Literature Main Ideas

GR - Literature - Main Ideas
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1. New Year | Bei The work is ambiguous and multi-interpretational. His im-
Dao agery is astounding. The image of the 'conductor tattoo-
ing darkness' visualises the baton puncturing the night
in short, precise movements. Both — conducting an or-
chestra and tattooing — require complete absorption. It is
life-transforming, 'closing death's door' - having survived
another year.
2. Praise Song for •Alexander's poem is a marvel because it works against

the Day | Eliza- the commemoration of a single event, focusing instead
beth Alexander on ordinary, daily activities: "Each day we go about our
business." she sketches a modern existence where "all
about us is noise." Regular people are doing the work of
"repairing the things in need of repair," indicating perhaps
a need for change or improvement while also looking for
transcendence and beauty, "trying to make music some-
where." Instead of presidents and politicians, Alexander
gives us a "woman and her son," a "farmer," and a
"teacher." In addition to these living embodiments of our
country's important if unsung workers, Alexander reminds
us that we carry as well "our ancestors on our tongues",
inviting them in to remind us that we don't walk in this
alone.
•After celebrating the dailiness that surrounds this special
occasion, the poem considers the larger significance of
the inauguration and what it might mean going forward
as a nation. "I know there's something better down the
road," the speaker declares with hope, though she is quick
to acknowledge the uncertainty: "We walk into that which
we cannot yet see." She urges us to be hopeful while
looking toward an uncertain future. She calls for us to
acknowledge the simple labors, "enslaved workers", while
celebrating days of national importance.
•Alexander, too, seems to want to encourage and praise
acceptance without judgment as she urges us to "love with
no need to pre-empt grievance." Ultimately, "Praise Song
for the Day" manages to celebrate the momentousness
of the inaugural occasion while also foregrounding and
praising the struggles behind it.
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3. Burning the Old •"Letters swallow themselves in seconds. / Notes tied to

Year | Naomi Shi- the doorknob... sizzle like moth wings / marry the air",
hab Nye found in the first stanza of the poem, are lines which
convey destruction or the end of something. The relation
between the imagery in the first stanza (letters and notes
being destroyed, being burnt as they "sizzle like moth
wings" and turn into smoke) and the passing of one year
into another is obvious since relationships are constantly
refined and redefined each year, whether with them being
altered (people grow apart from each other) or completely
severed (people ending relationships with each other).
She conveys the fragility of the notes and the letters and,
by extension, the relationships themselves.
•"So much of any year is flammable": So much of any year
is easily destroyed - both easily forgotten as a slip of the
mind and forgotten as a deliberate, violent act upon the
mind. When Nye writes that "So little is a stone" she is also
pointing out that while there is much that we do each year
that might be worthless, easily forgotten, or too fragile to
make it into the new year.
•The sense of loss that comes with the New Year contin-
ues throughout the poem and is continuously manifested:
"Where there was something and suddenly isn't, / an
absence shouts...": that of everything that has been lost
and left behind, and yet, MUST be left behind, MUST be
destroyed if the new year, and all the new things that come
with it, are to be embraced.
•The great lesson in the poem seems to be that everything
that is trivial and incomplete must be destroyed through
the act or forgetting. Only the stones, the solid things that
actually have worth will remain. By releasing ourselves
from the trivialities of the past year, only then can we
ensure that we get what we truly want and aim for in the
New Year.
4. Urban Renewal •Theme is clear: building, destruction, racism

| Yusef Komun- •Building materials: I-beam, brick dust, sledgehammers,
yakaa screws, etc.
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•Destroying traditionally ethnic minority neighborhoods to
make room for wealthier, more socially acceptable build-
ings: parking lots, stores, houses for wealthier people -
values start to go up and the people who have been living
there for a long time no longer can afford.
•Allusion to bigger political connotation:
•White color: white soundsystem, white ordor of absence
(2 times): integration, white families will simply live there
and are the target of urban renewal projects.
•Bloodlines: red color which refers to redlining (poor ar-
eas with redlines on the map - higher price or denial of
services, a new mechanism to keep the areas racially
segregated when segregation is illegal)
•The poem is describing destruction: The sun slides down
behind brick dust, ... Everything melts, ... sledgehammers
fall...Wrecking crews... breaking wings into splinters. The
'ordor of absence' is a literal description of seeing things
being destroyed. Absence is the present smell rather than
a lack of something. Absence is an unstated goal, trying to
create an absence so that it can be filled by white people,
white businesses.
•The last part shows a move from what is being destroyed
to what is being built. It is an acknowledgement of what
was there and what was lost. We see what the destruction
means and it's the parking lots on where the black have
lived for so long. Blueprint is also racist city planning,
building highway to break up the black neighborhoods.
5. The Odyssey, It follows the Greek hero Odysseus, king of Ithaca, and his
Homer journey home after the Trojan War.
A sequel to Homer's Iliad: The Iliad is the earlier work (it
was written first). Also the events are a direct consequence
of what happens in the Iliad and the reader is assumed to
know the summary of the plot in the Iliad and who the main
characters are.
6. Iliad, Homer Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city
of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Mycenean Greek states
(Achaeans), it tells of the battles and events during the
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weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the
warrior Achilles.
7. Aeneid, Vigil •The first half mimics the journey of Odysseus. Though the
Odyssey takes course over the span of 24 books while
the Aeneid replicates the happenings in the Odyssey in 6
books, there are several comparisons to make: the char-
acters (Odysseus and Aeneas are both royalty, Odysseus
being the king of Ithaca and Aeneas a Trojan prince). Both
heroes sail over the same sea, sometimes visiting the
same locations and experiencing the same difficulties.
•The second half, Books VI through XII, follow similar-
ly to what happens throughout the Iliad and its warfare
theme: From the beginning of the Iliad, readers knew
that the Greeks were fated to triumph over the Trojans,
as was declared by the king of the gods, Zeus. Achilles'
fate was also foretold; if he went to war he would die a
hero. Similarly, Aeneas was told by the ghost of Hector
in Book II that he was to leave burning Troy to found a
new city. Throughout the rest of the epic, the gods include
reminders that Aeneas is destined to find Italy and found
Rome for future generations.
•a paraquel to the Odyssey
8. Henriad, Shake- •to a group of William Shakespeare's history plays. It is

speare sometimes used to refer to a group of four plays (a tetral-
ogy), but some sources and scholars use the term to refer
to eight plays.
•In one sense, it refers to: Richard II, Henry IV, Part 1,
Henry IV, Part 2, and Henry V — with the implication that
these four plays are Shakespeare's epic, and that Prince
Harry, who later becomes Henry V, is the epic hero.
•In a more inclusive meaning, it refers to eight plays;
the tetralogy mentioned above, plus four plays that were
written earlier and are based on later historic events - the
civil wars known as The War of the Roses: Henry VI, Part
1, Henry VI, Part 2, Henry VI, Part 3, and Richard III.
9.
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The Life and part of Henriad: based on the life of King Richard II of
Death of King England (ruled 1377-1399)
Richard the Sec-
ond
10. Henry IV, Part 1 •the successive reigns of Richard II, Henry IV (a wild,
undisciplined young prince Henry). It depicts a span of
history that begins with Hotspur's battle at Homildon in
Northumberland against Douglas late in 1402 and ends
with the defeat of the rebels at Shrewsbury in the middle
of 1403.
11. Henry IV, Part 2 •an extension of aspects of Henry IV, Part 1, rather than
a straightforward continuation of the historical narrative,
placing more emphasis on the highly popular character of
Falstaff.
12. Henry V •the story of King Henry V of England. The young prince
has matured. He embarks on an expedition to France
and, his army badly outnumbered, defeats the French at
Agincourt.
13. Mrs Midas, Carol •a poem written by the contemporary Scottish poet Carol
Anne Duffy Ann Duffy, the former Poet Laureate of the United King-
dom. The poem alludes to the Greek myth of King Midas,
who was granted a wish to have everything he touched
turn to gold. The poem, however, tells this well-known
story from the perspective of Midas's wife, using humor
and wit to explore the foolish nature of greed, the historical
erasure of women's experiences, and the consequences
of selfishness within a relationship.
•Duffy's poem revamps the famous myth of King Midas,
with a major shift: the focus of the story is not the king
himself, but rather his wife. The poem thus elevates a
perspective that was left out of the original story, revealing
how a greedy man's wish sent the life of the woman closest
to him into turmoil. The poem implies the steep cost of
such erasure, as the speaker's life is also irrevocably
changed when her husband makes a wish that fails to
consider her altogether.
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•The poem's title thus immediately calls the reader's at-
tention to what was left out of the original story: the per-
spective of the king's wife, who would of course have been
very much affected by the fact that everything her husband
touched turned to gold!
•Within the poem, Mrs. Midas herself insists that her hus-
band's wish is based on an act of erasure. "What gets
me now," the speaker says, "is not the idiocy or greed /
but lack of thought for me." In other words, the speaker
understands that in the moment of his wish, her husband
wasn't even thinking of her at all.
•By centering Mrs. Midas's perspective and experience,
the poem counters this erasure of women's experiences
and implies that understanding these experiences is nec-
essary and vital. And since the myth of King Midas is so
well-known, the poem implicitly suggests that those very
stories foundational to Western culture often leave out the
perspectives and experiences of women.
14. The Odyssey: A •an epic poem by Greek poet and philosopher Nikos
Modern Sequel, Kazantzakis, based on Homer's Odyssey. It is divided into
Nikos Kazantza- twenty-four rhapsodies as is the original Odyssey.
kis •Odysseus returns to Ithaca and decides to undertake new
adventures after he quickly becomes dissatisfied with his
quiet family life and they too with his brutality.
The work represents Kazantzakis' ideology and meta-
physical concerns. A central theme is the importance of
struggle for its own sake, as opposed to reaching a final
goal. First he travels to Sparta to save Helen, the wife of
the king of Sparta Menelaus, whose abduction by Paris
had led to the Trojan War. He goes to Crete where a
conspiracy dethrones the king. He is abandoned by Helen
who runs off with a black slave and continues to Egypt,
where again a workers' uprising takes place. He leaves
again on a journey up the Nile eventually stopping at the
lake-source. Upon arrival his companions set up camp
and he climbs the mountain in order to concentrate on
his god. Upon his return to the lake he sets up his city
based on the commandments of his religion. The city is
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soon destroyed by an earthquake. Odysseus laments his
failure to understand the true meaning of god with the
sacrifice of his companions. His life transforms into that of
an ascetic. Odysseus meets Motherth (an incarnation of
the Buddha), KapetánÉnas (English: Captain Sole, literal-
ly "Captain One", a Greek folk expression for people who
are insubordinate and single-minded to a fault), alias Don
Quixote, and an African village fisherman, alias Jesus. He
travels further south in Africa while constantly spreading
his religion and fighting the advances of death. Eventually
he travels to Antarctica and lives with villagers for a year
until an iceberg kills him. His death is glorious as it marks
his rebirth and unification with the world
15. Kim Lasky - The •It takes the form of an imaginary nocturnal monologue,
Bed that is a Tree spoken by Odysseus's wife Penelope. Like Penelope is
throughout most of the Odyssey, Lasky's Penelope is con-
vinced her husband is dead.
•Her speech fittingly draws on the threnos, the keen sung
as part of ancient Greek funeral rites. The quoted "scraps
of lament" are from the beginning of an actual threnos: "My
love I loved you well, I kept you well. I kept you as musk
in the box, as wire in the reed. I kept you as a silver lamp
which lit up this house."
•It was when Odysseus described the construction of
the marriage-bed that Penelope recognised the ragged
stranger as her husband. The bed, rooted because
Odysseus had made the post from a living olive tree,
symbolised immovable fidelity.
•At the start of the work, when Penelope imagines herself
a corpse, the bed is also a deathbed. We imagine a woman
wasting away and faithful to the end.
•It works perfectly as a resonant contemporary love poem.
The speaker could be any woman moved by grief to em-
blematic utterance, and the governing metaphor, the bed
as tree, finds all kinds of shapes in a reader's imagination,
combining growth and death, cradle and coffin, security
and evanescence.
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16. Lord Tennyson - •Ulysses (Odysseus) declares that there is little point in his
Ulysses staying home "by this still hearth" with his old wife, doling
out rewards and punishments for the unnamed masses
who live in his kingdom.
•He proclaims that he "cannot rest from travel" but feels
compelled to live to the fullest and swallow every last drop
of life. He has enjoyed all his experiences as a sailor who
travels the seas, and he considers himself a symbol for
everyone who wanders and roams the earth. His travels
have exposed him to many different types of people and
ways of living. They have also exposed him to the "de-
light of battle" while fighting the Trojan War with his men.
Ulysses declares that his travels and encounters have
shaped who he is: "I am a part of all that I have met," he
asserts. And it is only when he is traveling that the "margin"
of the globe that he has not yet traversed shrink and fade,
and cease to goad him.
•Ulysses declares that it is boring to stay in one place, and
that to remain stationary is to rust rather than to shine; to
stay in one place is to pretend that all there is to life is
the simple act of breathing, whereas he knows that in fact
life contains much novelty, and he longs to encounter this.
His spirit yearns constantly for new experiences that will
broaden his horizons; he wishes "to follow knowledge like
a sinking star" and forever grow in wisdom and in learning.
•His son Telemachus will act as his successor while the
great hero resumes his travels: he says, "This is my son,
mine own Telemachus, to whom I leave the scepter and
the isle." Telemachus will do his work of governing the
island while Ulysses will do his work of traveling the seas:
"He works his work, I mine."
17. Milk and honey - •survival, the experience of violence, abuse, love, loss
Rupi Kaur and femininity. it takes readers through a journey of the
most bitter moments in life and finds sweetness in them
because there is sweetness everywhere if you are just
willing to look. When she self-published it, it was such a hit
that publishers took notice. The collection went on to sell 2
million copies and was translated into over 30 languages.
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18. the sun and her •Following up book of milk and honey: healing, growth and
flowers - Rupi love - the structure of the book follows the life cycle of a
Kaur flower: after sorrow there is always joy. It's a vibrant and
transcendent journey about growth and healing, ancestry
and honouring one's roots, expatriation and rising up to
find a home within yourself.
19. Pac-Man •a maze arcade game developed and released by Namco

in 1980. The player controls Pac-Man, who must eat all
the dots inside an enclosed maze while avoiding four
colored ghosts. Eating large flashing dots called "Power
Pellets" causes the ghosts to turn blue, allowing Pac-Man
to eat them for bonus points. The development of the
game began in early 1979, directed by Toru Iwatani with
a nine-man team. Iwatani wanted to create a game that
could appeal to women as well as men, because most
video games of the time had themes of war or sports. The
game is considered to be important and influential, and
is commonly listed as one of the greatest video games of
all time. The success of the game led to several sequels,
merchandise, and two television series, as well as a hit
single by Buckner and Garcia.
•Ms. Pac-Man (2/1982): Developed by General Computer
Corporation and published by Midway Games. Namco
provided creative input on character design and collected
royalties. Became the most successful arcade game in
North America.
•Pac-Man Plus (3/1982); Super Pac-Man (8/1982); Baby
Pac-Man (12/1982); Professor Pac-Man (1983); Pac and
Pal (1983); Jr. Pac-Man (1983); Pac-Land (1984); Pac-Ma-
nia (1987), Pac-Man Arrangement (1996); Pac-Man VR
(1996); Pac-Man Battle Royale (2011); Pac-Man Chomp
Mania (2013); World's Largest Pac-Man (2015)
20. Pac-man Satur- •a 30-minute Saturday morning American animated series

day morning TV produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions based on the
series Namco video game franchise of the same title. It pre-
miered on ABC and ran for 44 episodes over two seasons
from 1982 to 1983. It is the first cartoon based on a video
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game.
•The show follows the adventures of the title character,
Pac-Man, his wife Pepper Pac-Man (Ms. Pac-Man), their
child Pac-Baby, their dog Chomp-Chomp and their cat
Sour Puss. The family lives in Pac-Land, a place in which
the geography and architecture seem to revolve primarily
around sphere-like shapes. Most episodes of the series
center around the ongoing battle between the Pac family
and their only known enemies, the Ghost Monsters: Blinky,
Inky, Pinky, Clyde, and Sue. They work for Mezmaron,
whose sole mission is to locate and control the source
of "Power Pellets", which serve as the primary food and
power source for the city, and also is the deus ex machina
in virtually every episode. The second (and final) season
later introduces Super-Pac and Pac-Man's teenage cousin
P.J.
•Some of the next Namco games were based on or influ-
enced from the cartoon. Pac-Land and Pac-Man 2: The
New Adventures are major examples.
21. Ultima saga •a series of open world fantasy role-playing video games
from Origin Systems, Inc. It was created by Richard
Garriott. The games take place for the most part in a
world called Britannia; the constantly recurring hero is
the Avatar, first named so in Ultima IV. The main Ultima
series consists of nine installments (the seventh title is
further divided into two parts) grouped into three trilogies,
or "Ages": The Age of Darkness (Ultima I-III), The Age of
Enlightenment (Ultima IV-VI), and The Age of Armaged-
don (Ultima VII-IX).
22. The fourth in- •"How do you make sure people don't disconnect, and
stallment of the instead play with sincere, emotional ties to their charac-
Ultima saga ters?"
•Garriott realized he was responsible for the unscrupulous
actions of his players. In video games, those who threw
morals out the window got ahead much faster than those
who played by the rules—just like in real life. They weren't
playing a character. They are themselves. Instead of letting
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players choose their class and race, and assign points to
attributes, a gypsy greets them and asks them a series
of ethical questions. There are no right or wrong answers.
Choices boil down to how individual players feel about
eight virtues: honesty, valor, compassion, justice, spiritual-
ity, humility, sacrifice, and honor. Their answers determine
the type of character they play.
23. Centipede •a 1980 fixed shooter arcade game developed and pub-
lished by Atari, Inc. The player fights off centipedes, spi-
ders, scorpions and fleas, completing a round after elimi-
nating the centipede that winds down the playing field. Its
sequel, Millipede, has more gameplay variety and a wider
array of insects than the original. The objective is to score
as many points as possible by destroying all segments of
the millipede as it moves toward the bottom of the screen,
as well as eliminating or avoiding other enemies.
24. Mario Bros •a platform game developed and published for arcades
by Nintendo in 1983. Italian-American plumber Mario and
his brother Luigi exterminate creatures emerging from the
sewers by flipping them on their backs and kicking them
away. Its successor, Super Mario Bros, was released in
Japan in 1985. Players control Mario, or his brother Luigi
in the multiplayer mode, as they travel the Mushroom
Kingdom to rescue Princess Toadstool from Bowser (King
Koopa). Super Mario Bros 2 (1988)
25. Donkey Kong •an arcade game released by Nintendo in Japan on July
9, 1981. The gameplay focuses on maneuvering the main
character across a series of platforms to ascend a con-
struction site, all while avoiding or jumping over obstacles.
The originally unnamed character, who was later called
Jumpman, then Mario, must rescue a damsel in distress,
Pauline, from the titular giant ape, Donkey Kong. Donkey
Kong spawned the sequel Donkey Kong Jr. (1982) with the
player controlling Donkey Kong's son in an attempt to save
his father from the now-evil Mario. The 1983 spinoff Mario
Bros. introduced Mario's brother Luigi in a single-screen
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cooperative game set in a sewer, and launched the Mario
franchise. Also in 1983, Donkey Kong 3 appeared in the
form of a fixed shooter, with an exterminator named Stan-
ley ridding the ape—and insects—from a greenhouse.
26. SimCity an open-ended city-building video game series originally

designed by Will Wright. The first game in the series,
SimCity, was published by Maxis in 1989. The success
of SimCity sparked the creation of several sequels and
many other spin-off "Sim" titles, including 2000's The Sims.
In the SimCity games, the player develops a city from a
patch of undeveloped land. The player controls where to
place development zones, infrastructure like roads and
power plants, landmarks, and public services such as
schools, parks, hospitals and fire stations. The player also
determines the tax rate, the budget, and social policy. The
city is populated by "Sims", simulated persons, who live in
the city created by the player. The three development zone
types are the major areas in which Sims inhabit: residential
zones for houses and apartment buildings; commercial
zones for shops and offices; industrial zone for factories,
warehouses, laboratories and farms
27. Tetris •A tile-matching video game created by Russian software

engineer Alexey Pajitnov in 1984.
•In the game, players complete lines by moving differ-
ently shaped pieces (tetrominoes), which descend onto
the playing field. The completed lines disappear and grant
the player points, and the player can proceed to fill the
vacated spaces. The game ends when the playing field
is filled. The longer the player can delay this inevitable
outcome, the higher their score will be. In multiplayer
games, the players must last longer than their opponents,
and in certain versions, players can inflict penalties on
opponents by completing a significant number of lines.
Some adaptations have provided variations to the game's
theme, such as three-dimensional displays or a system for
reserving pieces.
•Threshold Entertainment has teamed up with The Tetris
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Company to develop a film adaptation of the game. No
2017 or later sources confirm the film ever actually went
into production.
•It appeared in the 2010 short animated film Pixels, and in
the 2015 movie Pixels inspired by the former.
•A movie titled after the game will star Taron Egerton as
Henk Rogers, and will be about the legal battle surround-
ing the game in the late 1980s.
28. Serial •an investigative journalism podcast hosted by Sarah

Koenig, narrating a nonfiction story over multiple episodes.
Serial is "about the basics: love and death and justice
and truth. was wildly popular. It smashed all previous
podcasting records upon its release in 2014. Expectations
were incredibly high for the show's second season, so
it's no surprise that it failed to meet them. This season
had no cliffhangers. It was very long form reporting of a
complicated case.
•Season one investigated the 1999 murder of Hae Min
Lee, an 18-year-old student at Woodlawn High School in
Baltimore. She was last seen at about 3 p.m. on January
13, 1999. Her corpse was discovered on February 9 in
Leakin Park and identified two days later. The case was
immediately treated as a homicide. On February 12, an
anonymous source contacted authorities and suggested
that Adnan Masud Syed, Lee's ex-boyfriend, might be a
suspect. Syed was arrested on February 28 at 6 a.m. and
charged with first-degree murder, which led to "some clo-
sure and some peace" for Lee's family. A memorial service
for Lee was held on March 11 at Woodlawn High School.
Syed's first trial ended in a mistrial, but after a six-week
second trial, Syed was found guilty of Lee's murder on
February 25, 2000, and was given a life sentence.
•Season two focused on Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl, an
American Army soldier who was held for five years by the
Taliban, and then charged with desertion. On November
3, 2017, military judge Col. Jeffery R. Nance rendered a
verdict dishonorably discharging Bergdahl from the Army,
reducing his rank to private and requiring forfeit of some
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of his pay for ten months and no prison time. was an
invaluable document of what it was like to serve in the
modern, often purposeless wars the US been fighting
since 9/11.
•Season Three is meant to be an analysis of the normal
operation of the American criminal justice system, as op-
posed to the previous two seasons, which followed "extra-
ordinary" cases. Episodes follow different cases and are
taped in Greater Cleveland, with particular focus on cases
before the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas at
the Justice Center Complex in Downtown Cleveland.
29. Star wars radio •Writer Brian Daley adapted the film's highly visual script
drama to the special demands and unique possibilities of radio,
creating a more richly textured tale with greater emphasis
on character development.
•Director John Madden guided a splendid cast--includ-
ing Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels, reprising their film
roles as Luke Skywalker and the persnickety robot See
Threepio--through an intense ten day dialogue recording
session. Then came months of painstaking work for virtu-
oso sound engineer Tom Voegeli, whose brilliant blending
of the actors' voices, the music, and hundreds of sound
effects takes this intergalactic adventure into a realm of
imagination that is beyond the reach of cinema.
•When this series was first broadcast on National Public
Radio in 1981, it generated the largest response in the
network's history: 50,000 letters and phone calls in a
single week, an audience of 750,000 per episode, and a
subsequent 40-percent jump in NPR listenership.
30. Charles Dick- •is a historical novel, set in London and Paris before and
ens's A Tale of during the French Revolution. The novel tells the story
Two Cities of the French Doctor Manette, his 18-year-long impris-
onment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to live in
London with his daughter Lucie, whom he had never met.
The story is set against the conditions that led up to the
French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.
•The 45-chapter novel was published in 31 weekly in-
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stalments in Dickens' new literary periodical titled All the
Year Round. From April 1859 to November 1859, Dickens
also republished the chapters as eight monthly sections
in green covers. All but three of Dickens' previous novels
had appeared as monthly instalments prior to publication
as books. The first weekly instalment of the novel ran in
the first issue of All the Year Round on 30 April 1859. The
last ran 30 weeks later, on 26 November.
31. The Mystery of •was only about half completed at Dickens's death, its
Edwin Drood - many mysteries still unresolved.
Charles dickens •Though the novel is named after the character Edwin
Drood, it focuses more on Drood's uncle, John Jasper, a
precentor, choirmaster and opium addict, who is in love
with his pupil, Rosa Bud. Miss Bud, Edwin Drood's fiancée,
has also caught the eye of the high-spirited and hot-tem-
pered Neville Landless. Landless and Edwin Drood take
an instant dislike to each other. Later Drood disappears
under mysterious circumstances.
•Upon the death of Dickens on 9 June 1870, the novel was
left unfinished, only six of a planned twelve instalments
having been published. He left no detailed plan for the
remaining instalments or solution to the novel's mystery,
and many later adaptations and continuations by other
writers have attempted to complete the story.
•The first, by Robert Henry Newell, published under the
pen name Orpheus C. Kerr in 1870, was as much a parody
as a continuation, transplanting the story to the United
States.
•The second ending was written by Henry Morford, a New
York journalist. He travelled to Rochester with his wife and
published the ending serially during his stay in England
from 1871-1872. In this ending, Edwin Drood survives
Jasper's murder attempt. Entitled John Jasper's Secret:
Sequel to Charles Dickens' Mystery of Edwin Drood, it was
rumoured to have been authored by Charles Dickens, Jr.
and Wilkie Collins, despite Collins' disavowal.
•The third attempt was perhaps the most unusual. In 1873,
a Brattleboro, Vermont printer, Thomas Power James,
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published a version which he claimed had been literally
'ghost-written' by him channeling Dickens' spirit. Arthur
Conan praised this version, calling it similar in style to
Dickens' work; and for several decades the James version
of Edwin Drood was common in America.
32. Guy Gavriel Kay - •is a collection of mythopoeic stories by the English writer
The Silmarillion J. R. R. Tolkien, edited and published posthumously by his
son Christopher Tolkien in 1977 with assistance from Guy
Gavriel Kay. The Silmarillion, along with many of J. R. R.
Tolkien's other works, forms an extensive though incom-
plete narrative of Eä, a fictional universe that includes the
Blessed Realm of Valinor, the once-great region of Bele-
riand, the sunken island of Númenor, and the continent of
Middle-earth, where Tolkien's most popular works—The
Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings—take place.
•After the success of The Hobbit, Tolkien's publisher Stan-
ley Unwin requested a sequel, and Tolkien offered a draft
of the stories that would later become The Silmarillion.
Unwin rejected this proposal, calling the draft obscure and
"too Celtic," so Tolkien began working on a completely
new story, which would eventually become The Lord of the
Rings.
•The Silmarillion has five parts. The first, Ainulindalë, tells
of the creation of Eä, the "world that is." The second part,
Valaquenta, gives a description of the Valar and Maiar,
supernatural powers of Eä. The next section, Quenta Sil-
marillion, which forms the bulk of the collection, chronicles
the history of the events before and during the First Age,
including the wars over the Silmarils that gave the book
its title. The fourth part, Akallabêth, relates the history of
the Downfall of Númenor and its people, which takes place
in the Second Age. The final part, Of the Rings of Power
and the Third Age, is a brief account of the circumstances
which led to and were presented in The Lord of the Rings.
•Because J. R. R. Tolkien died before he finished revising
the various legends, Christopher gathered material from
his father's older writings to fill out the book. In a few cases,
this meant that he had to devise completely new material,
16 / 34
though within the tenor of his father's thought, in order to
resolve gaps and inconsistencies in the narrative.
33. Brandon Sander- •is a series of high fantasy novels written by American
son - The Wheel author James Oliver Rigney Jr., under his pen name of
of Time Robert Jordan. Originally planned as a six-book series,
The Wheel of Time spanned fourteen volumes, in addition
to a prequel novel and two companion books.
•Jordan died in 2007 while working on what was planned
to be the twelfth and final volume in the series. He pre-
pared extensive notes so another author could complete
the book according to his wishes. Fellow fantasy author
and long-time Wheel of Time fan Brandon Sanderson was
brought in to complete the final book, but during the writing
process, it was decided that the book would be far too
large to be published in one volume and would instead be
published as three volumes: The Gathering Storm (2009),
Towers of Midnight (2010), and A Memory of Light (2013).
•The prequel novel New Spring takes place during the Aiel
War and depicts the discovery by certain Aes Sedai that
the Dragon has been Reborn.
•The series proper commences almost twenty years later
in the Two Rivers, a near-forgotten district of the country
of Andor. An Aes Sedai, Moiraine, and her Warder Lan,
arrive in the village of Emond's Field, secretly aware that
servants of the Dark One are searching for a young man
living in the area. Moiraine is unable to determine which
of three youths (Rand al'Thor, Matrim Cauthon, or Perrin
Aybara) is the Dragon Reborn, and leads all three of them
from the Two Rivers. he first novel depicts their flight from
various agents of the Shadow and their attempts to reach
the Aes Sedai city of Tar Valon. They are frequently split
into different groups and pursue different missions toward
the cause of the Dragon Reborn. As they struggle to unite
the various kingdoms against the Dark One's forces, their
task is complicated by rulers of the nations. The Aes Sedai
also become divided on how to deal with the Dragon
Reborn.
17 / 34
34. Doctor Who •is a British science fiction television programme produced
by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the ad-
ventures of a Time Lord called "the Doctor", an extraterres-
trial being who appears to be human. The Doctor explores
the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the
TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box,
which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the
series first aired. With various companions, the Doctor
combats foes, works to save civilisations and helps people
in need.
•Beginning with William Hartnell, was in deteriorating
health and would have to leave the role, thirteen actors
have headlined the series as the Doctor, and in 2017 Jodie
Whittaker became the first woman to play the role. The
transition from one actor to another is written into the plot
of the show with the concept of regeneration into a new in-
carnation, a plot device in which a Time Lord "transforms"
into a new body when the current one is too badly harmed
to heal normally. Each actor's portrayal is unique, but all
represent stages in the life of the same character, and
together, they form a single lifetime with a single narrative.
The time-travelling feature of the plot means that different
incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet.
35. the Dax •Fans of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine will be familiar with
this symbiont, a wormlike entity that joins with a race
known at the Trill. After each host dies, the symbiont pass-
es to a new host, who retains the memories of the prior
hosts. The Dax symbiont has been alive for over 300 years
and had been bonded with four male hosts and five female
hosts (as of the final season.)
36. Finding Jack •a movie set within the Vietnam-era that is "based on the
existence and abandonment of more than 10,000 military
dogs at the end of the Vietnam War," according to The
Hollywood Reporter. Dean isn't the leading role, but his
performance as "Rogan" is "considered a secondary lead
role," according to the Reporter. Finding Jack marks the
first movie that Dean will star in since Giant in 1956, just
18 / 34
one year after his iconic role as Jim Stark in Rebel Without
a Cause.
•Magic City Films, the company producing the movie,
obtained the rights to Dean's image from his family. The
goal is to re-create "a realistic version of James Dean,"
the film's directors told the Reporter. To do so, they're
working with Canadian VFX studio Imagine Engine and
South African VFX company MOI Worldwide. Dean's body
will be fully re-created using CGI technology, and another
actor will voice his lines.
37. Harry Potter and •a 2016 British two-part play written by Jack Thorne based
the Cursed Child on an original story by J. K. Rowling, John Tiffany, and
Thorne.
•The story begins nineteen years after the events of the
2007 novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and
follows Harry Potter, now Head of the Department of Mag-
ical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic, and his
younger son, Albus Severus Potter, who is about to attend
Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The play is
marketed as the eighth story in the Harry Potter series.
•enthusiastic critical reception
•At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards, the London pro-
duction received a record-breaking eleven nominations
and won another record-breaking nine awards, including
Best New Play. At the 2018 Tony Awards, the Broadway
production won six awards, including Best Play.
•J.K. Rowling explained that "when audiences see the
play, they will agree that it is the only proper medium for
the story".
38. Poetry | Marianne •one of Marianne Moore's most celebrated literary

Moore achievements. It's a poem that she was never happy with
and continued to revise over the decades of her life.
•The poem was first printed in 1919 in Others and the
poem continued to be printed until at least four different
versions were circulated in print. Eventually, Moore cut
the poem down to three lines and added the longer, five
stanza version as an endnote, complicating the poem
19 / 34
further.
•The poem is a three-line poem in which the speaker, who
is likely Moore herself, discusses her feelings about poetry.
In the first line, she states quite bluntly that she "too"
dislikes poetry. Readers must make the leap, connecting
"it" in this line to the title, 'Poetry'. She goes on, revises
her statement, and adding that she does get something
out of reading it. She states that it is a place for "genuine"
to reside - means of genuine expression.
•"Omissions are not accidents—M.M." However, critics
thought slashing "Poetry" from 31 lines to three a mistake.
•Unusual use of line breaks. The lines vary greatly in length
with the first only containing five syllables, the second,
nineteen, and the last line eleven. The poem reads like
one long sentence.
39. Fledgling | Kevin •The poem was inspired by Kevin's experience as a con-
Phan struction worker at the Odiyan Meditation Center in north-
ern Cali.
•"On my first day of work, the practitioners / construction
workers greeted me unannounced at the entrance to the
main temple & stood around me in a circle... They began
alerting me to the dangers of the job—it was a totally
for-realsy construction site, hard hats & all—& what I
quickly came to learn is that there was plenty for me to
look out for."
•There are many mysteries at the site: the lama who ran
the show would occasional make curiously clear-seeing
statements; the sign above the door leading out of the
kitchen read "Please do not slam the door. It disturbs
beings on other realms." Kevin tried to mirror this structure
in the movement of the poem.
•The short lines in the poems are meant to communicate
the panicky nature of being inundated with info at a new
job without the necessary processing time to sort the info.
40. In the Library | •The very existence of the book in hand tells us that a
Charles Simic whole range of real people worked carefully to prepare the
text, set the type, produce the item, distribute and promote
20 / 34
it.
•"A Dictionary of Angels" would stay where it was parked
because angelology is a genuine if under-attended subject
of theology. Books on angels have a permanent shelf
life in this Library. To have records of named angels is
essential in getting to know the minds of other generations,
whatever our own definition of an angel.
•In the second verse of the poem, Simic wishes to relegate
angels to the past. The poet seems to imply that angels
only exist today in books.
•The poem's purpose is to get us to listen to the 'whisper-
ing' in the books, and even if we cannot hear anything,
to pay attention to those who can hear the 'whispering'.
The materiality of the book itself may fall apart yet there
are presences everywhere. Their own existence in time is
telling us of other existences and other experiences than
our own. We must cull with a discerning eye, but also with
extra senses of the kind possessed by Miss Jones.
41. Echeverría | •The story describes an unnamed individual: a farmhand

Enrique Perez in the village becoming a construction worker to earn
Lopez money for his family
•One day when he wears new clothes which are different
from what he usually wear in his village - his co-workers
laugh at him and call him Echeverria, the current President
of Mexico, most well known for making promises that he'd
never keep.
•The man buys more clothes, jackets and ties, shoes,
eyeglasses, acting in westernized ways, and declaring
himself to be the President
•Other inhabitants of the village then call him Echeverria
•He returns to the city, becoming a drunkard, making
promises and never keeping them
•The poem shows the power of names, and how a change
in name can change yourself as well
42. The Poems of our •the poem first offers its own perfect image, and then
Climate | Wallace becoming frustrated with that perfection, that completion.
Stevens •The opening image is breathtaking. Stevens draws out
21 / 34
the perfection of the image. There is a perfect bowl of
perfectly radiant carnations ("clear," "snowy," and "pink
and white"), but we want more. There is "nothing more"
than the flowers and bowl. We can't be happy with such
simplicity.
•The second section adds more stock to the argument that
humans can't be satisfied with simplicity. "This complete
simplicity" took away suffering and cleansed the self, "Still
one would want more, one would need more, / More than a
world of white and snowy scents." Being cleansed sounds
nice but not permanent. No matter how clear the snowy
air was, the purity would inevitably fade or stagnate.
•Sitting in this unbearably perfect room with its flawless
bowl of flowers, no matter how incredible this immediate
reality, the mind wanders, wants to escape, go into the
past, the future, other, more, beyond, back.
•Perfection slows movement, while the imperfect moves us
with convections of "flawed words and stubborn sounds."
43. I Dreamed All •With a specific focus on the Uzbekistani city of Bukhara,
Day | Rauf Pardi this poem attempts to convey the feeling of daydreaming
that you experience when you travel to a historic location
for the first time.
•Throughout the poem, the narrator dreams about "dizzy
minarets" (a tower used to call Muslims to prayer to a
neighbouring mosque), rosegardens, History itself and a
sky-blue flame.
•The repetition of many of these phrases and the melding
of them together create an accurate representation of a
daydreaming train of thought, as the narrator imagines
how Bukhara must have been in the past when it was a
large and influential city along the Silk Road.
44. A Map to the Next •an abstract poem with a prophetic message, warning
World | Joy Harjo people what will become of the world if humans continue
to ignore nature. Throughout the poem, the sacred hoop
is referenced as a way to persuade the reader that this
inevitable doom is actually avoidable if we listen to certain
Native American beliefs and respect nature.
22 / 34
•It is attempting to persuade all of Western society to
change its views towards nature. Through saying 'In the
last days of the fourth world', the speaker is saying that the
fourth world, or nomadic, hunter and gatherer societies,
are vanishing. Through calling it the "fourth world", the
speaker is showing how Western societies perceive no-
madic societies, like the Native Americans, to be inferior.
•The map may symbolize that Western society has taken
the wrong path: the path towards the end of nature. In
order to return back to the right path, people need to be
shown the way. The speaker believes that in order to make
a map that Western society could understand, she needs
to use the things that they desire to have and what they
already know.
•When the speaker says 'as they emerged / from the killing
fields, from the bedrooms and kitchens', she is referencing
the death and destruction Western culture has caused to
countless humans, including the Native Americans. She
is urging western society to see that everyone is connect-
ed and equal, and to stop all of the killing. The speaker
realizes that the only hope for Western society to avoid
their doom is if they make their own map to the path of a
relationship with nature.
45. The •Due to extreme overpopulation of Earth, citizens in the

Sliced-Cross- year 2055 are constrained to "stoners" - cylinders that
wise suspend all atomic and subatomic activity in the body - for
Only-on-Tuesday every day of the week, except for the one to which they
World | Philip are allocated.
Jose Farmer •Tom Pym only experiences Tuesdays, but yearns to con-
tact a beautiful woman, Jennie Marlowe, who awakes only
on Wednesdays. He leaves Jennie an audio message, but
she responds with the suggestion that he forget about her.
•To be with Jennie, Tom attempts to have his allocated
day changed to Wednesday, but significant government
bureaucracy is involved.
•An influential psychiatrist, Doctor Traurig (German for
"sad"), after viewing Jennie's cylinder, agrees that Tom's
life would be better on Wednesday, and pushes through
23 / 34
his application. However, Tom awakes on Wednesday to
find that Jennie's cylinder is missing; she has, in exchange,
been relocated to Tuesday.
•Farmer does not have a "solution" to the population
problem. He does, however, describe just how different
a world inundated by humanity might be." Michael Smith
described the story as depicting "perhaps the most ex-
treme example of constrained freedom in an overcrowded
future."
46. Sanctuary | Allen •the story of a colonization attempt, and its beginning
Steele hints at the mission of a sleeper ship headed toward an
Earth-like planet near Tau Ceti.
•When the twin ships Lindbergh and Santos-Dumont
reach the target planet, the revived flight crew starts to col-
lect data on what should become their new home. There
are a few surprises stemming from direct observation,
details that the automated probe sent scouting ahead did
not record, like the thinner atmosphere and the higher
gravity, but the officers keeping the logs seem to gloss
over these difficulties, certain that physical training and
medical supplements will help the colonists adapt, while
the new generation born on-planet will certainly encounter
less difficulties.
•As the crews of the Santas-Dumont and Lindenburgh
prepare to reawaken people from suspended animation,
they realise that there is actually intelligent life in a tribal
stage of development. After they land on the surface to
survey the area and then return to the ship, system failures
begin occurring, and they realise that plastic objects are
beginning to degrade. The crew then realise that the Earth
of Tau Ceti-e, which they landed on and brought back up to
the ship, is actually a bacteria that consumes petrol-based
products, including plastic. Because of this, the alien in-
habitants of Tau Ceti-e are actually much more advanced
than expected, but they are unable to build with plastic or
similar materials. The colonisers then land on the planet,
and all of their supplies begin to degrade, and they realise
24 / 34
they are going to truly have to cooperate with this alien
civilisation.
47. The Witcher III: •the best-selling series of video games is adapted from
Wild Hunt the Witcher saga. The third entry in the series, 2015's The
Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, won dozens of awards and is widely
considered to be one of the best video games ever made.
As a Witcher, he has many talents, which make him the
perfect, pliable protagonist. Geralt is a fine swordsman,
able to control both crowds of jabbing bandits and the
hulking beasts that he pursues across the countryside
for rich bounties. He is an accomplished rider, able to
drive a stallion through forests and across shallow rivers -
even, sometimes, in formal races on the manicured track
- at speed. It's a necessary skill here in Temeria, which
stretches farther than most video game lands, from the
fields of Velen, with their stoic windmills and muddles of
sunflowers, to the craggy, froth-lapped rocks of the Skel-
lige islands and beyond.
48. Back to the Fu- •Set in 1985, the story follows Marty McFly (Fox), a
ture teenager accidentally sent back to 1955 in a time-travel-
ing DeLorean automobile built by his eccentric scientist
friend Doctor Emmett "Doc" Brown (Lloyd). Trapped in
the past, Marty inadvertently prevents his future parents'
meeting—threatening his very existence—and is forced to
reconcile the pair and somehow return to the future.
•Two sequels, in Part II, Marty and Doc travel to 2015,
inadvertently enabling the now-elderly Biff Tannen to steal
the DeLorean and return to 1955, rewriting history in his
favor. The final film in the trilogy, Part III, was released in
1990. Its plot follows Marty as he travels to 1885 to rescue
a time-stranded Doc.
•With its effect on popular culture and a dedicated fan
following, the success of the movie launched a multime-
dia franchise. This includes an animated television series,
video games, comic books, board games, clothing, music,
books, food, toys, collectibles, and theme park rides. The
movie has been adapted into a 2020 stage musical.
25 / 34
•The book was the novelization tie-in to the movie Back
to the Future. It was adapted into Back to the Future: The
Story. There were several differences from the movie, with
new scenes shown and others in the movie not shown. No
one remembers the book version.
49. Harry potter and •Was Hermione black? The choice of a black actress
the cursed child Noma Dumezweni to play Hermione in this sequel sparked
controversy among those who believed she surely had to
be white—and arguments about whether she could have
been black in the books all along.
•White bias: The assumption that all characters in a book
are white unless stated otherwise.
•The evidence suggests Rowling imagined a white girl with
"bushy brown hair". When Hermione is scared she is often
described as turning white and she is also described as
visibly blushing.
•Rowling explicitly states that Angelina Johnson, Dean
Thomas, Lee Jordan, Kingsley, and the Zabini family are
all black. We can also assume, based on name choices,
that the Patil twins are from the Indian subcontinent, Cho
Chang is Chinese, and Anthony Goldstein is Jewish. The
fact that Rowling either explicitly identifies the racial iden-
tity of each of these characters or gives them country/cul-
ture specific names but didn't with Hermione suggests that
she imagined Hermione as white.
•When it comes to casting another evolution of the Harry
Potter story, there are no aesthetic rules. There is noth-
ing in the storylines of almost any of the characters that
dictates their visual appearance. These characters are
not rooted in history, they do not tell a particular ethnic
narrative.
50. The New Gulliver •A reboot to promote a more specific moral or political
vision of the world.
•The story is a Communist re-telling of the 1726 novel
Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift. A group leader reads
Gulliver's Travels to some Soviet youths. While hearing the
story of "Gulliver's Travels", a young Russian boy dreams
26 / 34
that he is the title character on the island of Lilliput where
the workers are oppressed, people are suffering under
capitalist inequality and exploitation and takes their side
in a rebellion against the monarchy.
•Considered to be the first full-length animated film made
anywhere in the world, The New Gulliver tells the sto-
ry of Petya (Vladimir Konstantinov), a young Soviet pi-
oneer who falls asleep reading Swift's Gulliver's Travels
and awakens in a surreal Lilliput, updated to include jazz
bands, mechanized tractors, and (in the best revolutionary
spirit) a miniaturized workers' proletariat who rise up with
the help of the giant Petya!
51. Bel-Air •is a short fan film written and directed by Morgan Cooper,
based on the 1990s sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.
The film serves as a mock trailer for a darker, more dramat-
ic re-imagining of and an imaginary reboot of the 1990s
comedy "Fresh Prince of Bel Air". After being involved in
a gang fight during a street basketball game, Will Smith is
sent by his mother out of the rough streets of Philadelphia
to live with his uncle and aunt in the affluent neighborhood
of Bel Air, Los Angeles, in the hopes of straightening out
his life.
•In August 2020, it was announced that Will Smith and
Morgan Cooper would be developing a reboot of the series
based on Cooper's Bel-Air.
52. Fresh Prince of • an American sitcom television series. A street-smart

Bel Air teenager from West Philadelphia who is sent to move in
with his wealthy uncle and aunt in their Bel Air mansion
after getting into a fight in his hometown. His working-class
lifestyle often clashes with the lifestyle of his relatives in
Bel Air.
53. High School Mu- •a sequel to the original film, a reboot?

sical: The Musi- •an American musical romantic drama web television se-
cal: The Series ries, inspired by the High School Musical film series
•At a fictionalized version of East High School in Salt Lake
City, Utah, where the High School Musical movies were
27 / 34
filmed, a former background cast member, Miss Jenn, be-
gins work as the new drama teacher. The teacher decides
to stage a performance of the musical for her first winter
theater production to celebrate the school's affiliation with
the original film. The students cast in the musical learn to
navigate their interpersonal relationships and form bonds
with each other, to overcome the challenges they face in
their lives at school and home.
•In the second season, the theater students of East High
stage a production of Beauty and the Beast for the spring
musical
54. Steve Jobs •a 2015 biographical drama film directed by Danny Boyle
and written by Aaron Sorkin. It was adapted from the 2011
biography by Walter Isaacson and interviews conducted
by Sorkin, and covers 14 years (1984-1998) in the life of
Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs.
•Parents need to know that the movie paints a fairly harsh
picture of him as a father to a daughter he initially denied.
Expect several loud arguments, swear words, some social
drinking. Many schools would have objected to its use of
adult language.
- an example of Bowdlerization - a form of censorship
which involves purging anything deemed noxious or offen-
sive from an artistic work, or other type of writing of media.
The term derives from Thomas Bowdler's 1818 edition of
William Shakespeare's plays, which he reworked in order
to make them more suitable for women and children.
55. Doctor Dolittle •The 1988 edition removes all references to skin color:
"black man" becomes "man," and "white man" becomes
"man" or "foreign man." Instead of tricking Prince Bumpo
by preying on his desire to be white (in the original),
Polynesia tricks Prince Bumpo by hypnotizing him (in the
current version). The 1988 edition diminishes the overt
racism of the original edition.
56. •In the 1973 edition, the Oompa-Loompas are no longer

African Pygmies — they're from Loompaland. Illustrator
28 / 34
Charlie and the Joseph Schindelman changes their colors from black to
Chocolate Facto- white, and current illustrator Quentin Blake keeps them
ry white in his 1998 edition. The whitened Oompa-Loompas
remove the original book's implication that a person of Eu-
ropean descent had enslaved people of African descent
57. Hardy Boys •adventures of the teenage sleuths Frank and Joe Hardy,
more famously known as the Hardy Boys. The young de-
tectives, who are often joined by their friends, solve mys-
teries in the fictional town of Bayport. Various racial stereo-
types permeate the series' earlier volumes. Substantial
changes were made by the books' packager starting in
1959, to address the racist elements and some of the more
offensive language and story lines.
58. Star Wars •It has an entirely different edit than the ones fans have
seen before.
•The new edit features an entirely new insert of the Rodi-
an bounty hunter Greedo saying something while talking
to Han Solo in the Mos Eisley cantina on Tatooine. The
famous scene, which depicted the two characters having
a tense conversation about the money Solo owned, was
originally filmed and edited to feature Solo shooting Gree-
do first. The Special Edition release of A New Hope in
1997 was edited to feature Greedo shooting first. The edit
became one of the most controversial moments in Star
Wars history.
•Over the years, multiple edits have been made to A New
Hope alongside the original trilogy. Some of these are
focused on audio settings; others were made to clean up
the visuals. Most fans acknowledge that seeing an original
version of George Lucas' 1977 Star Wars film is unlikely,
but they can probably all agree on one thing: stop messing
around with one of Han Solo's most iconic scenes.
59. 'Sonic The •The first trailer for the live-action movie arrived in 2019
Hedgehog' and was immediately met with criticism over Sonic's ap-
pearance. The widespread backlash to the CGI character
actually forced the movie to be delayed so the team could
29 / 34
fix Sonic. Paramount Pictures has now released a new
trailer for the movie, and Sonic looks a lot better.
•The biggest visual change is Sonic's eyes are a lot bigger,
and the CGI body is far less elongated. Even Sonic's
teeth, that briefly make an appearance, don't look like a
full creepy set of human teeth anymore. Sonic just looks
smaller and cuter, just like you'd expect from a CGI version
of the Japanese video game star.
•It hit theaters on February 14th, 2020.
60. Red Dawn •is a 1984 American action film depicts the United
States invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and
Nicaraguan allies. However, the onset of World War III is in
the background and not fully elaborated. The story follows
a group of American high school students who resist the
occupation with guerrilla warfare, naming themselves the
"Wolverines", after their high school mascot.
•The operation to capture former Iraqi dictator Saddam
Hussein was named Operation Red Dawn and its tar-
gets were dubbed "Wolverine 1" and "Wolverine 2". Army
Captain Geoffrey McMurray, who named the mission, said
the naming "was so fitting because it was a patriotic,
pro-American movie." Milius approved of the naming, say-
ing "I was deeply flattered and honored. It's nice to have a
lasting legacy."
•A remake of it directed by Dan Bradley was released
in 2012. The film centers on a group of young people
who defend their hometown from a North Korean invasion.
Originally scheduled to be released on November 24,
2010, the film was shelved because of MGM's financial
troubles. While in post-production, the invading army and
antagonists were changed from Chinese to North Korean
in order to maintain access to the Chinese box office,
though the film was still not released in China.
61. Colombia's 'Yo •a Cinderella comedy about the rise of poor, ugly Betty
Soy Betty, la Fea' Pinzón and the fall of rich, handsome Armando Mendoza
•adapted in close to 20 different countries
•India: Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin (2003)
30 / 34
•Germany: Verliebt in Berlin (2005)
•Mexico: La fea más bella (2006)
•USA: Ugly Betty (2006)
62. Korean made •remake of the multi-season U.S. political thriller Designat-
Designated Sur- ed Survivor
vivor: 60 Days •an explosion takes place killing many of the high-ranking
officials incl. President during a meeting. Park Mu-jin, the
highest ranking government officer left alive, becomes the
acting president for sixty days who then grow as a national
leader.
63. •Hollywood 'Your •Remake of 2016 Japanese anime film

Name' •two strangers who mysteriously swap bodies
64. My Apology | Abe •This slam poetry, written by a Sudanese refugee who
Ape sought refuge in Australia, is an apology to the native
Aboriginal people for everything that has occurred to them
and how they are still ignored.
•He brings up relevant points such as how at the start of
keynote speakers within Australia, they often begin with
"acknowledging the traditional owners of this land" but
hardly ever do acknowledge the impacts that they have
had, whilst also not going out and searching for the stories
and the history of the tribes.
•Ape also says that he himself is at fault for not doing these
things and that he is similar to Captain Cook and everyone
who colonised Australia, in that he came here without the
permission of the Aboriginal owners of the land.
•Finally, he addresses how this Aboriginal culture is cele-
brated, but only on the national holiday of Australia Day,
whilst Aboriginal people are still disadvantaged and suffer.
The apology feels genuine and as if it comes from a place
where Ape truly wishes to gain forgiveness whilst also
raising the importance of these issues.
65. for eons | Isobel •Part of all this can be yours collection of erasures made
O'Hara from celebrity sexual assault apology statements during
the #MeToo moment of 2017.
•It is only five words long, being "I ignored reality for eons."
31 / 34
What makes this poem so special is that it's a blackout
poem, where you take a page of text and blackout words
using a vivid, resulting in only a few remaining.
•This particular page of text that was blacked out was
a statement from Richard Dreyfuss, an American actor,
regarding claims of sexual assault at the height of the
#MeToo movement.
•The poem, therefore, tries to convey that this apology
ignores the reality of the situation, and therefore isn't a true
apology.
•A blackout poem: take a page of text and blackout words
using a vivid, resulting in only a few remaining
66. Finale | Pablo •Found on the poet's desk after his death, "Finale" is
Neruda Pablo Neruda's final poem, and a love letter to his wife,
Matilde. "It was beautiful to live/when you lived!" he writes.
In the hours before his death, he approached his "sea of
renewal" through re-living the comfort of his love between
two souls, and basking in gratitude for her.
•With whom do you spend your life? When your hours
come to a close, what do you wish them to know about
your love and gratitude for them? Is it different from the
ways you express love and gratitude now? Why wait?
Through the power of poetry like Nerdua's, he helps us
to convey the deep thankfulness to those with whom we
share our life.
•Even though death is an eventual finality, we look back on
our lives and all of the wonderful things that occurred
67. One Art | Eliza- •The poem shares the title of a collection of Bishop's
beth Bishop letters from 1928 to 1979, published as her autobiography
in 1994.
•It is considered autobiographical by some. The poem was
written in a period of separation from her partner, Alice
Methfessel, and it was one of her final works; she died
three years after it was published in 1979. It recounts all
the significant losses that Bishop had faced in her life,
dating back to the death of her father when she was
eight months old and the subsequent loss of her grieving
32 / 34
mother, who was confined permanently a mental asylum
when Bishop was five years old.
•It is narrated by a speaker who details losing small items,
which gradually become more significant, moving from the
misplacement of "door keys" to the loss of "two cities"
where the speaker presumably lived, for example.
•Bishop writes to explore the theme of loss as she reflects
on her losses. Bishop emphasizes the inevitability of loss.
Loss is an art and the art of losing is learned through
loss, engrained in every day life and present in the most
important moments of our lives.
•The purpose of writing the poem is personal healing and
growth.
68. Whereas (Ex- • a direct response to the official "Apology to Native Peo-
cerpt) | Layli ples" on behalf of the U.S. government buried quietly in the
Long Soldier 2010 defense appropriations bill. At the time, the apology
attracted little notice; President Obama signed it without
fanfare or ceremony.
•The apology resolution that is the inciting occasion for the
poem never stood on its own or was publically declared.
Instead, it was offered in near public silence as a minor
inclusion in Section 8113 in the 2010 Defense Appropria-
tions Act
•She contrasts the deliberate, restrained, and arguably
duplicitous language of the official 2010 apology with the
way her father apologized to her—tearfully, humanely—for
not being there during her childhood over a breakfast she
cooked him as an adult.
•In this poem, the national Apology is cited: "Whereas
in the infancy of the United States, the founders of the
Republic expressed their desire for a just relationship
with the Indian tribes, as evidenced by the Northwest
Ordinance enacted by Congress in 1787, which begins
with the phrase, 'The utmost good faith shall always be
observed toward the Indians."
69. •Ilya Kaminsky was born in the former Soviet Union city of
Odesa in 1977. His family moved to America in 1993 and
33 / 34
We Lived Happily he's been writing poems since.
During the War | •Ilya Kaminsky wrote this poem to criticize America's po-
Ilya Kaminsky sition as a world power. The poem suggests that many
Americans live comfortably while war and destruction is
occurring around the world, often due to its foreign policy.
•He asks for forgiveness to be given to America
•It depicts the lives of many within the United States:
•they protested against these wars that were going on, but
it didn't affect them
•they still remained in "the country of money" and lived
happily during the war
34 / 34

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Study online at https://quizlet.com/_abk0wy

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45. The •Due to extreme overpopulation of Earth, citizens in the

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53. High School Mu- •a sequel to the original film, a reboot?

56. •In the 1973 edition, the Oompa-Loompas are no longer

63. •Hollywood 'Your •Remake of 2016 Japanese anime film

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