Complete ATP Practice

(According to the Syllabus of AKU-EB)

By Sheikh Masood
Mehmood
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

S.No. Experiment Page Remarks

Determine the capacity and thickness of a test tube by

1. using Vernier Calipers.
2-7

Measure the diameter of few ball bearings of different

2. sizes using screw gauge and estimate their volumes.
8-13

Determine the radius of curvature of any spherical

3. surface by using a spherometer.
14-16

Determine the weight of a body by vector addition of

4. forces. (Parallelogram Method)
17-20

Verify the two conditions of equilibrium using a

5. suspended meter rod.
21-23

Measure the free fall time of a ball using a ticker-timer

6. and hence calculate the value of “g”.
24-26

Investigate the value of acceleration due to gravity “g”

7. by free fall method using electronic timer.
27-29
Verify that the time period of the simple pendulum is
directly proportional to the square root of its length and
8. hence find the value of acceleration due to gravity “g”
30-31
from the graph.
Determine the frequency of AC by Melde’s apparatus/
9. electric sonometer
32-35
Investigate the laws of vibration of stretched strings by
10. sonometer or electromagnetic method. (Use copper 36-38
wire instead of iron wire)
Determine the wavelength of sound in air using
11. stationary waves and calculate the speed of sound using 39-42
resonance tube
Measure the mechanical equivalent of heat by electric
12. method.
43-45

Determine the specific heat of water by electrical

13. method.
46-48

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 01
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of the images given at the end of the experiment complete the observation
table, do the calculations and write the result.
 Post the working on GCR.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/pWocETdWJSc.

OBJECT
Determine the capacity and thickness of a test tube by using Vernier calipers.

APPARATUS
Vernier calipers, test tube.

WORKING FORMULA
i) Capacity of test tube 𝐶=𝜋𝑟 𝑑
ii) Thickness of test tube 𝑡 =𝑟 −𝑟

Where,
𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑟 = 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒

PROCEDURE
1. Note down the value of smallest division on main scale and number of Vernier scale divisions and then find
out the least count (L.C) of the instrument using formula
value of smallest division on the main scale
L. C =
no. of division on vernier scale
2. Close the two jaws of calipers to find out zero error. If the Vernier scale zero exactly coincides with the
main scale zero, there is no zero error. But, if it is otherwise, there is some instrumental or zero error.
3. Open the jaws of Vernier calipers, insert the depth strip in the test tube do that it just touches the base of
the test tube.

4. Note the main scale division just to the left of the zero line of Vernier scale. This will be the main scale
reading.

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

5. See which division of the Vernier scale best coincides with a division of main scale as shown in figure and
multiply it with least count. This will give the fractional part.
6. Add main scale reading and fractional part to get the total reading. Then apply the zero error, if any, to the
total reading to get it corrected.
7. Take two more observations and then calculate their mean. This will give the depth of the test tube (d).
8. In the similar way find the internal diameter (di) using upper jaws and external diameter (df) by using
lower jaws.
9. Now calculate internal and external radii.
10. Calculate the capacity of the test tube by using formula 𝐶 = 𝜋𝑟 𝑑.
11. Calculate the thickness of the test tube by the formula 𝑡 = 𝑟 − 𝑟 .

OBSERVATIONS

i. Least Count

Least Count (L. C) =

.

= __________________

= __________mm = __________cm
ii. Zero Error
Vernier
Main Scale Fractional
Scale Zero Error Mean
Reading Part
S. No. Reading 𝐙 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + 𝐅𝐏 Zero Error
(MSR) 𝐅𝐏 = 𝐕𝐒𝐑 × 𝐋𝐂
(VSR) (cm) (cm)
(cm) (cm)
(div.)

1.
𝑍. 𝐸 = ± _______________ 𝑐𝑚
2.

iii. Depth and Diameters of Test Tube

Main Vernier
Corrected
Quantity Scale Scale Fractional Part Total Reading Mean
S. No.

Reading
to be Reading Reading 𝐅𝐏 = 𝐕𝐒𝐑 × 𝐋𝐂 𝐓 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + 𝐅𝐏 Reading
=𝐓−𝐙
Measured (MSR) (VSR) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(cm)
(cm) (div.)

1.

Depth of
Test tube 2. d=__________
(d)

3.

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

1.
Internal
Diameter
2. di=__________
of Test
tube (di)
3.

External 1. 4 6
Diameter
of Test
tube (di) 2. 4 6
de=__________
3. 4 4

CALCULATIONS
1. For Capacity of Test Tube
Internal Radius of Test Tube
d
r = =
2

Capacity of Cylinder

𝐶 = 𝜋𝑅 𝑑

For Thickness of Test Tube

Internal Radius of test tube.

𝐝𝐢
𝐫𝐢 = =
𝟐
External Radius of test tube.
𝐝𝐞
𝐫𝐞 = =
𝟐
Thickness of test tube.
𝒕 = 𝒓𝒆 − 𝒓𝒊 =

RESULTS
1. Capacity of the given test tube is found to be_________________________________ 𝑐𝑚 .

2. Thickness of the given test tube is found to be______________________________________ 𝑐𝑚 .

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
Zero Error

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
Internal Diameter of Test Tube

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
Depth of Test Tube

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 02
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of the images given at the end of the experiment complete the observation
table, do the calculations and write the result.
 The instrument used in the experiment has no error.
 Post the working on GCR.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/phFRSS7mH9Y.

OBJECT
Measure the diameter of few ball bearings of different sizes using screw gauge
and estimate their volumes.

APPARATUS
Screw gauge, steel ball bearings.

WORKING FORMULA
Volume of a sphere is given by
4
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟
3
Where,
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒.
PROCEDURE
1. Determine the pitch of the screw and then find the least count of the instrument with the help of formula
given.
2. Find the zero error, if any, by closing the studs of the screw gauge using the ratchet to avoid undue pressure
between the studs. Take three readings for the zero error and find the mean value.
3. Place the small sphere, between the studs and screw up the gauge using ratchet, till the studs just hold the

object. Too much pressing may alter the diameter of the object.

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
4. Note the last visible division of the main scale. This gives the main scale reading in millimeters. Convert it
into centimeters and record it. Then take the circular scale reading against the reference line. Multiply it
with the least count to get the fractional part. Add fractional part and main scale reading to get total
reading.

5. Apply zero error, observed in step 2, to the total reading to get the correct reading.
6. Take two observation observations and find their mean.
7. Now calculate the radius of a small sphere using the relation 𝑟 = .
8. Find the volume of given small sphere by applying the formula V = πr .
9. Repeat the procedure for the other given spheres.

OBSERVATIONS
i. Pitch of the Screw

Pitch of the screw =

.

= __________________

= __________mm = __________cm

ii. Least Count

Least Count (LC) =

.

= __________mm = __________cm

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

iii. Zero Error

Main Scale Circular Scale Fractional Part Zero Error Mean
Reading Reading 𝐅𝐏 = 𝐂𝐒𝐑 × 𝐋𝐂 𝐙 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + 𝐅𝐏 Zero Error
S. No.
(MSR) (CSR) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(cm) (div.)
1.

2.
𝑍. 𝐸 = ± __________ 𝑐𝑚

3.

iv. Diameter of Sphere

Main Vernier
Corrected
Quantity Scale Scale Fractional Part Total Reading Mean
Reading
S. No.

to be Reading Reading 𝐅𝐏 = 𝐂𝐒𝐑 × 𝐋𝐂 𝐓 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + 𝐅𝐏 Reading

= 𝐓−𝐙
Measured (MSR) (CSR) (cm) (cm) (cm)
(cm)
(cm) (div.)

1.
Diameter
of Small
2. di=_________
Sphere
(ds)
3.

1.
Diameter
of Large
2. dl=_________
Sphere
(dl)
3.

Calculations
1. For Small Sphere
Radius of the small sphere
d
r = = __________ = __________cm
2

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

Volume of the small sphere

V = πr

2. For Small Sphere

Radius of the small sphere
d
r = = __________ = __________cm
2
Volume of the small sphere

V = πr

RESULTS
1. The volume of the given small sphere is found to be______________________.
2. The volume of the given small sphere is found to be _____________________.

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
Diameter of Small Sphere

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
Diameter of Large Sphere

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 03
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of given values complete the observation table, do the calculations and write
the result.
 Post the working on GCR.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/iAxNgI9NrNw.

OBJECT
Determine the radius of curvature of any spherical surface by using a
spherometer.

APPARATUS
Spherometer, convex or concave lens/ mirror.

PROCEDURE
12. Place the spherometer on a paper and press it gently to obtain dot impressions of the outer legs of the
spherometer on the paper. Join the three dots to get a triangle. Measure its each side separately and find
their mean a.
13. Determine the pitch and the least count of the spherometer.
14. The spherometer is then placed on the base plate (usually plane glass sheet). Now lower the central screw
until it just touches the base plate. Insert very thin paper to check whether the central screw and base plate
are in exact contact.
15. Take the readings on the main scale and circular scale.
16. Multiply the circular scale reading with least count to get the fractional part. Add fractional part and main
scale reading. This will be the initial reading. Take three readings on different parts of the base plate.
Calculate their mean value and represent it by h .
17. Next raise the central screw and place the spherometer on the spherical (convex) mirror. Turn the screw
down slowly till it just touches the surface. Read the main and the circular scale readings.
18. Multiply circular scale reading with least count and add it to main scale reading to get total reading. Repeat
the readings for three times. The mean of these readings represents the reading on the convex mirror. Let it
be h .
19. The difference of h and h will give the spherical height of the
convex mirror. i.e., h = h − h .
20. Calculate the radius of curvature from formula given.

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
OBSERVATIONS
i. Mean distance between legs of
Spherometer:

1) 𝑎 = _______________________ cm

2) 𝑎 = _______________________ cm

3) 𝑎 = _______________________ cm
𝟑
Mean distance between the legs of
spherometer
𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎
𝑎=
3
𝑎=
3
= _______________________ 𝑐𝑚
ii. Least Count:

Pitch of the screw = .

= __________________ mm

Least Count (LC) =

.

= ______________mm = ______________cm

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
iii. Index Error and Spherical Height

Quantity Main Vernier Fractional Total Reading Mean

to be S. No. Scale Scale Part 𝐓 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + 𝐅𝐏 Reading
Measured Reading Reading 𝐅𝐏 = 𝐂𝐒𝐑 × 𝐋𝐂 (cm) (cm)
(MSR) (CSR) (cm)
(cm) (div.)
1. 0 6

Plane 2. 0 8 h = ______
Glass (Index
Sheet error)
3. 0 6

Quantity Main Vernier Fractional Total Reading Mean

to be Scale Scale Part 𝐓 = 𝐌𝐒𝐑 + 𝐅𝐏 Reading
S. No.

Measured Reading Reading 𝐅𝐏 = 𝐂𝐒𝐑 × 𝐋𝐂 (cm) (cm)

(MSR) (CSR) (cm)
(cm) (div.)
1. 6mm= 41

Convex 2. 6mm= 38
h = ______
Mirror
3. 6mm= 40

CALCULATIONS
1. For Spherical height of Convex Mirror:
h=h −h =( )−( ) = __________ cm
2. For the Radius of Curvature of Spherical Surface:

𝑎 ℎ
𝑅= +
6ℎ 2

( ) ( )
𝑅= +
6( ) 2

𝑅 = ____________________ 𝑐𝑚

RESULTS
Radius of curvature of given spherical surface is found to be = _________________________ cm.

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 04
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of the images given at the end of the experiment complete the observation
table, do the calculations and write the result.
 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/fowRMegIFvw .

OBJECT
Determine the weight of a body by vector addition of forces.
(Parallelogram Method)

APPARATUS
Gravesend’s apparatus, slotted weights, thread nos., plane mirror strip.

PROCEDURE
1. Place the Gravesand’s apparatus vertically upward on a table. Fix a large white sheet of paper on the
drawing board and attach it by drawing pins.
2. Cut the string into three pieces of appropriate length and knot their one end together. Make small loop at
the other end of each string.
3. Pass two of the strings OA and OB over the pulleys and let the third string OC hang down.
4. Suspend suitable slotted weights 𝑊 , 𝑊 , and 𝑊 (e.g. 𝑊 = 40 𝑔𝑚, 𝑊 = 40 𝑔𝑚, 𝑊 = 60 𝑔𝑚) with hanger
by each loop of the string such that 𝑊 + 𝑊 > 𝑊 and knot O lies nearly in the middle of the paper. Take
care that no weight or string touches the drawing board.
5. Pull the central string OC slightly downward and release it to locate exact position of know O and to ensure
that there is no friction in the pulleys. If knot regains its previous position, the pulleys are frictionless,
otherwise lubricate them.
6. At the point O, all the three forces 𝑃⃗, 𝑄⃗ and 𝑅⃗ produced by three weights 𝑊 , 𝑊 and 𝑊 respectively are in
equilibrium. Place a plane mirror strip underneath each string one by one and see the image of string in the
mirror. Bring your eyes in such a position that the string overlaps its image. Mark two points on the paper
at the ends of plane mirror strip just below the string in each case. In this way we will get six points, two for
each string.
7. Note down the values of the weights 𝑊 , 𝑊 and 𝑊 . Remove the string, weights and white sheet of paper.
Join the pairs of points and extend the lines. The three lines will meet at point O which was the position of
knot.
8. Select a suitable scale (say 10 𝑔𝑚. 𝑤𝑡 = 1 𝑐𝑚) and mark off lengths 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑃, 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑄 and 𝑂𝐶 = 𝑅 to
represent the forces due to 𝑊 , 𝑊 and 𝑊 respectively which act along them.
9. Take a compass and open its ends equal to the length of OA. Keeping the fixed end of compass at B, draw an
arc.
10. Now make the opening of compass equal to the length of OB and keeping the fixed end of compass at A,
draw an arc. This arc will cut the first arc at D.
11. Join the point D with A and B to complete parallelogram AOBD. Draw the diagonal OD of parallelogram and
represent it by 𝑅⃗ ′ which is the resultant of forces 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄⃗.
12. Measure the length 𝑂𝐷 = 𝑅′ and convert the reading to gm. wt. (Graphical Method)
13. Measure the angle AOB which is 𝜃. Calculate the magnitude of resultant 𝑅′′ of two force using formula,
(Analytical Method)
𝑅 = 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
14. Compare 𝑅 with 𝑅 . If both are not equal then their difference, |𝑅 − 𝑅 |, will be the experimental error.

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
OBSERVATIONS
Weights Suspended Angle Magnitude of Result
gm.wt AOB
Weights 𝑹′′ = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑸𝟐 + 𝟐𝑷𝑸𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝜽
P Q R gm.wt
degree

Similar

Different

CALCULATIONS
1. For Graphical Method

Similar Weights Different Weights

The magnitude of resultant 𝑅 is given by The magnitude of resultant 𝑅 is given by
𝑅 = 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑅 = 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

RESULTS
1. Resultant of two equal forces each of _____________________ gm.wt by law of parallelogram is _____________ gm.wt.
Resultant of two unequal forces of _____________________ gm.wt and _____________________ gm.wt by law of
parallelogram is _____________________ gm.wt.

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 05
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of following information complete the observation table, do the calculations
and write the result.
Least count of stopwatch = 1 centi-second or 0.01 s
Radius of each bob = 1 cm
Time for 10 Oscillations
Length of string Including Hook 𝒕
𝒍 (s)
(cm)
𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐

64 16.49 16.51

74 17.42 17.48

84 18.56 18.51

94 19.57 19.54

104 20.41 20.49

 Draw graph and upload its photo on GCR with assignment.

 Post the working on GCR.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/bJKEN43695k.

OBJECT
Verify that the time period of the simple pendulum is directly proportional to the
square root of its length and hence find the value of acceleration due to gravity
′𝒈′ from the graph.

APPARATUS
Simple pendulum, stopwatch, stand with clamp, thread, cork and vernier calipers.

WORKING FORMULA
From the graph between 𝐿 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇 the value of 𝑔 can be found by
1
𝑔 = 4𝜋
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

PROCEDURE
1. Find the radius of bob.
2. Tie a long string to the hook of bob and measure the length l of the string from the surface of bob (including
the hook) to a point such that if the radius of bob r is added to this measured length we get the length L of
the simple pendulum i.e. 𝐿 = 𝑙 + 𝑟, which should be equal to 65, 75, 85, 95, and 105 cm or as desired. Mark
this point on string with pencil.
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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
3. Place the string in between the two halves of the split cork in such a way that the marked point is seen just
below the split cork. Fix the cork in the clamp of stand and place the stand near the edge of the table.
4. Draw a straight line with chalk on the floor, indicating the mean or undisturbed position of pendulum. Two
more lines on either side of the central line are drawn at a distance of about 5 cm. These two lines will
indicate the limit of amplitude of oscillation of pendulum.
5. Hold the bob in your fingers and take it to one side up to the point marked and release it.
6. Start the stop – watch at the moment the bob is crossing the central chalk mark in one direction (say, from
right to left). When the bob passes across the chalk mark from left to right for the second time, one
complete oscillation is made. It must be seen that the bob neither spins nor makes any elliptical orbit while
oscillating.
7. Ten complete oscillations are counted in this way and the stop – watch is
stopped. The total time t for the ten oscillations is noted. Repeat this
observation thrice and find the mean total time for 10 oscillations at this
length of the pendulum.
8. The time period T is obtained by dividing the mean total time by the number
oscillations i.e. ten in this case.
9. Now find time period of the pendulum in the similar way for the other given
lengths.
10. Draw graph between L and 𝑇 taking L along x-axis and 𝑇 along Y-axis. It
will be a straight line as shown in figure.
11. Take two points on the graph other than the plotted ones, find the slope of 𝐿 − 𝑇 line.
12. Using the slope calculate value g by the formula 𝑔 = 4𝜋

OBSERVATIONS
i. Least count of stop – watch = __________________ s

ii. Radius of the bob = r = _________________________ cm

Length of Time for 10 Oscillations

string Length of 𝒕 Time
Period
Including Pendulum (s) 𝑻𝟐
S. No. 𝒕
Hook 𝑳=𝒍+𝒓 𝑻= (𝐬 𝟐 )
𝒍 (cm) 𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐 Mean 𝟏𝟎
(s)
(cm)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
CALCULATIONS
From graph,
At point P At point Q
𝐿 = _________________ 𝑐𝑚 𝐿 = _________________ 𝑐𝑚
𝑇 =__________________ 𝑠 𝑇 =__________________ 𝑠

𝐿 −𝐿
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =
𝑇 −𝑇

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =

The value of ‘g’ is given by,

1
𝑔 = 4𝜋
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑔=
𝑔=

RESULTS
The value of g at Karachi as determined from graph = _______________ 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 .

Exercise
Answer the following questions.
𝒈
1. Calculate the length of second pendulum on the surface of moon. (𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒐𝒎 = 𝟔).

2. What will be the value of g at a height equal to twice earth’s radius from the earth’s surface?

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 06
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of the images given at the end of the experiment complete the observation
table, do the calculations and write the result.
 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/jco9LeyUaoA .

OBJECT
Verify the two conditions of equilibrium using a suspended metre rod.

APPARATUS
Metre rod, hangers, slotted weights, stand.

WORKING FORMULA
1st condition of equilibrium is given as
Σ𝐹 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Σ𝐹 = 0
nd
2 condition of equilibrium is given as
Σ𝜏 = Σ𝜏
Where,
𝜏 = 𝐹𝑑

PROCEDURE
15. Place the meter rod edgewise on the sharp edge of the wedge to find center of gravity (C.G) of the rod. Note
the position of C.G.
16. Suspended the weights W1, W2 and W3 by means of thread on both sides of C.G of the meter rod as shown in
the diagram. W1 and W2 should be suspended different but heavy and w3 should be small.
17. Keeping W1 fixed, some where at point A shift W2 and W3 to different points and adjust their position till
the meter rod is balanced.
18. Note the values of W1, W2 and W3 and their positions A, B and C respectively.
19. Measure the distances AG, BG and GC.

Verification of the First Condition of Equilibrium

20. The meter rod is balanced on the wedge, so there is no net force acting on the rod neither along x-axis nor
along y-axis therefore Σ𝐹 = 0 and Σ𝐹 = 0.
Verification of the Second Condition of Equilibrium
21. There is Calculate the moments of forces W1, W2 and W3 about the C.G of the rod by using the following
relations 𝜏 = 𝑊 × 𝐴𝐺, 𝜏 = 𝑊 × 𝐵𝐺 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏 = 𝑊 × 𝐺𝐶.
22. Calculate the vector sum of these moments.

24
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
OBSERVATIONS
Position of C.G of the meter rod = G = 50 cm
Value of gravitational Acceleration = g = 980 cm/s2
Forces Moment Arms Torques about C.G
(dyne) (cm) (dyne cm)
𝚺𝝉
S. Clockwise
Anti-Clockwise Torques (dyne
No. 𝑾𝟏 𝑾𝟐 𝑾𝟑 Torque
AG BG GC cm)
= 𝒎𝟏 × 𝒈 = 𝒎𝟐 × 𝒈 = 𝒎𝟑 × 𝒈 𝝉𝟏 𝝉𝟐 𝝉𝟑
= 𝑾𝟏 × 𝑨𝑮 = 𝑾𝟐 × 𝑩𝑮 = −𝑾𝟑 × 𝑮𝑪

1.

2.

RESULTS

1.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

25
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
METER SCALES BALANCED ON WEDGE

26
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 07
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of following ticker-tap impressions of a freely falling bob complete the
observation table, do the calculations and write the result.

 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.

 These videos may be helpful https://youtu.be/mzf_Q7GOKSE
https://youtu.be/FcvW7PxqgTo
https://youtu.be/fy9yW9u6Hh0

OBJECT

APPARATUS
Ticker-tape vibrator, roll of ticker-tape, steel ball, transformer, Sellotape.

WORKING FORMULA
Time Period of Ticker Vibrator
A ticker vibrator vibrates with the frequency of 50 vibrations per second i.e. 𝑓 = 50 𝑣𝑖𝑏/𝑠.

The time-period of ticker vibrator is

1 1
𝑇=
= = 0.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
𝑓 50
Therefore, the time interval (∆𝑡) in marking two successive dots by the ticker vibrator on the tap is
0.2𝑠.
Acceleration due to Gravity
Acceleration is defined as
∆𝑣
𝑎=
∆𝑡
For a freely falling body
∆𝑣
𝑔=
∆𝑡
and
∆𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥
∆𝑣 = =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
Where,
∆𝑡 = time interval in marking two adjacent dots by the ticker vibrator on the tap.
∆𝑣 = change in velocity of freely falling bob in time interval ∆𝑡.
27
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
∆𝑥 = displacement covered by the freely falling bob in time interval ∆𝑡.

PROCEDURE
1. Fix the mass to one end of the ticker tape using the
crocodile clip.
2. Set up the ticker tape timer in the clamp as shown
in the diagram.
3. Connect the power supply. Fit the tape into the
timer, hold onto the free end of the tape and switch
on the power supply.
4. Release the tape. The pull of gravity on the mass
will accelerate the tape through the timer.
5. Measure the distance (∆𝑥)between consecutive
dots.
6. Determine velocity for each time interval using the
∆
equation ∆𝑣 = ∆
.
7. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity by using
∆
the relation 𝑔 = ∆
.
8. Find the mean value of ′𝑔′.

OBSERVATIONS
Frequency of ticker timer, 𝑓 = _______________________________.

Time interval, ∆𝑡 = = ______________________________________.

Velocity Acceleration
Displacement
∆𝒙 ∆𝒗 Mean ′𝒈′
S. No. (∆𝒙) ∆𝒗 = 𝒈=
(cm) ∆𝒕 ∆𝒕 (𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
(𝒎/𝒔) (𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

RESULTS
The value of gravitational acceleration found by using ticker-timer within the limits of experimental
error is found to be _______________________.

28
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
PRECAUTIONS
1. Set apparatus vertical rather than horizontal to reduce friction.
2. Turn on the vibrator and let the tape go at the same instant.
3. Try taking rough reading before taking actual reading.

29
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 08
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of following information complete the observation table, do the calculations
and write the result.

Height Time of Free Fall

S. No. 𝒉 (centi-seconds)
(𝒄𝒎) 𝑡 𝑡
1. 75 33.06 33.11
2. 80 44.44 44.27
3. 85 44.22 44.21
4. 90 44.31 44.33
5. 95 44.44 44.48
6. 100 44.55 44.54

 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.

 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/I-9BCVL2Dq0 .

OBJECT

APPARATUS
Free fall apparatus, steel ball, electronic timer with power supply, plumb line, metre rod.

WORKING FORMULA
According to second equation of motion
1
𝑆 = v 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
For a freely falling iron ball motion
𝑠=ℎ
𝑣 =0
𝑎=𝑔
Therefore
1
ℎ = (0)𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2
1
ℎ = 𝑔𝑡
2
Arranging for 𝑔, we get
2ℎ
𝑔=
𝑡
Where,
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙.
30
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑖𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠.
PROCEDURE
1. Arrange the free fall apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Adjust the height of the electromagnet to a suitable height say 75 cm.
3. Now turn on the power supply, so that the electromagnet becomes
magnet.
4. Attach the iron ball with the electromagnet.
5. Now cut off electric supply of electromagnet with the knob, so that iron
ball falls freely and strikes the metal plate at base of the apparatus.
6. As the switch of the electromagnet is turned off, the electronic timer is
turned on and it automatically turned off when the ball strikes the base
plate.
7. Record the time of free fall of the iron ball, this time is in milli seconds
convert it in seconds.
8. Repeat the procedure for the same height, then find the mean time of free
fall for the height.
9. Repeat the experiment by changing the height and calculate mean time of free fall (t).
10. Take at least six observations.
11. Calculate the value of g by using formula 𝑔 = .

OBSERVATIONS
Height Time of Free Fall 𝟐𝒉 Mean ′𝒈′
𝒕𝟐 𝒈=
S. No. 𝒉 (seconds) 𝒕𝟐 (𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
(𝒔𝟐 ) (𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝟐 )
(𝒄𝒎) 𝑡 𝑡 Mean 𝑡
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

RESULTS
The value of gravitational acceleration found by free fall method within the limits of experimental
error is found to be _______________________.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The free fall apparatus should be made vertical with the help of leveling screw.
2. Heigh ‘h’ should be measured with care.
3. Use very small metallic bob for free fall.
4. The current should be passed only for a short duration necessary for taking reading. Turn off the
supply after every reading to avoid over heating of electromagnet.
5. Digital timer of very small least count should be used.

31
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 09
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of following information complete the observation table, do the calculations
and write the result.

A. Law of Length

Linear mass density of the string, 𝜇 = 5.01 𝑔/𝑐𝑚

Suspended mass, 𝑀 = 1000𝑔

Frequency of Resonating
Tuning Fork Length of Wire
𝒇 𝑳
(Hz) (cm)

384 9.8
480 7.9
512 7.4

B. Law of Tension

Linear mass density of the string, 𝜇 = 5.01 𝑔/𝑐𝑚

Frequency of tuning fork, 𝑓 = 512 𝐻𝑧

Mass in Resonating
Hanger Length of Wire
𝑴 𝑳
(g) (cm)

1500 10
2000 10.5
2500 11

C. Law of Linear Mass Density

Frequency of tuning fork, 𝑓 = 512 𝐻𝑧

Suspended mass, 𝑀 = 1000𝑔

Linear Mass Resonating

Density Length of Wire
𝝁 𝑳
(g/cm) (cm)

5.01 8
5.23 9
5.26 10.9

 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.

32
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
 These videos may be helpful https://youtu.be/GTnPEtksTEc
https://youtu.be/EnRYG64NvCg

OBJECT
Investigate the laws of vibration of stretched strings by sonometer or
electromagnetic method.
(Use copper wire instead of iron wire)

APPARATUS
Sonometer, tuning forks of different frequencies, hanger, ½ kg weights, wires of different diameter, physical /digital/
spring balance, weight box, metre rod.

WORKING FORMULA
The frequency of transverse waves in a string is given by
1 𝑇
𝑓=
2𝐿 𝜇
This equation embodies three laws of vibrations of stretched string
1. Law of length 𝑓 ∝ ⟹ 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑡
2. Law of tension 𝑓 ∝ √𝑇 ⟹ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑡
√
3. Law of linear mass density 𝑓∝ ⟹ 𝑓√𝜇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑡
√
Where,
𝑙 = the length of string between two bridges at resonance.
𝑇 = tension in the string.
𝜇 = = linear mass density (mass per unit length) of the string.

PROCEDURE
A. To Verify the Law of Length
1. Place a sonometer on the table.
2. Note down the linear mass density (𝜇)
of the used string of the sonometer.
3. Stretch the wire by placing sloted
weight of 1000g in the hanger, keep
this mass constant.
4. Place the wooden bridges A and B close
to each other under the wire near the hook of the sonometer.
5. Cut a small piece of paper and fold it into a V-shape and put it on the wire midway between the bridges. It is
called rider.
6. Take tuning fork of 384 Hz, strike it on the rubber pad and then place its stem on the sonometer box, keep
the tuning fork vertical. The vibrating fork made the string to vibrate with the same frequency.
7. If the rider does not move, then move the bridge B away.
8. At certain position of the bridges, the rider flutters and falls off. This happens when the wire vibrates in
resonance with the frequency of the tuning fork.
9. Measure the resonating length 𝐿 of the wire between the bridges using a meter scale.
10. Repeat the process with other two tuning forks.
11. Calculate 𝑓 × 𝐿 for each observation. The product is constant which shows that 𝑓 ∝ .

33
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
B. To Verify the Law of Tension
1. Note down the linear mass density (𝜇) of the used string of the sonometer.
2. Suspend a load of 1500g in to stretch the wire of sonometer.
3. Take a tuning fork of known frequency say 512 Hz. Keep this frequency constant.
4. Find the resonating length of the wire for the tension produced in the string due to 1500g suspended load.
5. Now repeat the above steps for the loads of 2000g and 2500g.
6. Calculate for each observation. The ratio is constant which verifies that 𝑓 ∝ √𝑇 .
√

C. To Verify the Law of Tension

1. Note down the linear mass density (𝜇 ) of the thinest string of the sonometer.
2. Suspend a load of 1000g to stretch the wire.
3. Take a tuning fork of known frequency say 512 Hz. Keep this frequency constant.
4. Find the resonating length for this wire.
5. Now repeat the above steps for the other two wires in the sonometer.
6. Calculate 𝑓 × √𝜇 for each observation. The product is constant which shows that 𝑓 ∝ .
√

OBSERVATIONS
A. To Verify the Law of Length

Linear mass density of the string, 𝜇 = __________________

Suspended mass, 𝑀 = ___________________

Frequency of Tuning Fork Resonating Length

𝒇 × 𝑳 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒏
S. No. 𝒇 𝑳
(Hz cm)
(Hz) (cm)

1.

2.

3.

B. To Verify the Law of Tension

Linear mass density of the string, 𝜇 = __________________

Frequency of tuning fork, 𝑓 = __________________________
Gravitational acceleration (in cgs units), 𝑔 = 980 𝑐𝑚/𝑠

Mass
Resonating Tension in the
Suspended in √𝑻 𝒇
Length String
S. No. the Hanger = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒏
𝑳 𝑻 = 𝒎𝒈 √𝑻
𝑴 (𝒅𝒚𝒏)𝟏/𝟐
(cm) (dyn) (𝑯𝒛/𝒅𝒚𝒏𝟏/𝟐 )
(g)
1.

2.
34
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

3.

C. To Verify the Law of Linear Mass Density

Frequency of tuning fork, 𝑓 = __________________________
Suspended mass, 𝑀 = ____________________________

Linear Mass Resonating Length

Density of Wire 𝝁
S. No. 𝒇 × 𝝁 = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒏
𝝁 𝑳
(g/cm) (cm) (𝒈/𝒄𝒎)𝟏/𝟐 (𝑯𝒛 (𝒈/𝒄𝒎)𝟏/𝟐 )

1.

2.

3.

RESULT
1.

2.

3.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The wires should be of uniform cross-sectional area and free from kinks.
2. The wire should be stretched horizontally, and the pulley must be in line with the wire.
3. The pulley should be frictionless.
4. Very small paper rider should be used.
5. The weight of the hanger should be included in the load.
6. The observations should be started with minimum distance between the two bridges.
7. The upper edges of the bridges must be sharp.
8. The tuning fork should be struck with the rubber pad and should never be struck with a hard surface.
The tuning fork should be pressed gently on the sonometer box.

35
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 10
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of following information complete the observation table, do the calculations
and write the result.
Mass of pan = 𝑚 = 2 g.
Linear density (mass per unit length) of the thread = 𝜇 = 0.0026 g/cm.
Value of 𝑔 = 980 𝑐𝑚/𝑠 .
Mass in Pan Total Length of n Loops
No. of Loops
S. No. (𝒎𝟐 ) 𝑳
𝒏
(g) (cm)
3 49.8
1. 5 4 64.2
5 84.4
3 55.0
2. 7 4 73.8
5 91.7
3 64.0
3. 9 4 85.2
5 107
 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.
 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/w6qPZd_KonA.
OBJECT
Determine the frequency of AC by Melde‟s apparatus/ electric sonometer.
APPARATUS
AC vibrator, step-down transformer (6V), connecting wires, thread, pulley, scale plan.

WORKING FORMULA
The frequency of AC main is given by
1 𝑀𝑔
𝑓=
2𝑙 𝜇
where,
f = frequency of standing waves in the string i.e. A.C main.
l = length of a loop of standing wave in the string.
M = mass of pain (𝑚 ) + mass in pain (𝑚 )
μ = linear density of the string.

36
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
PROCEDURE
1. Note the linear density of the thread and
mass of the pan.
2. One end of string is tied to the iron strip of
vibrograph and the other end is passed
over a frictionless pulley and is attached to
a light pan. Take care that the pan does not
touch the table or any other thing.
3. Stretch the string by placing some mass 𝑚 ,
say 50 g, in the pan attached at end of the
string, and set vibrograph to vibrations by
switching the current on.
4. The length of the string is adjusted by moving the vibrograph or position of vibration strip is adjusted until
standing waves having an amplitude of about 1 – 2 cm are seen in the string.
5. Now, one optical pin each is placed at the second and second last node formed in string and the distance 𝐿
between these two optical pins is measured by metre scale, and the number of loops 𝑛 formed between the
optical pins is counted. The ends of the string are not true nodes, and measurements should not be made
from these points.
6. Record the values of 𝐿 and 𝑛 and hence find out length 𝑙 of one loop. Repeat the operation three times for
the same weight by changing the total number of loops in string and calculate the mean value of 𝑙.
7. Alter the value of tension in string by changing weight in pan, say 70 and 90 g, and repeat the operation
three times for each weight to find 𝐿 and 𝑛.
8. Determine the frequency of AC supply in each case by using formula 𝑓 = and then find their mean.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Mass per unit length of string = 𝜇 = ______________________________ g/cm.
2. Mass of pan = 𝑚 = ________________________________________________ g.
Frequency
Total Length of Mean
Mass in of AC
Total Mass No. of Length of one Loop Length of
S. Pan
𝑴 = 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 Loops n Loops 𝑳 one Loop 𝟏 𝑴𝒈
No. 𝒎𝟐 𝒍= 𝒇=
(g) 𝒏 𝑳 𝒏 𝒍 𝟐𝒍 𝝁
(g)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
(Hz)

1. 𝑀 = __________ 𝑙 = ______ 𝑓 = ______

2. 𝑀 = __________ 𝑙 = ______ 𝑓 = ______

37
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

3. 𝑀 = __________ 𝑙 = ______ 𝑓 = ______

CALCULATIONS
The frequency of AC supply is given by

1 𝑀𝑔
𝑓 = =
2𝑙 𝜇

1 𝑀𝑔
𝑓 = =
2𝑙 𝜇

1 𝑀𝑔
𝑓 = =
2𝑙 𝜇
Mean frequency of AC Supply,
𝑓 +𝑓 +𝑓
𝑓=
3
𝑓=
𝑓=

RESULT
The frequency of AC supply is found to be ___________________________ Hz.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Vibrating strip and length of string should be so adjusted that the loops formed are sharp, stationary
and of maximum amplitude.
2. The pulley used should be frictionless and in line with the string.
3. The string should be of uniform diameter.
4. The pan should be light.
5. The string and pan should be kept off the table.

38
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 11
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of the given values complete the observation table, do the calculations and
write the result.
 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.
 These videos may be helpful https://youtu.be/6fNcU-g28IE ,
https://youtu.be/XpSHdxGaWvs, https://youtu.be/K6AvuJYdv30 .

OBJECT
Determine the specific heat capacity of a water by electrical method.

APPARATUS
Electrical calorimeter, 0.5 °𝐶 thermometer, battery, rheostat, key, ammetre, voltmetre, connecting wires,
stopwatch, digital balance.

WORKING FORMULA
The specific heat capacity of water (𝑐 ) is given by
1 𝑉𝐼𝑡
𝑐 = −𝑚 𝑐
𝑚 𝐽∆𝑇
Where,
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑉 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑒ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝐽 = 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
∆𝑇 = 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

39
 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

Draw circuit diagram.

PROCEDURE
i. Weigh the clean and dry calorimeter along with stirrer. Fill three-fourth of the calorimeter with
water and weigh it again. Find the mass of water.
ii. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
iii. Immerse the heating coil in the water contained in the calorimeter and place the calorimeter in the
insulation box.
iv. Insert a thermometer through the hole o the lid placed on the calorimeter so that the bulb dips into
liquid and clamp it, if necessary.
v. Insert the plug key to complete the circuit and adjust the rheostat so that a current of 1 or 2 amperes
flows through the circuit. Take out the plug key and note down the initial temperature 𝑇 of the
system.
vi. Now again insert the plug key and start the stop watch at the same time.
vii. Pass the current for about 16 minutes so that there is about 8 − 10°𝐶 rise in temperature. During
this time, keep stirring the liquid and note down the voltage 𝑉 and current 𝐼 at interval of 1 minute.
Now find their mean.
viii. Note down the final temperature 𝑇 .
ix. Calculate the rise in temperature ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 .
x. Calculate the value of specific heat capacity of water 𝑐 by using the using formula 𝑐 =

∆
−𝑚 𝑐 .

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 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

OBSERVATIONS
i. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.2 𝐴
ii. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
iii. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = 0.01 𝑠
iv. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 °𝐶
v. 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐽 = 4.2 𝐽/𝑐𝑎𝑙
vi. Specific heat of calorimeter (for copper calorimeter)= 𝐶 = 0.1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔𝑚. 𝐶
vii. Mass of calorimeter + stirrer = 𝑚 = 40 𝑔
viii. Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + water = 𝑀 = 93 𝑔
ix. Mass of water = 𝒎𝒘 = 𝑴 − 𝒎𝒄 = __________ g
x. 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇 = 25 °𝐶

Time t Voltage V Current I Time t Voltage V Current I

(𝒎𝒊𝒏) (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) (𝑨) (𝒎𝒊𝒏) (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) (𝑨)
1. 5 1 11. 5 1
2. 5 1 12. 5 1
3. 5 1 13. 5 1
4. 5 1 14. 5 1
5. 5 1 15. 5 1
6. 5 1 16. 5 1
7. 5 1
8. 5 1
9. 5 1 Mean 𝑽 = 𝑰=
10. 5 1

xi. Voltage applied (mean) = V = __________ V

xii. Current passed (mean) = I = __________ A
xiii. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇 = 36 °𝐶
xiv. 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = _______________ °𝑪
xv. Time = 𝒕 = ________ 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ________________ 𝐬

CALCULATIONS
1 𝑉𝐼𝑡
𝑐 = −𝑚 𝑐
𝑚 𝐽∆𝑇

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises
RESULTS
The value of specific heat capacity of the given liquid (water) is found to be __________ 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔°C.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The ends of connecting wires not being rubbed properly with sand paper.
2. The terminals of heating coil are thick and massive.
3. It is very difficult to keep a constant flow of current through the heating coil.
4. Heat loss by the calorimeter due to radiation cannot be entirely eliminated.
5. The least count of thermometer being large.
6. Error in reading thermometer.

PRECAUTIONS
4. Neat and tight connections should be ensured by rubbing the wire ends with sand paper.
5. The heating coil should be completely immersed in water.
6. Current should be passed through the heating coil only when it is immersed in water, otherwise it
may melt down.
7. Turns of the heating coil should not touch each other.
8. Stir the water gently throughout the experiment.
9. Readings of voltmeter and ammeter should be kept constant during the experiment by adjusting
the rheostat, if necessary.
10. The potential difference applied should not exceed 8-10 volts to prevent electrolysis.

42
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 12
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of the given values complete the observation table, do the calculations and
write the result.
 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.
 These videos may be helpful https://youtu.be/6fNcU-g28IE ,
https://youtu.be/XpSHdxGaWvs, https://youtu.be/K6AvuJYdv30 .

OBJECT
Measure the mechanical equivalent of heat by electric method.

APPARATUS
Electrical calorimeter, 0.5 °𝐶 thermometer, battery, rheostat, key, ammetre, voltmetre, connecting wires,
stopwatch, digital balance.

WORKING FORMULA
The mechanical equivalent of heat ′𝑗′ is given by
𝑉𝐼𝑡
𝐽=
(𝑚 𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑐 )∆𝑇
Where,
𝑉 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑐 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟.
∆𝑇 = 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

43
 AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

Draw circuit diagram.

PROCEDURE
xi. Weigh the clean and dry calorimeter along with stirrer. Fill three-fourth of the calorimeter with
water and weigh it again. Find the mass of water.
xii. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
xiii. Immerse the heating coil in the water contained in the calorimeter and place the calorimeter in the
insulation box.
xiv. Insert a thermometer through the hole o the lid placed on the calorimeter so that the bulb dips into
liquid and clamp it, if necessary.
xv. Insert the plug key to complete the circuit and adjust the rheostat so that a current of 1 or 2 amperes
flows through the circuit. Take out the plug key and note down the initial temperature 𝑇 of the
system.
xvi. Now again insert the plug key and start the stop watch at the same time.
xvii. Pass the current for about 16 minutes so that there is about 8 − 10°𝐶 rise in temperature. During
this time, keep stirring the liquid and note down the voltage 𝑉 and current 𝐼 at interval of 1 minute.
Now find their mean.
xviii. Note down the final temperature 𝑇 .
xix. Calculate the rise in temperature ∆𝑇 = 𝑇 − 𝑇 .
xx. Calculate the value of specific heat capacity of water ‘J’ by using the using formula 𝐽 = ( )∆
.

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

OBSERVATIONS
i. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.2 𝐴
ii. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
iii. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ = 0.01 𝑠
iv. 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.5 °𝐶
v. Specific heat of calorimeter (for copper calorimeter) = 𝐶 = 0.1 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 °C
vi. Specific heat of water = 𝐶 = 1.0 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔 °C
vii. Mass of calorimeter + stirrer = 𝑚 = 40 𝑔
viii. Mass of calorimeter + stirrer + water = 𝑀 = 93 𝑔
ix. Mass of water = 𝒎𝒘 = 𝑴 − 𝒎𝒄 = __________ g
x. 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇 = 25 °𝐶

Time t Voltage V Current I Time t Voltage V Current I

(𝒎𝒊𝒏) (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) (𝑨) (𝒎𝒊𝒏) (𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔) (𝑨)
11. 5 1 17. 5 1
12. 5 1 18. 5 1
13. 5 1 19. 5 1
14. 5 1 20. 5 1
15. 5 1 21. 5 1
16. 5 1 22. 5 1
17. 5 1 23. 5 1
18. 5 1 24. 5 1
19. 5 1 Mean 𝑽 = 𝑰=
20. 5 1

xi. Voltage applied (mean) = V = __________ V

xii. Current passed (mean) = I = __________ A
xiii. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑇 = 36 °𝐶
xiv. 𝑹𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = _______________ °𝑪
xv. Time = 𝒕 = ________ 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = ________________ 𝐬

CALCULATIONS
𝑉𝐼𝑡
𝐽=
(𝑚 𝑐 + 𝑚 𝑐 )∆𝑇

RESULTS
The value of specific heat capacity of the given liquid (water) is found to be __________ 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔°C.

45
AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

EXPERIMENT # 13
INSTRUCTIONS
 Read the experiment carefully.
 With the help of following information complete the observation table, do the calculations
and write the result.

Room temperature, 𝑡 = 30 °𝐶
Frequency of 1st Resonating Length 2nd Resonating Length
Tuning Fork 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐
𝒇 (cm) (cm)
(Hz) 1 2 3 1 2 3
512 15 14.8 15.1 45 44.9 45.2
480 17.1 16.9 17 51.3 50.8 51.2

 Post the working on GCR by due date and time.

 This video may be helpful https://youtu.be/PSbcMg-9cYU.

OBJECT
Determine the wavelength of sound in air using stationary waves and
calculate the speed of sound using resonance tube.

APPARATUS
Resonance apparatus, two tuning forks of known frequencies, thermometer, plumb line, Vernier calipers, rubber pad,
two set squares, beaker.

APPARATUS
Speed of sound at room temperature is given by
𝑣 =𝑓𝜆
Where,
𝑣 = speed of sound in air at room temperature.
𝑓 = frequency of tuning fork i.e. the frequency of sound waves.
𝜆 = wavelength of standing sound waves in the resonance tube. = 2 × (𝑙 − 𝑙 )
𝑙 = 2nd resonating length
𝑙 = 1st resonating length

PROCEDURE
12. Record the frequency of each tuning fork and the temperature of the room in the region near your
apparatus.
13. Set the resonance tube apparatus vertical by means of levelling screws and fill the tube and the reservoir
partly with water. The water level in resonance tube can be adjusted by raising and lowering the reservoir.
14. Take a tuning fork, strike it gently with rubber pad and hold it in horizontal position slightly above the open
end of the tube. Caution: Do not at any time let the tuning fork strike the top of the resonance glass tube. It
will break the tube.
15. Raise the water in tube to a maximum height and gradually lower it with the help of pinch cock and adjust
the water level for the shortest length of the air column which gives the resonance (increased loudness).
16. This is the first resonance position. Measure the length 𝑙 of the tube from the water surface up to the open
end and note this reading.
17. Repeat the operation three times and find the mean lengths 𝑙 .

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

18. Now lower the water level approximately three times the length 𝑙 , and adjust it if needed to get second
resonating length 𝑙 . Measure it.
19. Repeat the operation three times and find the mean lengths 𝑙 .

20. Use the other tuning form to repeat all the preceding operations and record it as before.
21. Find the wavelength of sound waves using the relation 𝜆 = 2(𝑙 − 𝑙 ), for each tuning fork.
22. Find the mean wavelength.
23. Find the speed of sound at room temperature by the formula
𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆
and speed of sound at 0 𝐶 by the formula
𝑣 = 𝑣 − 61𝑡

OBSERVATIONS
Room temperature = 𝑡 = ___________________ OC

Frequency 1st Resonating Length 2nd Resonating Length

Mean
of Tuning 𝒍𝟏 𝒍𝟐 Wavelength
Wavelength
S. No. Fork (cm) (cm) 𝝀 = 𝟐 × (𝒍𝟐 − 𝒍𝟏 )
𝝀
𝒇 (cm)
1 2 3 Mean 1 2 3 Mean (cm)
(Hz)

1. 𝝀𝟏 =

2. 𝝀𝟐 =

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AKUEB – XI Physics Complete ATP Exercises

CALCULATIONS
1. Speed of Sound at Room Temperature

𝑣 =𝑓𝜆

𝑣 =

𝑣 = _______________ 𝑐𝑚/𝑠

2. Speed of Sound at 𝟎𝐨 𝐂

𝑣 = 𝑣 − 61𝑡

𝑣 =

𝑣 = _________________ 𝑐𝑚/𝑠

Results
4. Wavelength of sound waves at room temperature (______ °𝐶) = ________________ cm

5. Speed of sound at room temperature (______ °𝐶) = ______________________________________ cm/s

6. Speed of sound at 0 𝐶 = ______________________________________ cm/s.

PRECAUTIONS
1. The apparatus should be made vertical with levelling screw.
2. The tuning fork should be struck gently with a rubber paid and should never be struck with a hard surface.
3. The vibrating tuning fork should be held horizontally above the open end of tube.
4. The water level in the tube is first raised to a maximum height and the length 𝑙 and 𝑙 are determined by
lowering the water level with the help of pinch cork.
5. Water level in the resonance tube should be noted at the lower meniscus of water surface.
6. The vibrating tuning fork must not touch the resonance tube.

48