filed. Snidentlearing achievement wll he assessed by consideting the following components: ii1. Test I 20% 2. Test IT 309% 8, inal test 20% 8, Class Partcipation/Atendance 10% 1006 Vi. Grades Grades will be determined according to Rambu-Runbw: Implemencesi Kurikulum Frogram $0 dan $1 Universices Negert Yogyakarta Tahun 201 1 which ase 8 follows 86-100 -A 76-80 -B+ 66-70 -B- 56-60 -C OME B85 =A. 7175 61-65 =Cr 41-55 Academic: ‘The work to do in this course is subject to students’ commitment to the highest degree of ethical integrity in academic conduct, a commitment that, individually and collectively, the students will not li, cheat, or plagatize to gain an academic advantage over fellow students or avoid academic requirements Academic dishonesty on any test could result in a falling grade for the entire course. Academic dishonesty on any other assignment could resultin a substantial reduction of the course grade, or ifthe situation is substantal or repeated, a failing grade for the course, Notes to Ponder 1, Stidents should attend che clas on time, The tolerance for being lat is 10/15 minutes. 2 Students should dress properly (NO SLIPPERS AND/OR NO T-SHIRTS WITHOUT COLLARS) and behave politely © fiends, lecturers, and any staf! they meetin the environment. Snidenis ate strongly prohibited to consume neither food not drink while the leaming-teaching process i in progress. Prior 0 attending the class, students should prepare themselves with the relevant topic of discussion, and therefore, they should also have with them the materials seferred to 8 this unit resource, Negligence of preparing the books seferred to for the teaching learning process is strongly intolerable, and those who neglect this rule are to leave the class and must see the Ist Vice Dean fora letter of permission to attend the following English clas, 5. No communication gadgets permited during the learing-eaching process ‘VIL. References Allen, W, Stunnard, 1985, Living Eaglsh Structure. London: Longenan Group Lid ‘Azas, Bety Schrampter. 1985. Fundameatas of Engish Cammas Eaglem ood Cis, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, ac Bailey, Brian, Shaffer, Virgins, & Shaw, Harry. 1960, Handbook of Bagi, Austalea Editon. Syncs: McGraw-Hill Book Company Black, E.L. & Wood, ER. 1969, Ht Year Eaplsh London & Glasgow: Black & Son Limged. Cordes, 8. Pit, 1979. An Intermediate Eagsh Practice Book. London: Longman Group Limied. Eckenley, CE, & Eckenley, J. M1973. A Compreheasve English Grammar for orci Stadeat, London: Longman Group Limited, Fikes, TJ. 1980. Common Mistakes in English, Fith Bition. London: Longman Group Liminsted. Forlini Gay, et al 1987. Grammar aad Composton Englewood Clif, New Jesey: Prentice Hall Ine Frank, Marella. 1972. Modem Engh: A Practical Refereace Guide, Bugewood Clift, New Jersey: Preatice Hall le. Fuchs, Marjorie & Bonner, Margaret, 2000. Focus on Grunmar A Higllntermedie Cowse for Reference and Pracive. Second Editon. ‘New York: Pearson Eduction. Hornby, A.S. 1088. Cue to Putems and Usage ia English Second Balition, Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press. Leech, ©. & Srartil J. 1975, A Communicative Grammar of Eaglch Loodon Longin Group Limite, Maures Ja. 9000. Focus oa Caummar: Aa Advaace Coume for Refereace and Prauce Second Raion. New York: Pearson Education. Murphy, Raymond, 1987. Enplah Craaunar in Use: SolfStody Refercace wad Practice Hook for lnteemedite Studeate, Cambie: Cambvidge Univesity Pres. ‘ONNeil, Rober, Kinpbusy, Hoy & Yeadon, Tony. 1976, Kem! Lensons Intemsedinte: Landon: Longa Group Limited. (O'Neil, Robert. 1972. Kernel Lesson Pha: A Post atermediae Course, Lonlon: Longman Group Limied. ‘Quik, Randaiph & Greenbaum, Sydeey. 1982, A Cinwensty Grammar of Faglish. Low-Price Fdsion. London: Longman Group Limited, Sham Hany. 1970. Eirore sa English and Ways to Comect them. Second Paiton, New York: Barnes & Noble Books. Spankic, G. M. 1973, agish a Use, London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Li Swan, Michael, 1983, Practical Enlch Usage, Low Priced Edition. Oxfords Oxford University Pres. ‘Thomson, A.J. & Martine, A, V, 1986. A Practice English Grummer. Fouth Edgion, Oxford: Oxford Universiy Pres, ‘Teegidgo,P-S. 1974. Practical English Lage for Oveneas Stadeats, Loslon: Longman Croup Limied. 1989, Understanding and Using Exglich Grammar Second Ealton, Englewood Clif, New Jersey: Prettice-Hsl, The ‘Wariner, John E, Whitten, Mary Evel & Guifth, Frnes, 1958, Eaglish Grummar and Composition, New York: Harcourt, Brace & ‘Worl, Inc ‘Ween, P.C.& Manin, H. 1900, High Schoo! Eaplsh Crammaraad Composiioa, Revised Vltion. New Delhi: S. hand & Company Li. iiiTABLE OF CONTEN' CHAPTER I: NOUN A. Kinds of Nouns 03 B. Grammatical Distinction and Number .. 04 C. Gender .. D. Grammatical Case CHAPTER II: NOUN PHRASES AND COMPOUND NOUNS A. Noun Phrase... B, Compound Noun. C. Plural Forms... CHAPTER III: INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES. A. An Indefinite Article and Its Use. B. A Definite Article and Its Use . C. Omission of Articles .. CHAPTER IV: PRONOUNS A. Definition . B. Kinds of Pronouns 1. Central Pronouns a. Personal Pronouns . b. Possessive Pronouns ©. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns 2. Demonstrative Pronouns .. 3. Reciprocal Pronouns . 4, Indefinite Pronouns a, Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns 31 CHAPTER V: CONCORD/AGREEMENT A. Definition B. ubject-Verb Agreement CHAPTER VI: VERBS AND VERB PHRASE, A Definition B, Main/Ordinary Verbs . 1. Transitive Verbs . 2. Intransitive Verbs 3. Linking Verbs . C. Dynamic and Stative Verbs . 1. Dynamic Verbs 2. Stative Verbs D. Helping/Auxiliary Verbs E, Finite and Non-Finite Verbs .. iv1. Finite Verbs 2. Non-Finite Verbs . CHAPTER VI: ADJECTIVE AND ADVERBS A. Definition and Function of Adjectives .. . oe . 247 B. Kinds of Adjectives C. Definition and Function of Adverbs D.Kinds of Adverbs E. F 1. Descriptive Adjectives . 2. Adjectives of Number or Adjective of Quantity a. Definite Numeral Adjectives . b. Indefinite Numeral Adjectives .. c. Distributive Numeral Adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives ... Possessive Adjectives . Interrogative Adjectives yee 1, Adverbs Modifying Verbs 2. Adverbs Modifying Adjectives 3. Adverbs Modifying Other Adverbs Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Frequency, Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Manner. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation. .. Adverbs of Reason . Interrogative Adverbs . Relative Adverbs Adjective + Adjective + head Word & Adverb + Adjective + Head Word ......cc:c0:sesesseesessesteesesseeeereees 4 Adjective and Adverb Phrases ... SRN aAveynNeChapter I: Nouns A noun can be defined as a word used to name a person, place, or thing. By a thing here, it means that it comprises something which can be perceived by human senses, or that which cannot be perceived but can be thought of. English nouns, for most of the Indonesian-leamers of English, is complicated, According their kinds, Eckersley & Eckersley (1973:19) classify nouns into two main categories, ie. (A) concrete and (B) abstract nouns. This first eategory ean be sur divided into 2 categories: (1) proper, and (2) common nouns, and these common nouns are themselves divided into (a) individual, and (b) collective nouns. Based on their grammatical distinction, nouns are classified into (A) countable and (B) uncountable (Eckersley & Eckersley, 1973:20). Common nouns are divided into countable and uncountable nouns whereas abstract nouns consist mostly of uncountable nouns. When they are categorized according to their m these countable nouns can be divided into (A) singular and (B) plural nouns (Eckersley & Bekersley, 1973:26); when they are categorized according to their gender, English nouns (mostly the countable ones) can be divided into (A) masculine, (B) feminine, (C) common, and (D) neuter gender (Eckersley & Eckersley, 1973:41-3). The last noun classification is to classify them according to their grammatical case. Eckersley & Eckersley (1973:45) say that although in Old English, nouns had five cases distinguished by case endings, in modem English, they have only one case ending, the possessive or genitive case, Hence, it is the only case to be discussed in this part. For clarification, this system can be diagrammatically drawn as the following.rend ‘ semen “CL uounuog “9 SUTUTUDY “Ef aurnasepyW ayquyunosuy et aiquuhon v MOD /AISSOSSOg wOHSUnSIC, ase) sepuey sequin, 0) Surproo0y payjisse[) SNNONKinds According to their kinds, noun classification that Eckersley & Eckersley propose is (1) concrete and (2) abstract nouns. Frank (1972:6) states that a concrete noun is “a word for a physical object”, and which can be perceived by human senses. This category can be exemplified by these words: ‘boy’, ‘town’, “flower, ‘John’, ‘Indonesia’, “Yogyakart ‘crowd’, and ‘team’, Furthermore, Frank (1972:7) says that an abstract noun, which consists mostly of uncountable nouns, is “a word for a concept—it is an idea that ex is in our minds only”. The example of this noun category is “beauty”. joyful 1e8s", ‘emotion’, ‘love’, ‘kindness’, ‘theft’, ‘boyhood’, and ‘grammar’ These conerete nouns can be sub-divided into two: (a) proper and (b) common nouns. a. A proper noun is, referring to Maurer (2000:105), a name of a particular, individual person, place, or thing whoiwhich is usually unique. It is written in a capital letter, and cannot be made plural bA ommon noun is, according to Wren & Martin (1990:5), “a name given in common to every person of thing of the same class or kind”, Different from proper nouns, this sort of nouns is not written in a capital letter and has plural forms. The following chart shows how these two categories work in practice Karen Summers girl Daniel Sunyoto boy Yogyakarta city Indonesia country University of Indonesia university When classified into their particular details, common nouns can be divided into two classes, ie. (b.1.) individual and (b.2.) collective nouns b.1, An individual noun is a noun that represents a typical member of a group, and which includes all of the c rete nouns.This category can be exemplified by these words: ‘warship’, ‘police woman’, “football player’, and ‘person’, b.2. A collective noun names a group, number, or collection of persons, objects, or things “taken together and spoken of as one whole” (Wren & Martin,2000:5), for example, ‘fleet’, ‘police’, ‘team’, and ‘crowd’, Noticed how they are used in the followings. 1) A fleet may mean “1. number of warships under one commander; all the warship of a country. 2. Number of ships, aircraft, buses ete moving or working under one command or ownership” (Hornby, 1974:327). For example, Admiral Yos Sudarso led the Indonesian combat fleet to attack the Dutch fleet. 2) Police is “men and women belonging to a department of goverment concemed with the keeping of public order: Several hundred police were on duty at the demonstration” and “The police have not made any arrests (Homby, 1974:644). 3) A team means 1. “two or more oxen, horses ete pulling a cart, plough, ete together. 2. “number of persons playing together and forming one side in some games, e.g, football, cricket, hockey, and in some sports, e.g. relay races; group of people working together” (Hornby, 1974:887). 4) A erowd means “a large number of people together, but without order or organization : He pushes his way through the crowd” (Homby, 1974:206). B. Grammatical Distinction and Number When the classification is made on the basis of their grammatical distinetion, as stated above, common nouns may be grouped into two: (1) countable nouns which are made up from individual and collective nouns, and (2) uncountable nouns which are mostly made up from abstract nouns. According to their number, these con itable nouns can be made into (1) singular and (2) plural nouns. Although the note on countable and uncountable nouns in this section is trustworthy, it is not always easy to distinguish countable from uncountable nouns. Swan (1983:164) states that It is not always obvious whether a word is countable and uncountable; if you are not sure, check in the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (nouns are marked C or U). Sometimes words can be uncountable with one meaning and countable with another, 1, A countable noun refers to nouns denoting persons or things that can be counted. Therefore, it is only the nouns in this category which can be made into the plural form. In their singular form, they are preceded by the indefinite article ‘alan’a. The plural form of the singular countable nouns are mostly made by adding -s to the singular noun, singular plural singular Plural ‘a book ‘books apen pens: acow cows arat rats b, However, nouns ending in -s, -sh, -ch, or -x, and 0, form their plural by adding es to their singular form, like in the following. Singular plural singular Plural akiss Kisses ‘atan taxes wish wishes a mango ‘mangoes amatch matches Except the followings: Singular plural singular Plural ‘a dynamo dynamos ‘asolo solos acanto cantos a photo photos apiano pianos aquarto quartos ¢. But all nouns end Y a vowel take only the -s form. Singular singular Plural ‘acuckoo ‘a radio radios a bamboo bamboos aratio ratios a portfolio portfolios astereo stereos 4. Nouns ending in ~y, preceded by a consonant, form their plural by changing ~) into —ies, but when the ~y ending is preceded by a vowel, the plural form simply takes -s. gular plural singular Plural ‘an army armies avalley valleys astory stories adonkey donkeyse. Many nouns ending infor retrieved on 7 September 2018. “Forming Plurals of Compound Nouns” — retrieved on 2 September 2014. Wren, P. C. & Martin, H. 1990. High School English Grammar and Composition. Revised Edition. New Delhi: S$. Chand & Company Ltd. 2Chapter III: Indefinite and Definite Articles English has two kinds of articles, ie. the indefinite (‘a/an’) and definite (‘the’) articles. Different from the articles that the Indonesian language has, these articles are far more complex. A. an Indefinite Article and Its Use English nouns may be either countable or uncountable. A countable takes this indefinite article to show that the noun is singular, and therefore, this article cannot be used for uncountable nouns. The article a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel sounded like a consonant, e.g. a@ man, a table, or a university. The article an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, 0 u) or words beginning with a mute h: an apple, an elephant, an honourable man, or an SMA. When or how to use this article is shown below: 1. It is used to mention a thing/person that is not particular for the first time. In this case, it is used to make a generalization. a. The workers found a new archeological site when they were digging the ground. Here, the speaker is not talking about one specific archeological site. S/he is only referring to one site out of the whole which can be classified as archeological. 2. It is used to refer to one’s occupationiprofession. a. Shakespeare was a great playwright. b. Pak Dirman was a fearless general in the army. ¢. John is a general practitioner. 3. It is used with nationalities and religions (“Indefinite Article: a/an”, 2014:p.3). a. Brian is an Australian, b. Joan is a Catholic. 4, Acronyms take this article (“Using Articles”, 2014:p.7) when they mean ‘a certain’, 22a. An MSDS (a certain Material Safety Data Sheet) was used to record the data, b. OnJune 24, 1947a private pilot Kenneth Arnold claimed that he saw a UFO (a gertain Unidentified Flying Object). Exception: But But when they are pronounced as a word, they do not take any articles; when they are pronounced in individual letter which refer to university, organizations, and countries, they use the definite article the (“When NOT to Use ‘the’! (definite article, 2014:p.13-4)}. a, UNESCO was founded in 1946, (UNESCO is pronounced as one word.) b. The UN was created after the Second World War. (UN is pronounced individually.) Brian Holiday graduated from the UWA, (UWA is pronounced individually.) d. James Bond does not work for the CIA but for the MIS. (CIA and MIS are pronounced individually.) . It is used for number collectives and some numbers: a dozen, a gallon. . Names of meals do not use an indefinite article except when they are preceded by an adjective. a. The Smiths usually have breakfast at half past six. b. Laura had dinner with fish and potato chips. c. The Smiths usually have breakfast at half past six. d. Laura and her gentleman caller had a wonderful dinner last night. B. a Definite Article and Its Use ‘The definite article the is used for singular and plural nouns and for all genders: the boy, the boys, the girl, the girls, the day, and the days. Or it may be said that when either countable or uncountable nouns which are singular or plural are defined as particular specimens or groups of their kind the definite article the is used before them. In line with this use, Spankie (1975:2—3) suggests that this article cannot be used before uncountable (abstract) nouns particularly, “except when they are clearly defined in the sentence’ 23Health is wealth or (2) Silence is golden but “The health of the nation is good" and “The silence in the forest is very restfial”. (See also no.2 below). 1. This definite article is used before a noun which has become definite/specific as a result of being mentioned a second time. Here, the listener knows which archeological site the speaker is talking about, a. Some years ago the workers found a new archeological site when they were digging the ground. The library of Islamic University of Indonesia now stands on the site. It is used before a noun which is made definite/specific by the addition of a phrase or clause. a. Lalways remember the girl that I met at the Malioboro Mall last week. It is used before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular thing. a, Annis in the garden (the garden of this house). b. He passed the wine (the wine on the table). It is used before musical instruments. a. She learnt to play the flute. It is used before a noun of which there is only one, or which is considered as uniquely one. This may also comprise works of art and historical regions: the earth, the sea, the sky, the weather, the North Pole, the Mona Lisa, the Fifth Symphony, the Eiffel Tower, the Holy Land, the Acropolis, the Parthenon, the Pyramids, and the Borobudur Temple. It is used for all geographical names for natural waters and canals, ex sept lakes: the Nile (River), the Red Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Suez Canal, the English Channel, the Dardanelles, the Selokan Mataram; but Lake Como, Lake Superior, Lake Toba. Chains of hills and mountains take this article before them: the Andes, the Himalayas, the Menoreh, and the Gunung Kidul. But individual hills and mountains usually do not take it: Mt. Everest, Mt. Blanc, Mt. Merapi, except. the Fungfrau, the Matterhorn, the Mount of Olives. 248. Points on the globe and geographical areas including deserts, forests, gulf’, coast, and peninsulas take this article: the Middle East, the West, the Equator, the South Pole, the Gobi Desert, the Kioloa State Forest, the Gulf of Mexico, the West Coast, the Saanich Peninsula, 9. Countries take this article when their political titles are referred to: fhe Republic of indonesia, the United States of America, the United Kingdom (but Great Britain), the Czech Republic, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. 10. Cinemas, hotels, theatres, galleries, museums, restaurants, clubs, taverns, and public places all take the except when their titles are proper personal names in the possessive case: the Multiplex Cinema, the Ambarukmo Palace Hotel, the Taman Budaya Theatre, the Senisono Gallery, the Van Gogh Musewm, the Blue Danube Restaurant, the Simpang Raya Padang Food Restaurant, the Conservative Club; but Smith's Hotel, White's Club, His Majesty's Theatre, Nyonya Suharti’s Fried Chicken Restaurant, 11, The names of ships always take the before them as do the names of special trains and aeroplanes: the Queen Elizabeth, the Titanic, the Tampo Mas, the Doloronda, the Flying Scotsman, and the Acropolis Express. 12. Directions take the when they are used as nouns: the north, and the southeast. 13, Plural nationalities take the, but when they have -sh/eh/ese ending, it is not necessary to put the plural ending -s in the words: the Canadians, the Greeks, the Iragis, but the English, the Irish, the French, the Chinese, and the Javanese. 14, It is used with ordinal numbers: the first page (or page one), the second paragraph (or paragraph two), and the last chapter. 15, It is used with decades or groups of years. a. The Beatles was very popular in the sixties. 16. It is used in superlatives. a. Bverest is the highest mountain in the world; it is also the most famous spot ‘for mountain climbers. 25C. Omission of Articles 1. The definite article is not used before names of people or before names of places (proper nouns). a. It is not acceptable to say the Maya, or the Dani but it is acceptable to say the Smiths to mean the Smith Family (Mr. and Mrs. Smith /and children). ‘The geographical names of countries do not take the, nor do the names of towns and continents , exept the Netherlands, the Sudan, the Crimea, the Ukraine, the Philippines, and the Hague. ‘The names of islands do not take this article except when they are the names of island chains: Baster Island or Bali Island but the Hebrides, the Canary Islands, or the Moluccas. 2. Named stars and groups of stars do not always take the, for example, Orion's Belt, Betelguese, Mars, Venus, Jupiter, etc, except, the Great Bear, the Milky Way, and the Southern Cross. 3. Ordinary meals like breakfast, lunch, tea, and dinner do not usually take the, except when they are served in organized events (of an association or committee) for a particular purpose. 4. b. We all went to the dinner organized by the Ladies’ Club Committee. The wedding breakfast was held in her father’s house. 4. There are a few instances when the omission of the definite article the makes a difference to the meaning of the sentence. a. b. a 9 Fo Sw Jack goes to school (as a pupil). Jack's father goes to the school (to pick up him or for some other purpose) My brother is in church (at a service). My brother is in the church (to see the paintings, as a priest or minister). We have a friend in hospital (as a patient). We have a friend in the hospital (as a doctor, nurse, or secretary). John was found guilty of murder and sent to jail for life. John went to the jail to pay a visit to his relative. The child went to bed early (to sleep) The child went to the bed (toward the bed) 265. Names of universities do not take the except when the names start with “university” a. Professor Sudjatmoko graduated from Harvard University. b. The late Professor Sugeng Mardiyanto, Ph.D. went to Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia, ¢. One of Australian Prime Ministers had a Ph. D. from the University of Western Australia, 6. The definite article is not used for names of languages themselves: Indonesian, English, Russian, French, or Portuguese, but the Indonesian language, the English language, the Russian language, the French language, or the Portuguese language. 7. Names of streets, stations, and airports do not take the: Oxford Street, Gordon Avenue, Adelaide Terrace, Wellington Crescent, Victoria Station, and JFK Airport. References “Articles: a/an, the” retrieved onl September 2014. “Definite Article” retrieved on 25 August 2014. “Exceptions to Using the Definite Article” retrieved on 25 August 2014. “Indefinite Article: A/An” retrieved on 25 August 2014. “Indefinite and Definite Articles” Retrieved on 25August, 2014. Leech, Geoffrey. 2007. Kamus Lengkap Tata Bahasa Inggris. Terj. Kanjeng Mas ‘Tarigan. Bekasi Timur: Kesain Blane. Melanie. 2010. “When NOT to Use ‘the’! (definite article)”. retrieved on 25 August 2014. Spankie, G.M. 1975. English in Use. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. “Using Articles” retrieved on 25 August 2014. a7Chapter IV: Pronouns Definition. A pronoun means for- noun (Wren & Martin, 1990:42), In other words, it means “a word used in place of a noun or a noun phrase” (Homby, 1974:669), or other noun-equivalents. Notice the examples given below. To avoid babyish sentences, the nouns “John” and “Children” are not repeated, and use their respective pronouns, instead, © Jol ubmitted Jol 's assignment this morning, © John submitted his assignment this moming. * Children should watch less television although children are on holiday. ec ldren should watch less television although they are on holiday. ‘The pronoun his refers back to John, and the pronoun they refers back to children. John and Children are the antecedents for the referent pronouns his and they. B. Kinds of Pronouns According to their kinds, pronouns can be classified into (1) central pronouns (a. personal, b. possessive, and ¢. reflexive and emphatic), (2) demonstrative pronouns, (3) reciprocal Pronouns, (4) indefinite pronouns, (5) relative pronouns, and (6) interrogative pronouns. ‘This chapter centers only on central, demonstrative, reciprocal, and indefinite pronouns. 1. Central Pronouns Possessive Reflexive / Number Gender ‘Adjective | Pronoun | Emphatic a singular | M/F I me my ‘mine myself person | plural | MF We us our ours ourselves z singular | MF You you | your... | yours | yourself person [plural | 7F You you | your yours | yourselves singular | he him | his... | his himself gt [singular | F She her her herself person | singular | NIC It it its. itself plural | “PNT ] They themselves 28a, Personal Pronouns Personal pronouns are those which refer to the nouns (people or things) which they replace. I, you, he, and she refer to a singular person whereas it refers to a singular thing; we and you refer to plural people while they refers to either plural people or things. They may function as a subject or an object in a sentence. (See the table above.) Noun Aznold gave aring to Sophia, He gave it to her, The subject pronoun he refers to Arnold whereas it refers to a ring. It is used as an object pronoun of the verb gave, while her is the object pronoun of the preposition to. b. Possessive Pronouns Either possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns show possession. However, they do not have the same function. Possessive adjectives are accompanied by a noun. Possessive pronouns are not accompanied by a noun, but stand by themselves. Noun Pronoun The students submitted their homework. The students submitted theirs. In the first sentence above, the possessive adjective their is accompanied by the noun homework. Meanwhile, in the second sentence, possessive pronoun theirs is not accompanied by noun. It stands by itself. ¢. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns A reflexive pronoun, according to “ELC Study Zone” (2011:p.1), is “a special kind of pronoun”, It is usually used when the subject and the object of a sentence refer to the same person or thing. However, when it is used to give emphasis that the subject is alone or does the action without any help, it is called an emphatic pronoun (Wren & Martin (1990:47). Consider the examples provided. 29© The company calls itself “Multinational Corporation”. * If you want more to eat, help yourselves. (an imperative sentence where the subject YOU in the main clause is understood from the context, and, therefore is omitted.) * Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day. = Diabeties give insulin shots several times a day to themselves. (Not to the others) © The lift stopped at the third floor by itself. (It stopped automatically, without any action ‘on any other part.) * The accountant will record the business transaction of the company by himself, (No one else will help him.) Note that Murphy (1987:162) states that reflexive pronouns are not normally used after “bring/take something with. © [went out and took an umbrella with me. (not ‘with myself”) 2, Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns’, also called definite pronouns, consist of this, that, these, and those. This and these refer to what is near in space, ime, or conception, That and those, on the other hand, refer to what is farther off. These demonstrative/definite pronouns are use anaphorically, i.e., to refer to something mentioned before. The plural form of this is these and that, those. near this these distant that those * Whose book is this? Please put it with those on the selves over there. © Imether at the mall long time ago. I didn’t remember that until she told me. * She talked much about Vanuatu and I did not know about that. © The teacher talks much about pre-historic cultures. Those are quite unfamiliar with me. ust as the possessive form, this form also consists of two kinds i.e. a demonstrative adjective and demonstrative pronoun. The former is followed a noun (“This chapter talks about pronouns”) whereas the latter stands by itself (Those are the houses where our old generation lived.”) 30© Amold: “The map is about the lost city of Pompey.” Bob: “Oh, it is. I didn’t know about sh 3. Reciprocal Pronouns ‘The reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. They indicate that the individual member of a plural subject mutually react one on the other. Zach other should be use for two people or two groups of people. One another should be used for more than two people or groups. © The husband and the wife understand each other. © The students talk with one another. This makes the lecturer angry. 4. Indefinite Pronoun Pronouns may be definite or indefinite. They are definite when they replace a specific noun, and they are classified as indefinite when they are not specific in which noun they replace, They can be singular or plural, depending on their context in a sentence. a. Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns 1. The following indefinite pronouns always take singular personal pronouns. nothing anything something everything one no one anyone someone everyone nobody anybody somebody everybody each either neither another Someone has left his/her umbrella in the cafeteria. © Everybody needs to share his/her experience. ‘* Anyone is going to pass the exam if he/she studies hard. 2. The following indefinite pronouns always take plural personal pronouns. both (@) few many several’ some © John and Andrew are outstanding teachers; both have passed their certification exam. ‘* John invited all of his school mates, but only few are coming, bringing their gifts. 31© Life is sometimes unfair to people. Many can afford to finish their degrees; some do not even have a chance to finish their primary schools. 3. Several indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural depending on the prepositional phrase that modifies them. all any ‘most none ‘some half © Some/All of the jewelry has lost it glow. ‘© Some/All of the jewels have lost their glow. In the first example, the object ‘jewelry’ in the prepositional phrase of the jewelry is uncountable, and, therefore, both the verb and referent pronoun of the sentence are singular. Conversely, as the object of the prepositional phrase of the second example, of the jewels. is aplural countable noun, the sentence has a plural verb and a plural referent pronoun ‘The different meaning and use of these pronouns are provided by EnglishClub.Com (“Indefinite Pronouns, 2014: p. 3). pronoun, Singular another anybody/anyone anything each, either enough meaning an additional or different person or thing no matter what person no matter what thing every one of two or more people or things, seen separately one or the other of two people or things as much or as many as needed 32 Example ‘That ice-cream was good. Can I have another? Can anyone answer this question? The doctor needs to know if you have eaten anything in the last two hours. Each has his own thoughts. Do you want tea or coffee? I don't mind. Either is good for me. Enough is enough.everybody/everyone everything less Tittle much neither nobody/no one nothing one other somebody/someone something you Plural both few fewer all people all things asmaller amount asmall amount a large amount not one and not the other of two people or things no person no single thing, not anything an unidentified person a different person or thing from one already mentioned an unspecified or unknown person an unspecified or unknown thing an unidentified person (informal) two people or things, seen together asmall number of people or things a reduced number of people or 33 We can start the meeting because everybody has arrived. ‘They have no house or possessions. They lost everything in the earthquake. "Less is more" (Mies van der Rohe) Little is known about his early life. Muc has happened since we met. I keep telling Jack and Jill but neither believes me. I phoned many times but nobody answered, If you don't know the answer it's best to say nothing. Can one smoke here? All the students arrived but now one is missing. One was tall and the other was short. Clearly somebody murdered him It was not suicide. Listen! I just heard something! What could it be? And you can see why. John likes coffee but not tea. I think both are good. Few have ever disobeyed him and lived. Fewer are smoking these days.many others: several they singular or plural all any more most none some such, things a large number of people or things other people; not us more than two but not many people in general (informal) the whole quantity of something or of some things or people no matter how much or how many a greater quantity of something: a greater number of people or things the majority: nearly all not any; no person or persons an unspecified quantity of something: an unspecified number of people or things of the type already mentioned Many have come already. I'm sure that others have tried before us. ‘They all complained and several left the meeting. They say that vegetables are good for you. Allis forgiven. All have arrived. Is any left? Are any coming? ‘There is more over there, More are coming. Most is lost. Most have refused. ‘They fixed the water so why is none coming out of the tap? I invited five friends but none have come.* Here is sor Some have arrived. He was a foreigner and he felt that he was treated as such, * Some people say that "none" should always take a singular verb, even when talking about countable nouns (eg five friends). They argue that "none" means "no one", and "one" is obviously singular. They say that "I invited five friends but none has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Historically and grammatically there is little to support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required. 34References Homby, A. 8. 1974, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. “Indefinite Pronouns” —_ retrieved on 9 December 2014. Murphy, Raymond. 1987. English Grammar in Use: Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, “Reflexive Pronouns” —_ retrieved on 5 December 2014, Wren, P. C. & Martin, H. 1990, High School English Grammar and Composition. Revised Edition. New Delhi: 8. Chand & Company Ltd. 35CHAPTER ubject--Verb Concord/Agreement Definition ‘The word concord is similar to agreement. If someth ng has a concord with something else, it means that these two things agree with each other. The word concord can also mean having close relation, So, when we say that something has a concord with something else, it means that these things are related very closely. Here is what Homby (1974:175) says about the word concord “agreement between words in number, ete, e.g, between a verb and its subject in the present tense. Here are some principles about concord/agreement in English. B. Subject—Ve Agreement 1.When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns (compound subject) connected by and, use a plural verb. * She and her friends are at the fair. 2. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb. ‘© The book or the pen is in the drawer. © The book or the pens are in the drawer. ‘* The books or the pen is in the drawer. ‘* The boy or his friends run every day. © His friends.or the boy runs every day. 3. In a pair conjunction like either ...or... and neither...nor..., the verb closer to the subject determines the number. It does not matter whether the subject comes before or after the verb. However, both...and... is considered plural. * Either Lucy or her sisters are going to buy the bike. Neither her sisters nor Lucy is going to buy the bike. Are gither my brothers or my father responsible? © Is either my father or my brothers responsible? Both my father and my brother are responsible for the matter. 4, When the subject consists of a phrase (a headword and a modifier) The verb agrees with the headword of the phrase. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, 36