Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing,
With spectacles on nose and pouch on side;
Viewing, Grammar and Literary Skills
Effective Listening – hearing attentively, filtering
the less important words and retain the main ideas,
comprehend the context, remember the thought, and
responding or giving comments to a context.
Effective Speaking – generate words that can be
understood by the listeners, must be clear and
informative.
Effective Reading – extract main idea and
supporting details, remember major elements such
as, characters, settings, problem, attempts to resolve
problem, resolution and the outcome. (S.C.O.R.P.A)
Effective Writing – communicate your message
with clarity and ease
Effective Viewing – understanding visual images
and connecting them to accompanying spoken or
written words.
Effective Grammar & Literary Skills – proper
sentence structure, subject/verb tense, punctuation,
spelling, and other basic mechanics and parts of
speech.
Lesson 1
The Seven Ages of Man
(from As You Like It) by William Shakespeare
All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players;
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms;
And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel
And shining morning face, creeping like snail
Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Made to his mistress’ eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel,
Seeking the bubble reputation
Even in the cannon’s mouth. And then the justice,
In fair round belly with good capon lined,
With eyes severe and beard of formal cut,
Full of wise saws and modern instances;
And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon,
His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,
Turning again toward childish treble, pipes
And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,
That ends this strange eventful history,
Is second childishness and mere oblivion,
Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Mewl (mewling) – to cry weakly
Woeful – very sad
Capon – a male chicken whose sex organs have been
removed
Pantaloon – loose-fitting usually shorter than ankle-
length trousers
Explanation:
The speech compares the world to a stage and life to
a play and catalogs the seven stages of a man's life.
1. Infancy: In this stage he is a helpless baby and
knows little.
2. Whining Schoolboy: It is in that stage of life
that he begins to go to school. He is unwilling to
leave the protected environment of his home as
he is still not confident enough to exercise his
own discretion.
3. The Lover: In this stage he is always maudlin,
expressing his love in a fatuous manner. He
makes himself ridiculous in trying to express his
feelings.
Maudlin – showing too much emotion in a foolish or
annoying way
Fatuous – foolish or stupid
4. The Soldier: He is very easily aroused and is
hot-headed. He is always working towards
making a reputation for himself.
5. The Justice: In this stage he thinks he has
acquired wisdom through the many experiences
he has had in life, and is likely to impart it. He
has reached a stage where he has gained
prosperity and social status. He becomes vain
and begins to enjoy the finer things of life.
Impart – to make (something, such as knowledge)
known to someone
6. Old Age: In this stage he starts getting weak.
He loses his firmness and assertiveness, and
shrinks in stature and personality.
Stature – the level of respect that people have for a
successful person, organization, etc.
7. Incapacity: Dependent on others for care and
unable to interact with the world, he experiences
"second innocence, and mere oblivion."
All About Poems (Poetic/Literary
Devices)
A poem is a meaningful musical expression
of significant human experiences where powerful
words are used to signify the beauty and grandeur of
life. These powerful words give hue to important
messages.
End Rhyme & Internal Rhyme
Rhyme is the similarity of ending sounds existing
between two words.
End Rhyme - defined as when a poem has lines
ending with words that sound the same.
E.g. I think I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.
Internal Rhyme - a rhyme involving a word in the
middle of a line and another at the end of the line or
in the middle of the next.
E.g. The crows in boughs throws endless brawls
I see a red boat that has a red flag,
Just like my red coat and my little red pail.
“The Seven Ages of Man” is an example of black
verse.
Black verse – end of each line is unrhymed
- Iambic (the stress of words are on the
second syllable, e.g. above, along)
- Pentameter (a rhythm in poetry that has 5
stressed syllables in each line)
Onomatopoeia
- Is a sound device used by poets to suggest
actions, movements, and meanings.
E.g. The hissing of the snake made me shoo it
away.
The bubbling brook breaks.
Alliteration, Assonance, and Consonance
Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at
the beginning of the words.
E.g. doubting, drearing dreams no moral enter
dared to dream before. – Edgar Allan Poe, from
The Ravens
Dreary (drearing) – causing unhappiness or sad
feelings
Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds within
words.
E.g. along the window sill, the lipstick stabs
glittered in their steel shells. – Rita Dove, from
Adolescence III
Consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds
within and at the end of the words.
E.g. some late visitor entreating entrance at my
chamber door. – E.A. Poe, from The Ravens
Entreat (entreating) – to ask in a serious and
emotional way
Other Poetic Devices
Imagery means to use figurative language to
represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way
that it appeals to our physical senses.
E.g. Glittering white, the blanket of snow
covered everything in sight.
Metaphor is a figure of speech that makes an
implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between
two things that are unrelated, but which share some
common characteristics. In other words, a
resemblance of two contradictory or different
objects is made based on a single or some common
characteristics.
Implicit – understood though not clearly
E.g. I am one of many
Small branches of a broken tree,
Always looking to the ones above
For guidance, strength and security.
Simile is a figure of speech that makes a
comparison, showing similarities between two
different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws
resemblance with the help of the words “like” or
“as.” Therefore, it is a direct comparison.
E.g. And it seems to me you lived your life,
Like a candle in the wind. - "Candle in the Wind,"
Elton John
Meter is a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern
in a verse, or within the lines of a poem. It is a
poetic device that serves as a linguistic sound
pattern for the verses, as it gives poetry a rhythmical
and melodious sound.
Personification is a form of figurative language in
which something that is not human is given human
characteristics. This device is often used in poetry to
enhance the meaning and beauty of poems.
E.g. the leaves waved in the wind, the ocean
heaved a sigh, and the Sun smiled at us
Point-of-view is the angle of considering things,
which shows us the opinion or feelings of the
individuals involved in a situation. It is the mode of
narration that an author employs to let the readers
“hear” and “see” what takes place in a poem.
Repetition, it is the repeating of words, phrases,
lines or stanzas.
Stanza is a grouping of two or more lines in a poem
in terms of length, metrical form or rhyme scheme.
Symbolism is a literary device in which a writer
uses one thing—usually a physical object or
phenomenon—to represent something more
abstract. A figure of speech where an object, person,
or situation has another meaning other than its
literal meaning.
E.g. Ah Sunflower, weary of time, Who
countest the steps of the sun; Seeking after that
sweet golden clime Where the traveler’s journey is
done.
Rhythm is the musical quality of language
produced by repetition. It demonstrates the long and
short patterns through stressed and unstressed
syllables, particularly in verse form.
Allusion is a figure of speech that refers to a well-
known story, event, person, or object in order to
make a comparison in the readers' minds. This can
be real or imaginary and may refer to anything,
including fiction, folklore, historical events, or
religious manuscripts. The reference can be direct
or may be inferred, and can broaden the reader’s
understanding.
E.g. “I was surprised his nose was not
growing like Pinocchio’s.” This refers to the story
of Pinocchio, where his nose grew whenever he told
a lie. It is from The Adventures of Pinocchio,
written by Carlo Collodi.
Scansion is the act of scanning or analyzing poetry
in terms of its poem’s meter. It is the process of
marking the stresses in a poem, and working out the
meter from the distribution of stresses.
Stressed syllable – marked with a slash (/)
Unstressed syllable – marked with a ‘U’
Lesson 2
All About Words & Phrases
Paraphrasing
A restatement of speech or writing
that retains the basic meaning while changing the
words. A paraphrase often clarifies the original
statement by putting it into words that are more
easily understood.
Kennings
A kenning is a figurative expression that
replaces a name or a noun. Often it is a compound
of two words and the words are hyphenated.
Kennings are combined 2 or more words to create
an evocative and imaginative alternative word.
E.g. battle-sweat, evil-doer, fighting-gear,
mail-shirt, horrible hermit, gold giver, wave
floater, chief of the strangers, light of battle
The Battle with Grendel
(from Beowulf) translated by Burton Raffel
Summary
One night, Grendel, an enormous monster, came out
from a marshy and foggy forest on his way to Hrothgar’s
kingdom. When he arrived, he rushed over the threshold
and found vulnerable sleeping knights. He wasted no
time and started attacking the sleeping warriors. He
ripped a knight apart, cut his body to bits with powerful
jaws, and drank his blood. Grendel grabbed another
knight, but he was surprised because the knight was able
to escape from him. He had never met a man whose
hands were harder. He was put to a stop due to fear, but
nothing can make him retreat easily. Grendel and
Beowulf, the strong knight, started fighting, sword
against claws, limbs versus limbs. The battle was wild,
other knights tried to help Beowulf bringing Grendel
down. However, their efforts were put in vain, Grendel
just swept them away like a light feather. Even with
Grendel’s great strength, Beowulf was able to overpower
him and got him severely wounded. Grendel escaped
from Beowulf and tried to return to his den with deep
cuts and broken bones, coming near to his death. But he
died before reaching his den. They hung the monster’s
claws, arms, shoulders, and all for the people of
Denmark to see. They celebrated the victory of the
prince of Geats, Beowulf, and the king honored and
awarded him.
Marsh (marshy) – an area soft, wet land that has many
kinds of grass and other plants
Threshold – a piece of wood, metal, or stone that forms
the bottom of a door and that you walk over as you
enter a room or building
Characters
Beowulf – protagonist, Prince of Geats, strong
knight
Grendel – antagonist, monster
Danes – residents of Denmark, or the knights
Geat/s – a member of a Scandinavian people of
southern Sweden
Hrothgar – King of Denmark, King of the Danes
Settings
Herot/Heorot – drinking hall, part of the palace
Denmark – the Danes’ residence
Problem
Grendel’s killing spree, endangering many lives of
the Danes.
Spree – a short period of time when you do a lot of
something
Attempts to Resolve the Problem
Knights helping each other to kill Grendel
Resolution
Beowulf’s strength and wit
Outcome
Beowulf killed Grendel. The Danes rejoiced.
Epic & Lyric
Epic poem - is a long, narrative poem that is
usually about heroic deeds and events that are
significant to the culture of the poet.
Lyric poem - is a formal type of poetry which
expresses personal opinions, thoughts, emotions, or
feelings of the poet, typically spoken in the first
person.
Lesson 3
The Day of Destiny
(from Morte D’Arthur) by Sir Thomas Malory
Summary
Mordred makes himself King of England and
incestuously claims Guinevere as his wife. Guinevere
escapes to the Tower of London. Mordred wins many
Englishmen to his side, then fights Arthur at Dover but
was forced to retreat because they were outnumbered.
In this battle, Sir Gawain is mortally wounded.
Before his death, Sir Gawain writes a letter to Launcelot
ending their feud and asking Launcelot to return to
England to help Arthur.
Arthur meets Mordred again and decide to not
meet upon a field in Salisbury, and prepare for what is to
be their last battle. The night before the battle, Arthur
dreams he is on the Wheel of Fortune, sitting on a throne
and dressed in the richest gold that can be made.
And the king thought there was under him, far
from him, a hideous deep black water, and therein was
all manner of serpents and worms and wild beasts foul
and horrible. And suddenly the king thought that the
wheel turned upside down, and he fell among the
serpents, and every beast took him by a limb. And then
the king cried as he lay in his bed, "Help! Help!"
After the prophetic dream he has another. Sir
Gawain and a number of ladies come to him to warn him
against fighting in the morning for if Arthur fights, he
will die; if he waits for a month, Launcelot will be here
to help him. Then Sir Gawain and the ladies vanish.
Arthur asks a truce, and the two armies meet on
the field to set terms. An adder appears, a knight
unthinkingly draws his sword to kill it, and the two
armies are at war. At the end of the day, Mordred is the
only man of his army left standing, and Arthur has only
two knights, Sir Lucan and Sir Bedivere. Against Sir
Lucan's advice, Arthur fights Mordred and kills him, but
he gets his own death wound as he does it. Sir Lucan and
Sir Bedivere bear him to a chapel. Robbers overrun the
battlefield stealing the gear of dead knights, killing any
that have life left in them.
Arthur is dying and cannot be moved to safety.
And so he sends Sir Bedivere to throw Excalibur into the
lake nearby, then returns and tell what he has seen. Sir
Bedivere hides the sword under a tree, thinking it’s too
precious to throw away, then returns and says he has
obeyed. "What did you see?" Arthur asks. Sir Bedivere
says he saw only waves and winds. Arthur sends him
twice more, and the last time Sir Bedivere does as he has
been commanded. A hand catches the sword and
brandishes it three times.
Then at Arthur's command, Sir Bedivere carries
the king to the waterside, where a barge awaits him and
some ladies in black hoods. Sir Bedivere puts Arthur in
the barge and he is borne away to Avilon, perhaps to
heal his wounds, perhaps to die. Sir Bedivere wanders
through a forest until he comes to where a hermit is
kneeling over a fresh grave. It is the grave of a man
brought to him at midnight by ladies in black. Whether
or not the body is really that of Arthur, no one knows.
Some say Arthur still lives, and some say riot.
Incestuous (ly) – involving sexual intercourse between
closely related people
Feud – a mutual enmity or quarrel that is often
prolonged or inveterate
Enmity – a very deep unfriendly feeling
Inveterate – always or often happening or existing
Prophetic – correctly stating what will happen in the
future
Adder – venomous viper
Important Characters
King Arthur – rightful King of England
Mordred – illegitimate son of Arthur, stole the
throne, tried to make Guinevere as his Queen
Guinevere – Arthur’s wife, former Queen of
England
Lancelot/Launcelot – Arthur’s best friend, had an
affair with Guinevere
Sir Gawain – advised Arthur not to fight Mordred
before a month
Sir Lucan – advised Arthur not to kill Mordred,
deceased noble knight
Sir Bedivere – threw Excalibur into the river,
remaining noble knight of King Arthur
Hermit – former Bishop of Canterbury
Settings
England
Problem
Mordred stole the throne from King Arthur
Attempts to Resolve the Problem
To have a treaty
Resolution
Arthur fought Mordred and killed him
Outcome
Arthur died as well, and promised to return
Informative, Journalistic and Literary
Writing
Informative Writing – can come in many forms,
they can; define a term, compare and contrast
something, analyze data, or provide a how-to.
E.g. An earthquake is a shaking or rolling
movement of great masses of rocks on the earth’s
uppermost layer or crust.
Journalistic Writing – is written in short sentences
and paragraphs and quickly gets to the point. It is
often used to inform the public by reporting on
local, national and global news and events.
E.g. Director Steven Spielberg launched a
Germany-wide contest Sunday designed to promote
tolerance through students’ intercultural interaction.
Literary Writing – is defined as creating new
creative work, such as poems or novels, and
compilations or volumes of creative work.
E.g. Men in great places are thrice servants:
Servants of the sovereign or state,
Servants of fame, and servants of
business “Of Great Place”
Hyphens & Dashes
Hyphens (-) – are used to join two words or parts of
words together while avoiding confusion.
E.g. run-down, up-to-date, son-in-law
Dashes (–) – used to create emphasis in a sentence,
separate words into parenthetical statements.
E.g. The students—they were all over the
age of eighteen—lined up in the streets to vote for
the presidential candidates.
Colons & Semicolons
Colons (:) - used in sentences to introduce that
something follows like a quotation, example or a
list.
E.g. Shakespeare said it best: “To thine own
self and be true.”
Semicolons (;) - used to join two independent
clauses.
E.g. Dad is going bald; his hair is getting
thinner and thinner.
Lesson 4
Mother to Son
By Langston Hughes
Well, son, I’ll tell you:
Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
It’s had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
And places with no carpet on the floor—
Bare.
But all the time
I’se been a-climbin’ on,
And reachin’ landin’s,
And turnin’ corners,
And sometimes goin’ in the dark
Where there ain’t been no light.
So boy, don’t you turn back.
Don’t you set down on the steps
’Cause you finds it’s kinder hard.
Don’t you fall now—
For I’se still goin’, honey,
I’se still climbin’,
And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
Summary
The mother says to her son that life has not been a
“crystal stair” – it has had tacks and splinters and
torn boards on it, as well as places without carpet.
The stair is bare. However, she still climbs on,
reaching landings, turning corners, and persevering
in the dark when there is no light. She commands
him, “So boy, don’t you turn back.” She instructs
him not to go back down the stairs even if he thinks
climbing is hard. He should try not to fall because
his mother is still going, still climbing, and her life
“ain’t been no crystal stair.”
Analysis
Hughes structures the poem as a conversation
between a mother and her son. It is free verse and
written in the vernacular, meaning that it mimics the
patterns of speech and diction of conversation. The
mother begins by telling her son how hard her life
has been – it has not been a "crystal stair." Hughes
then develops the metaphor of a staircase further, as
the mother describes the challenges in her life using
symbols like tacks, splinters, uncarpeted floor, and
dark, unlit corners. She exhorts her son not to turn
back, because she never will.
Exhort (exhorts) – to try to influence by words or
advice
Tone
The tone of a poem is the attitude you feel in it —
the writer’s attitude toward the subject or audience.
The tone in a poem of praise is approval. In a satire,
you feel irony. In an antiwar poem, you may feel
protest or moral indignation. Tone can be playful,
humorous, regretful, anything — and it can change
as the poem goes along.
Satire – humor that shows the weaknesses or bad
qualities of a person, government, society, etc.
Contraction
Contraction is two words made shorter by placing
an apostrophe where letters have been omitted.
Omit (omitted) – to not include
E.g. I am to I’m. Do not to Don’t, We are to
we’re
Lesson 5
A Psalm of Life
By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Tell me not, in mournful numbers,
Life is but an empty dream!
For the soul is dead that slumbers,
And things are not what they seem.
Life is real! Life is earnest!
And the grave is not its goal;
Dust thou art, to dust returnest,
Was not spoken of the soul.
Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined end or way;
But to act, that each to-morrow
Find us farther than to-day.
Art is long, and Time is fleeting,
And our hearts, though stout and brave,
Still, like muffled drums, are beating
Funeral marches to the grave.
In the world’s broad field of battle,
In the bivouac of Life,
Be not like dumb, driven cattle!
Be a hero in the strife!
Trust no Future, howe’er pleasant!
Let the dead Past bury its dead!
Act,— act in the living Present!
Heart within, and God o’erhead!
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time;
Footprints, that perhaps another,
Sailing o’er life’s solemn main,
A forlorn and shipwrecked brother,
Seeing, shall take heart again.
Let us, then, be up and doing,
With a heart for any fate;
Still achieving, still pursuing,
Learn to labor and to wait.
Earnest – serious and sincere
Fleeting – lasting for only a short time
Stout – thick and strong
Bivouac – a temporary camp or shelter
Sublime – to elevate or exalt especially in dignity or
honor
Exalt – to present in a way that is very favorable
Forlorn – sad and lonely
Interpretation
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow argues that
individuals should live active, full lives rather than
passively allowing life to slip away.
Quotation Marks
Double quotation marks (“”) are used to set off a
direct (word-for-word) quotation.
E.g. "I hope you will be here," he said.
Single quotation marks (‘’) are used when you are
quoting someone within a quotation.
E.g. The story said that, "All of the stores
have burned down. The shop owner screamed 'I
cannot believe this as happening!' as the flames
engulfed her shop."
Speech Conventions
Speech conventions are the proper punctuation,
stress, pause, grammar, engaging questions,
emotions, and figurative languages used to deliver a
speech.
Features of Poetry (Extension
Poetic/Literary Devices)
Poetic Foot is a repeated sequence of rhythm
comprised of two or more stressed and/or unstressed
syllables in a meter. Examples of types of poetic
foot are: iamb, trochee, anapest, dactyl and spondee.
Couplet is a successive pair of lines in a poem. The
pair of lines that comprise a couplet generally
rhyme with each other and contain the same meter.
Sonnet is a sonnet has 14 lines, and is written in
iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables. The
rhymes of a sonnet are arranged according to a
certain rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme in
English is usually abab–cdcd–efef–gg.
Quatrain is a stanza in a poem that has exactly four
lines. Some quatrains comprise entire poems, while
others are part of a larger structure. Quatrains
usually use some form of rhyme scheme, especially
the following forms: AAAA, AABB, ABAB, and
ABBA. Lines in quatrain can be any length and
with any meter, but there is usually a regular rhythm
to the lines as well.
Limerick is a humorous poem consisting of five
lines. The first, second, and fifth lines must have
seven to ten syllables while rhyming and having the
same verbal rhythm. The third and fourth lines only
have to have five to seven syllables, and have to
rhyme with each other and have the same rhythm.
Verbal rhythm – pattern of stressed and unstressed
syllables.
Patterns
Iambic Pattern – unstressed, stressed (U /)
Trochaic Pattern – stressed, unstressed (/ U)
Anapestic Pattern – unstressed, unstressed,
stressed (U U /)
Dactylic Pattern – stressed, unstressed, unstressed
(/ U U)
Spondaic Pattern – stressed, stressed (/ /)
Meters
Monometer – a line with 1 poetic foot, 2 or 3
syllables
Dimeter - a line with 2 poetic feet, 4 or 6 syllables
Trimeter – a line with 3 poetic feet, 6 or 9 syllables
of
Tetrameter – a line with 4 poetic feet, 8 or 12
syllables
Pentameter – a line with 5 poetic feet, 10 or 15
syllables
Hexameter – a line with 6 poetic feet, 12 or 18
syllables
Iambic Pentameter is line of verse consisting of
five poetic feet where each foot consists of an
unstressed syllable and a stressed syllable.
Trochaic Tetrameter a rapid meter of poetry
consisting of four feet of trochees. A trochee is
made up of one stressed syllable followed by one
unstressed syllable (the opposite of an iamb). Here
is the flow of a line of trochaic tetrameter:
BAboom / BAboom / BAboom / BAboom.
Anapestic Trimeter, there are three metrical
anapestic feet, each of three syllables, giving each
line nine total syllables.
Dactylic Hexameter (heroic hexameter) is
traditionally associated with the quantitative meter
of classical epic poetry in both Greek and Latin and
was consequently considered to be the grand style
of Western classical poetry. Some premier examples
of its use are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's
Aeneid, and Ovid's Metamorphoses.
Lesson 6
If
By Rudyard Kipling
If you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you;
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or, being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or, being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise;
If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;
If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with triumph and disaster
And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to broken,
And stoop and build ‘em up with worn out tools;
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: “Hold on”;
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
Or walk with kings—nor lose the common touch;
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you;
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run—
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,
And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!
Knave (knaves) – dishonest man
Stoop – to bend down or over
Sinew – strong tissue that connects muscles to bones
Interpretation
"If" contains a multitude of characteristics deemed
essential to the ideal man. They almost all express
stoicism and reserve – the classic British "stiff
upper lip." In particular, a man must be humble,
patient, rational, truthful, dependable, and
persevering. His behavior in response to deleterious
events and cruel men is important; he must continue
to have faith in himself when others doubt him, he
must understand that his words might be twisted
and used for evil, he must be able to deal with the
highest and lowest echelons of society, and he must
be able to withstand the lies and hatred emanating
from others.
Multitude – a great number of things or people
Stoicism – the quality or behavior of a person who
accepts what happens without complaining or showing
emotion
Deleterious – damaging or harmful
Echelon – a level of authority or responsibility
Emanate (emanating) – to come out from a source
(Literary Devices, see on lesson 1 & Speech
Convention, see on lesson 5)
Premium Features (hehehe)
Context Clue is information (such as a definition,
synonym, antonym, example, comparison or
contrast) that appears near a word or phrase and
offers direct or indirect suggestions about its
meaning.
E.g. He looked absolutely flummoxed, like
a toddler staring down at his feet on the floor and
who just isn't sure about this whole "walking" thing.
(comparison)
Flummox (flummoxed) – confuse
Interjection, also known as an exclamation, is a
word, phrase, or sound used to convey an emotion
such as surprise, excitement, happiness, or anger.
E.g. ahem, ahh, boo, eek, goodness
gracious, ha-ha, hello, hmm, oh no, oops, ouch,
phew, shh, toot, u-huh, uh-oh, ugh, whoa, wow,
yeah, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck
Inverted Word Order occurs when the subject
comes after the verb, in between verb parts, or is not
included at all.
E.g. Reg. Form - Mom, you are making
dinner soon.
 I.W.O. - Mom, are you making dinner
soon?
Example of Inverted Word Order Errors
1. When sentences begin with negative words such
as rarely, never, hardly ever, the auxiliary verb
precedes the subject.
Wrong: Never I will see her again.
Right: Never will I see her again.
2. The auxiliary verb precedes the subject in
abridged (shortened) clauses.
Wrong: We live in Santa Monica, and she does so.
Right: We live in Santa Monica, and so does she.
3. When the word "only " precedes the words if,
once, then, after, before or other adverbial clauses
or phrases, the verb precedes the subject in the
independent clause.
Wrong: Only before the show starts, you can enter
the room.
Right: Only before the show starts, can you enter
the room.
Wrong: Only if he gets a job, he will pay his tuition.
Right: Only if he gets a job, will he pay his tuition.
4. In the transposed word order used after a
prepositional phrase of place (up, down, in, out,
etc.) the verb or the object precedes the subject.
Wrong: Up the hill a white castle sits.
Right: Up the hill sits a white castle.
Discussion (by yours truly)
Meter vs Rhythm
Ang meter guys ay isang line sa isang poem. Ang
pinagkaiba ng meter sa rhythm, walang rhythm ang
isang poetry kung iisang line lang s’ya. Dapat
magkaroon ng 2 or more lines ang isang poem para
masabing may rhythm.