2021 - 2022

PRELIMINARY LEARNING MODULE

Name: ____________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: _________________________________________________
Teacher: __________________________________________________________
Contact Number: _________________________________________________
Address: __________________________________________________________
UNIT 1:

Performance Standard: The learners will be able to model situations appropriately and solve problems
accurately using conic sections and systems of nonlinear equations
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of key concepts of conic sections and
systems of nonlinear equations.
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
1. Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and degenerate cases.
2. Define a circle.
3. determine the standard form of equation of a circle
4. define a parabola
5. determine the standard form of equation of a parabola

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, I can:
1. Illustrate the different types of conic sections: parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and degenerate cases.
2. Define circle and parabola.
3. Determine the standard form of equation of circle and parabola.
LESSON 1: Circles

CONIC SECTIONS
A conic section is the intersection of a plane and a cone. Observe the shape of the
slice that results. The angle at which the cone is sliced produces three different types of
conics sections.

There are three basic conics sections: parabolas, ellipses and hyperbolas. Note that
circles are a special type of an ellipse.

Definition
A circle consists of all points on the plane equidistant from a fixed point called the
center. The distance from the center to any point on the circle is constant and is called the
radius of the circle.
Finding the Equation of a Circle

The distance formula can be used to find the equation of a circle with radius 𝑟. If the radius 𝑟 has
endpoints 𝐶(ℎ, 𝑘) and 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦), then

𝑟 = √(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 Square both sides of the equation, to get

(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2 This is the standard form of the equation of the circle.

Equation of a Circle Centered at (0, 0)

In the standard form of equation of a circle, (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2, if ℎ = 0 and 𝑘 = 0, then 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐.

EXAMPLE 1
Write the equation of a circle in standard form with radius 3 and center at (0,0).

SOLUTION
Using the equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 and 𝑟 = 3,

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 32

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟗

EXAMPLE 2
Write the equation of a circle in standard form with radius 5 and center at (0,0).

SOLUTION
Since the circle is centered at the origin and 𝑟 = 5, the standard equation of the circle is: 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 52

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓
Circles with Center Not at the Origin

EXAMPLE 3
Write the equation of a circle centered at (3, −5) and with radius 6.

SOLUTION
Substitute ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 6 in the standard equation of a circle.

(𝑥 − 3)2 + [𝑦 − (−5)]2 = 62 Simplify.

(𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔

EXAMPLE 4
Write the equation of a circle centered at (−1, −4) and with radius √7.

SOLUTION
Substitute ℎ = 3, 𝑘 = −5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 6 in the standard equation of a circle.

[𝑥 − (−1)]2 + [𝑦 − (−4)]2 = (√7)2 Simplify. (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟕

The General Form of the Equation of a Circle

We expand the standard form (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟2, to get

𝑥2 − 2ℎ𝑥 + ℎ2 + 𝑦2 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑘2 = 𝑟2 Arrange the terms of the given product.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 2ℎ𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + (ℎ2 + 𝑘2−𝑟2) = 0 Use A to represent the coefficients

of 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 term, D for the coefficient of 𝑥 term,
E for 𝑦 term and F to represent the constant.

We have 𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎, 𝐴 ≠ 0 as the general form of the equation of the circle.
Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square (A Recall)

1. Rewrite the equation (if needed) so that the coefficient of 𝑥 2 is 1 and only 𝑥 2 - and 𝑥-terms are on
the left-hand side.
2. Add the square of one-half the coefficient of 𝑥 to each side of the equation.
3. Write the left-hand side as a square of a binomial and simplify the right-hand side.
4. Use the Square Root Property.
5. Solve for 𝑥 and simplify if necessary.

EXAMPLE 5
Identify the center and the radius of the circle with equation 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 − 4𝑥 = 5.

SOLUTION

𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 2 = 5 + 4 Use completing the square.

(𝑥 − 2)2+ 𝑦2 = 9 Simplify.

Therefore, the center is at (2, 0) and 𝑟 = 3

EXAMPLE 6
2 2
Write (x - 2) + (y +1) = 9 in general form.

SOLUTION

x 2 - 4x + 4 + y 2 + 2y +1 = 9 Expand the square of a binomial.

x2 + y2 - 4x + 2y - 4 = 0 Simplify and arrange the terms.

Sketching the Graph of a Circle

EXAMPLE 7
Sketch the graph of a circle with radius 3 and center at (0,0).

SOLUTION

Let C to represent the center of the circle at (0, 0), from point C move 3 units up, down, to
the left and to the right. The graph of the circle is shown below.
EXAMPLE 8

Sketch the graph of a circle with radius 5 and center at (0,0).

SOLUTION

Let C to represent the center of the circle at (0, 0), from point C move 5 units up, down, to
the left and to the right.

The figure shows the graph of the equation x2 y2 25 , with center at (0, 0) and radius 5.

EXAMPLE 9

Sketch the graph of the equation

SOLUTION

From the given equation of the circle, the center is at (3, −1) and radius is 6 units. Plot the
center and move 6 units upward, downward, to the left and to the right of the center.

EXAMPLE 10

Sketch a graph of the equation

SOLUTION

Begin by completing the square for the x-terms grouped together and the y- terms
grouped together.
 From this standard form, we see that the center is (-5, 2) and the radius is 7.
So locate the center, then locate four points on the circle, 7 units left, right, up and
down from the center.
The figure below shows a circle with the center at (-5, 2) and radius 7.
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LESSON 2: Parabola

You studied quadratic functions of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 in junior high school and found out
that by completing the square, you can rewrite the equation in the vertex form 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘. This
module will help you identify some important parts of the graph of a parabola like the vertex, line of
symmetry, latus rectum, directrix, focus using the vertex form. You will also learn how to graph parabola
with ease. So good luck, stay focus and enjoy the different activities that were prepared just for you!

QUADRATIC FUNCTION
A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is a quadratic function, where 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 are real numbers
𝑎 ≠ 0.

VERTEX FORM OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

A quadratic function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 can be transformed in the vertex form using
completing the square. Below are the steps on how the completing the square is performed in the

VERTEX OF A QUADRATIC FUNCTION

The point (ℎ , 𝑘) the parabola which is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 is the vertex, where

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DEFINITION OF A PARABOLA
A parabola is the set of all points in the plane equidistant from a fixed point F and a fixed line l not
containing F. Refer to the figure below.

The point F in the definition above is called the focus of the parabola and the line L is its directrix.
In this lesson line l is either horizontal or vertical.

Parts of the Parabola

Consider the parabola with focus F and directrix l. The line through F perpendicular to l is called
the axis of symmetry, or simply axis, of the parabola. The axis of symmetry divides the parabola into two
parts and these parts are mirror images. There is exactly one point of the parabola that lies on the axis of
symmetry. It is called the vertex of the parabola. We can see from the definition of the parabola that the
vertex is equidistant from the focus F and the directrix L. The distance from the vertex to the focus (or
directrix) is called the focal distance (a). The latus rectum is a segment containing the focus, with
endpoints on the parabola and perpendicular to the axis of symmetry. The length of the latus rectum is 4a.
Using the distance formula to form the equation of the parabola:

The standard form of an equation of a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, a), a > 0 and its
opening upward is 𝑥2 =  4ay

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Standard Form of the Equation of a Parabola with Vertex at the Origin

The table above shows four equations of the parabola in standard form with vertex at (0,0). If the
focus is at (𝑎, 0), the parabola opens to the right and its equation is 𝑦2 = 4ax. If the focus is at (−𝑎, 0), the
parabola opens to the left and its equation is 𝑦 2 = −4ax. If, on the other hand, the focus is at (0, 𝑎), the
parabola opens to the upward and its equation is 𝑥 2 = 4ay. The parabola that opens downward has focus
(0, −𝑎) and equation 𝑥2 = −4ay. The table also shows the equations of the directrix and the axis of
symmetry of the parabola based on its opening.

EXAMPLE 1
Determine the coordinates of the vertex, axis of symmetry, focal distance (𝑎), length of latus
rectum and endpoints of the latus rectum of the parabola 𝑥2 = − 4y. Sketch the graph.

SOLUTION
From the equation 𝑥2 = − 4y, vertex is at (0, 0), axis of symmetry is given by the linear equation x
= 0 and the focal distance is 2 units. The length of the latus rectum is 4 units and its endpoints are (−2, −
1)and(2, −1). The parabola opens downward.
We use the vertex (0,0), the length the latus rectum which is 4 units and its endpoints (−2, − 1) and
(2, −1) to graph the parabola.

EXAMPLE 2
Determine the vertex, axis of symmetry, focus, focal distance (𝑎), length and endpoints of the latus
rectum of the parabola 𝑦2 = 12x. Graph the parabola.

SOLUTION
From the equation 𝑦2 = 12x, vertex is at (0, 0), axis of symmetry is given by the linear equation y =
0, focus is at (3,0) and the focal distance is 3 units. The length of the latus rectum is 12 units and its
endpoints are A(3,   6) and B(3, −6). The parabola opens to the right. We use the coordinates of the vertex,
endpoints and length of the latus rectum to graph the parabola.

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EXAMPLE 3
Determine the vertex, axis of symmetry, focal distance (𝑎), focus, length and endpoints of the latus
1
rectum of the parabola 𝑦2 = 2 x. Graph the parabola.

1
SOLUTION From the equation 𝑦2 = x, vertex is at (0, 0), axis of symmetry is given by the linear
2
1 −1 1
equation y = 0, the focal distance is 8 unit and focus at F ( ,   0). The length of the latus rectum is 2 unit
8
−1 1 −1 −1
and its endpoints are A ( 8 , 4 ) and B ( 8 , 4 ). The parabola opens to the left. We use the coordinates of
the vertex, endpoints and length of the latus rectum.

Parabolas whose vertex is at (𝒉, 𝒌)

We use the distance formula to determine the equation of the parabola.

Equation of a Parabola with Vertex at (𝒉, 𝒌 )

The table above summarizes the equations, opening, coordinates of the focus and the equation of
the directrix.

EXAMPLE 4
Determine the vertex, focus, focal distance (𝑎), length of latus rectum, endpoints of the latus
rectum and axis of symmetry of the parabola (𝑦 − 1)2 = 8(𝑥 − 4). Graph the parabola.

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SOLUTION
From the equation (𝑦 − 1)2 = 8(𝑥 − 4), vertex is at (4, 1), focal distance is 2 units and the focus is
(6, 1). The length of the latus rectum is 8 units and its endpoints are A(6,  5) and B(6, −3). The axis of
symmetry is given by the linear equation y = 1and the parabola opens to the right. We use the coordinates
of the vertex, endpoints and length of the latus rectum to graph the parabola.

EXAMPLE 5
Determine the vertex, focal distance (𝑎), focus, length of latus rectum, endpoints of the latus
rectum and axis of symmetry of the parabola (𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 4). Graph the parabola.

SOLUTION
From the equation (𝑦 − 3)2 = 12(𝑥 + 4), vertex is at (-4, 3), focal distance is 3 units and the focus is
(-7, 3). The length of the latus rectum is 12 units and its endpoints are A(−4,  9) and B(−4, −3). The axis
of symmetry is given by the linear equation y = 3 and the parabola opens to the right. We use the
coordinates of the vertex, endpoints and length of the latus rectum to graph the parabola. The graph of the
parabola (𝑦 − 3)2 = −12(𝑥 + 4) is given below.

EXAMPLE 7
Write an equation of the parabola with vertical axis of symmetry, vertex at the point (5,1), and
passing through the point (1,3).

SOLUTION
Since the axis of symmetry is vertical and the vertex is (5,  1), then the equation of the parabola is
of the form (𝑥 − ℎ) 2 = 4a(𝑦 − 𝑘) becomes (𝑥 − 5)2 = 4a(𝑦 − 1). Using the point (1,  3) to compute for the

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value of a, we have (1 − 5) 2 = 4a(3 − 1), (−4) 2 = 4a(2), a = 2. Therefore, the equation of the is (𝑥 − 5) 2
= 8 (𝑦 − 1) .

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 S.Y. 2021-2022

PRELIMINARY ACTIVITY SHEET

Name: ____________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: _________________________________________________
Teacher: __________________________________________________________
Contact Number: _________________________________________________
Address: __________________________________________________________

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Lesson 1

ACTIVITY SHEET 1

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE:________________________

GRADE & SECTION: ________________________ TEACHER: Sir Rabbin Caracas

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Lesson 1

ACTIVITY SHEET 2

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE:________________________

GRADE & SECTION: ________________________ TEACHER: Sir Rabbin Caracas

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Lesson 1

ACTIVITY SHEET 3

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE:________________________

GRADE & SECTION: ________________________ TEACHER: Sir Rabbin Caracas

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Lesson 2

ACTIVITY SHEET 4

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE:________________________

GRADE & SECTION: ________________________ TEACHER: Sir Rabbin Caracas

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Lesson 2

ACTIVITY SHEET 5

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE:________________________

GRADE & SECTION: ________________________ TEACHER: Sir Rabbin Caracas

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Lesson 2

ACTIVITY SHEET 6

NAME: ____________________________________ DATE:________________________

GRADE & SECTION: ________________________ TEACHER: Sir Rabbin Caracas

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