ACD MICROPROJECT REPORT

Sr. Title of the Name of

Name of Course Signature of Guide
No. Micro Project Guide
Semester-5
Prepare a
report on
1  ACD Trends in Dinesh Patil Sir  
Automobile
design

ROLL NO STUDENTS NAME

20750 Athrav shinde

20751 Pravin Shinde

20754 Siddharth yashwante

Topic:- Prepare a report on Trends in Automobile design.

1. Rationale: - Car body types is a broad subject to deal with and the
names given also vary from country to country. The names are given
depending upon design, utility, technology used and customization. In this
article we mainly deal with the names used in India.

2. Aim of Micro project: - To Prepare a report on Trends in Automobile

design.
 3. Course Outcome: - a) Apply design requirements while designing
simple Automobile Components.

4. Literature overview: - The functional design and development of a

modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different
disciplines also included within automotive engineering, however, design
roles are not associated with requirements for professional- or chartered-
engineer qualifications. Automotive design in this context focuses primarily
on developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of vehicles, while also
becoming involved in the creation of product concepts. Automotive design
as a professional vocation[1] is practiced by designers who may have an art
background and a degree in industrial design or in transportation design.
For the terminology used in the field, see the glossary of automotive
design.

5. Actual Methodology Followed: -

Sr.no Details of Planned Plan finish Name of
activity Start date date Team
members
1. Group discussion 3 17/8/2022 23/8/2022 All the
Students. members
2. Topic allotted to us by 24/8/2022 30/8/2022 All the
the Ma'am. members
3. Taking ideas From 7/9/2022 13/9/2022 All the
notes, Internet. members
4. Equal 14/9/2022 20/9/2022 All the
Distribution of work members
5. Taking ideas From 21/9/2022 27/9/2022 All the
teachers. members
6. Begin this Explain more 28/9/2022 4/10/2022 All the
Information. members

7. Taking more 5/10/2022 12/10/2022 All the

Information From members
Internet.
8. Preparing a Proposal. 13/10/2022 19/10/2022 All the
members
9. Final proposal 20/10/2022 27/10/2022 All the
Submitted. members
10. Cross checked The 28/10/2022 4/11/2022 All the
answer Theoretically members
And practically
11. Preparing report on the 5/11/2022 11/11/2022 All the
Topic. members

12. Collecting main Points 12/11/2022 18/11/2022 All the

for Report. Members

13. Preparing PPT On the 19/11/2022 25/11/2022 All the

topic. Members
14. Collecting main Points 26/11/2022 5/12/2022 All the
for Report. members

15. Checking the Points in 6/12/2022 15/12/2022 All the

Report an PPT. members

16. Submission our 16/12/2022 21/12/2022 All the

Proposal and members
Report.

6. Resources Required(major resources such as raw material, some

machining facility, software etc.) 
 
Name of Resource /
Sr. No. Specifications Quantity
material
As per
1 Microsoft words 2019 version
requirement
As per
2 Google Wikipedia, Chrome
requirement
As per
3 Laptop --
requirement

7. Overview Of The Project :- For decades, most vehicles have been

made with steel bodies due to steel’s relatively low cost, strength and
malleability, however, the vehicles of the future are likely to be made from
many different materials. This shift will necessitate the development of new
assembly processes, particularly in relation to joining (the connection of
multiple components). An example aluminium, carbon-fibre composites,
magnesium, titanium, various types of plastics and even natural materials
such as hemp, cotton, linen and flax.

 Automobile Body :
The automotive industry is in the midst of a technological revolution
characterised by the convergence of new digital technologies with the traditional
car manufacture. Most of the major industry players are investing in technologies
to develop cars which are autonomous, connected, electric and enable shared
mobility (ACES).
At present, the automotive industry is the third biggest spender on research and
development, behind healthcare, and software and electronics. This article
discusses one aspect of this technological revolution – materials. It focuses on
advances in materials to address two strategic priorities for the automotive
industry: sustainability and the in-vehicle experience.
The most competitive automotive manufacturers are aware of the potential of
materials engineering in achieving their key objectives. In the future, these
companies are likely to use technologies from fields such as machine learning to
rapidly identify candidate materials with suitable properties and accelerate
materials research.

 Types of Vehicle Body :

1. Car design trends – the body
2. Car design trends – the interior
3. Car design trends – the chassis
4. Car design trends – powertrain and electrical
5. Re-imagining the in-vehicle experience
1) Connectivity
2) Health & wellness
a) Interior air quality
b) Safety features
c) Passenger comfort
6. Conclusions

1) Car design trends – the body

For decades, most vehicles have been made with steel bodies due to steel’s
relatively low cost, strength and malleability; however, the vehicles of the future

are likely to be made from many different materials. This shift will necessitate the
development of new assembly processes, particularly in relation to joining (the
connection of multiple components).
As an example, the weight-bearing body structure of the new Audi A8
incorporates aluminium, steel, magnesium alloys and carbon fibre reinforced
polymer (CFRP). The largest component in the occupant cell of the Audi A8 is an
ultra-high-strength and torsionally rigid rear panel made of CFRP.
Carbon fibre is one of the most promising lightweight materials available for body
structures. However, due to the prohibitive cost of carbon fibre, which is five to
six times the cost of steel, and the challenges in recycling this material, its market
penetration is likely to remain limited in the near future.
A report by Mckinsey suggested that three different lightweight packages are
likely to emerge in the future:
The first, which will be used for small and medium-sized cars with conventional or
hybrid powertrains, will comprise mainly high-strength steel.
The second, which will be used for premium vehicles and EVs, will include a mix of
aluminium, high-strength steel and carbon fibre. The use of carbon fibre will be
limited to those parts of the body that need to be very stiff or where weight
reduction is particularly important, such as the roof.
The final package of materials will mainly be used for niche luxury EVs and will be
characterised by the use of a high proportion of carbon fibre.

2) Car design trends – the interior

At present, car interiors are predominantly made of plastic. Fortune Business
Insights estimated that the automotive plastics market was valued at USD 38.80
Billion in 2018. This figure is projected to rise to USD 59.95 Billion by 2026.
Although the use of plastics in ‘under the bonnet’ and exterior applications is on
the rise, the car interior currently represents the main use of automotive plastics
and is likely to continue to do so in the future. Due to their durability, aesthetic
appeal, low density and chemical resistance, polymer combinations are used in
wide-ranging applications including seats, door panels, upholstery and instrument
panels.
Whilst it is likely that plastics will continue to be an important component of the
material strategy for the car of the future, many manufacturers are increasingly

striving to incorporate natural fibres into their materials strategy.

As an example, the door panelling and instrument panel cover of the BMW i3
is made from Kenaf, a fast-growing plant combined with fibres of polypropylene
(PP) covered with a wafer-thin black PP decorative film that is laminated onto the
surface. The resulting natural fibre-reinforced plastic (NFP) is said to have
achieved a weight reduction of about 30-45%, and it is claimed to have
advantages in crash events since NFPs do not splinter but rather break without
sharp edges.
The BMW i3 also incorporates other natural fibres elsewhere in the car interior.
For example, the seat covers are made from 40% pure new wool – a fabric
renowned for its breathability.
In recent years car seats have become a focus for lightweighting of car interiors.
The driver’s seat is one of the heaviest parts of a vehicle’s interior due to the fact
that it must be ergonomic, adjustable and should protect the driver in the event
of an accident.
Faurecia, one of the largest suppliers of seating to the automotive industry,
recently entered into a partnership with FAW Foundry to develop seating
structures constructed from magnesium alloys. These are anticipated to lead to
a 25% reduction in weight by comparison with traditional steel seating structures.
Multi-material systems are also being investigated by a number of manufacturers.
By way of example, Adient, another automotive seating manufacturer, has
revealed a seating concept using die-cast magnesium seat structures with glass-
fibre reinforced plastic front seat backrests. Numerous manufacturers are
developing multi-material seating systems incorporating CFRP.
CFRP is also increasingly prevalent in other car interior applications including
panels, boot lids and instrument dashboards. The most significant advantages of
CFRP for use in car interiors is its high strength-to-weight ratio, ability to be
worked into complex shapes, and corrosion resistance.

3) Car design trends – the chassis

The chassis is the main supporting structure of a motor vehicle. Traditionally, steel
has been used for the vehicle chassis. However, a number of cars have been
unveiled that use a combination of an aluminium chassis with a separate body

shell (often aluminium or CFRP) in order to minimise the overall mass of the
structure.
An example of a car using this type of body architecture is the Chevrolet Corvette
C7 Stingray. Alternative strategies to lightweight the chassis include mixed-
material combinations such as CFRP/aluminium. The Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren
was an example of such a design. Magnesium alloys have also been proposed as
potential chassis materials.

4) Car design trends – powertrain and electrical

The development of battery materials and the requirements for increased EV
ranges is one of the most significant challenges for automotive manufacturers.
Whilst lithium-ion batteries are one of the most prevalent types of EV batteries
today, there will likely be a shift towards other types of battery in the future,
including solid-state batteries.
Battery manufacturers will also face the challenge of either eliminating some of
the rare-earth metals, such as neodymium, currently present in batteries, or
developing processes to recycle these materials. Cautious use of rare-earth
metals is required due to their high-cost and the risk of over-dependence on
supplies from China.
Analysts believe that the mass of lithium, nickel and cobalt required to
manufacture sufficient batteries to meet projected EV demand, may exceed
mining capacity unless there is a significant investment in this area.

5) Re-imagining the in-vehicle experience

It is predicted that as vehicles become increasingly autonomous, the in-vehicle
experience will become one of the main factors that distinguishes manufacturers.
1) Connectivity
Connectivity is an increasingly important feature of modern vehicles and
autonomy will enable occupants to interact more freely with the outside world
whilst travelling. Although many of the advances in this area relate to software,
the development and use of materials such as plastics that can shield electronic
assistance systems from electromagnetic interference is of growing interest to
automotive manufacturers.
2) Health and wellness
Consumers are increasingly interested in health and wellbeing products. Many
automotive manufacturers are alert to this trend and are innovating through
materials engineering to offer wellness features in their vehicles.
In February 2020, Grand View Research, Inc. estimated that the global corporate
wellness market size would reach USD 97.4 billion by 2027, expanding at a
compound annual growth rate of 6.9%. A few examples of such technologies are
discussed below:
a) Interior air quality
Many of the materials that are commonly used in car interiors are potentially able
to emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over time, reducing the air quality
inside the vehicle and, in some instances, impacting the health of the occupant.
As an example, the VOC acetaldehyde has been reported to cause symptoms
including nausea, headaches and aggravated respiratory conditions.
Automotive manufacturers are increasingly monitoring and striving to reduce
interior VOC emissions over the lifetime of their vehicles.
b) Safety features
Most automotive manufacturers are investigating applications of smart materials
to enhance driver safety. As an example, in 2017 Nissan unveiled a prototype
vehicle in which a smart coating that can detect whether the driver is dehydrated
was applied to the steering wheel and front seats. The sweat-sensing
technology called SOAK changes colour if perspiration is high in salt, indicating
dehydration.
A study conducted by scientists at Loughborough University found that
dehydrated drivers made twice as many mistakes as those who were properly
hydrated and were as error-prone as drivers who have consumed the legal limit of
alcohol.
c) Passenger comfort
Over the course of their lifetime, on average, UK drivers spend almost four years
driving. The comfort of vehicle occupants is, therefore, very important. BMW is
investing in adaptive materials that could be used to generate transformable
surfaces tailored to human comfort.
Vehicles with higher degrees of autonomy are set to transform travel, and it is
plausible that the vehicle interior of the future will be a modular space that can
be adapted in accordance with user requirements.
One promising technology that was recently developed by BMW in collaboration
with the Self-Assembly Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
is liquid printed pneumatics. It combines liquid printing of silicone and soft
robotics to create objects that are able to change shape and stiffness almost
instantaneously.

6) Conclusions
In summary, the automotive industry is on the verge of an unprecedented
transformation characterised by autonomous driving, electrification and an ever-
increasing demand for personalised products that enhance the wellbeing of
occupants.
Advances and innovation in materials engineering will be key to the adaptability
and success of automotive manufacturers in this competitive and evolving
landscape.

8. Skills developed: -
 Gained knowledge about various types of auto body’s design.

9. Application of Micro project: -

 We can use this knowledge on different types of automobile cars and
various types of trucks body’s.