HEAT TRANSFER

Engr. Andreana Amor M. Gulay

 RECALL: EXAMPLE 1
▪ Determine the result when 100g of steam at 100◦C is passed into 200g of
water and 20g of ice at exactly 0 ◦C in a calorimeter which behaves thermally
as if it were equivalent to 30g of water.
 RECALL: EXAMPLE 2
▪ A 50-g piece of metal at 95◦C is dropped into 250g of water at 17◦C and warms it to 19.4◦C.
What is the specific heat of the metal?
 RECALL: EXAMPLE 3
▪ Ten kilograms of steam at 100 degree Celsius is condensed in 500kg of water at 40 ◦C. What
is the resulting temperature?
HEAT
TRANSFER
MECHANISM
▪Thermal energy is the energy a
substance or system has due to its
temperature, i.e., the energy of moving
or vibrating molecules. Heat is energy
transferred between substances or
systems due to a temperature
difference between them.
▪As a form of energy, heat is conserved, it cannot be
created or destroyed. It can, however, be transferred
from one place to another. Heat can also be converted to
and from other forms of energy. For example, a steam
turbine can convert heat to kinetic energy to run a
generator that converts kinetic energy to electrical
energy. A light bulb can convert this electrical energy to
electromagnetic radiation (light), which, when absorbed
by a surface, is converted back into heat.
Heat Transfer Mechanism
▪There are three mechanisms by which heat
(energy) is transferred in the atmosphere:
1.radiation
2.conduction
3.convection
 CONDUCTION
➢ Heat transfer through molecular motions from warm to cold or vice versa

➢ Conduction is heat transfer by means of molecular agitation within a material

without any motion of the material as a whole.

➢ If one end of a metal rod is at a higher temperature, then energy will be

transferred down the road toward the colder end because the higher speed
particles will collide with the slower ones with a net transfer of energy to the
slower ones.
 CONDUCTION
➢ For heat transfer between two plane surfaces, such as heat loss through the wall of a house, the rate of
conduction heat transfer is:

Where:
Q = heat transferred in time (t)
k = thermal conductivity of the barrier (W/m·°C)
A = area
T = temperature
L = thickness of the barrier/slab
ΔT/L = temperature gradient
P = Power
CONDUCTION: Thermal Conductivity
K K K
K (W/m-
Material K (W/m-K) Material (W/m- Material (W/m- Material (W/m- Material
K)
K) K) K)

Diamond 1000 Aluminum 205 Ice 1.6 Fiber glass 0.04 Polystyrene 0.033

Silver 406 Iron 79.5 Glass 0.8 Brick, insulating 0.15 POI rethane 0.02

Copper 385 Steel 50.2 Concrete 0.8 Brick red 0.6

Gold 314 Lead 34.7 water Cork board 0.04

Brass 109 Mercury 8.3 Asbestos 0.08 Wood felt 0.04

 CONVECTION
➢ Transfer of heat through mass movement of a substance

➢ the "substance" could be air or water

➢ Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to
move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it.

➢ Convection above a hot surface occurs because hot air expands, becomes less dense, and rises (see Ideal
Gas Law).

➢ Hot water is likewise less dense than cold water and rises, causing convection currents which transport
energy.
CONVECTION

where:
Q = heat of convection
h = film coefficient/convection
coefficient (W/m2·K)
ΔT = change in temperature
A = Area
P = Power
 RADIATION
➢ Radiant energy the transfer of energy via electromagnetic waves.

▪ Examples:

▪ sun warms your face

▪ apparent heat of a fire

➢ All objects that have a temperature greater than 0 K emit radiation

➢ hot objects emit more radiation that colder objects

➢ Black Body- any object that is a perfect emitter and a perfect absorber of radiation. (Ideal radiator)
RADIATION
Stefan-Boltzman Law
➢ The Stefan-Boltzmann law relates the total
amount of radiation emitted by an object to its
temperature:

Where:
P= net radiated power
A = Area
e = given emissivity of the material ( e=1 for ideal radiator)
δ = constant called the Stefan-Boltzman constant = 5.67 x
10-8 Watts m-2 K-4 (Constant #31 at the back of your
calculator)
T = temperature of the object in K
 EXAMPLE 1
An iron plate 2 cm thick has a cross-sectional area of 5000cm2. One face is at 150°C, and the
other is at 140°C. How much heat passes through the plate each second? For Iron, k = 80W/m·K.
 EXAMPLE 2
A spherical body of 2.0 cm diameter is maintained at 600C. Assuming that it radiates as if it were a blackbody,
at what rate (in watts) is energy radiated from the sphere?
 EXAMPLE 3
An unclothed person whose body has a surface area of 1.40 m2 with an emissivity of 0.85 has a
skin temperature of 37°C and stands in a 20°C. How much energy does the person lose per
minute?
 EXAMPLE 4
What temperature gradient must exist in an aluminum rod for it to transmit 8.0
calories per second per square cm of cross section down the rod? k for aluminum
is 210W/K·m.
 EXAMPLE 5
1. A small hole in a furnace acts like a blackbody. Its area is 1.00cm2, and its temperature is the same as that
of the interior of the furnace, 1727°C. How many calories are radiated out of the hole each second?
 ACTIVITY-ASSIGNMENT
1. An incandescent lamp filament has area of 50mm2 and operates at a temperature of 2127°C. Assume that
all the energy furnished to the bulb is radiated from it. If the filament’s emissivity is 0.83, how much power
must be furnished to the bulb when it is operating?
2. A metal plate 4.00mm thick has a temperature difference of 32.0°C between its faces. It transmits
200kcal/h through an area of 5.00cm2. Calculate the thermal conductivity in W/m·K.
3. A rectangular slab measures 20 cm by 20 cm, by 2 cm thick. Tl = 100°C, T2 = 96.2°C. kslab = 170 W/m·K.
Find the rate of heat transfer through the slab.
4. Determine the heat transfer rate per unit area, by means of conduction for a furnace wall made of fire clay.
Furnace wall thickness is 6" or half a foot. The thermal conductivity of the furnace wall clay is 0.3 W/m∙K.
The furnace wall temperature can be taken to be same as furnace operating temperature which is 6500°C
and temperature of the outer wall of the furnace are 1500°C.