ANAPHY LAB REVIEWER a specimen

Working Distance
I. Microscopy  distance between the objective lens
Parts of the Microscope and coverslip
1. Ocular Lenses/Eyepiece Field of View
 part that is looked through at the top  the circle you see as you look into
of the microscope the microscope
2. Body Tube II. Cell Structure and Function
 structural support that holds and Cell
connects the eyepieces and Three Main Parts of the Cell
objective lenses 1. Plasma Membrane
3. Nosepiece 2. Cytoplasm
 hold the objective lenses and rotates 3. Nucleus
to change which objective lens is Plasma Membrane
active  outer boundary of the cell
4. Arm  “gatekeeper” of the cell
 supports the microscope head and o Phospholipid Bilayer –
attached it to the base
consists of hydrophilic
5. Objective Lenses
phosphate group
 lenses that directly observe the
 Cholesterol
object being examined
Molecules –
o Low Power Objective – 10X
interspersed among
o High Power Objective – 45X
the phospholipid
o Oil Immersion Objective – molecules
100X Two Major Types of Protein
6. Stage 1. Peripheral Proteins – on the
 platform upon the specimen/slide is inner or outer surface of the
placed membrane
7. Stage Clips 2. Integral Proteins – passing
 holds the slide in place onto the membrane
8. Aperture/Diaphragm Cytoplasm
 controls and adjusts the intensity of  most of the inside of the cell is
light consist of this
9. Condenser o Cytosol – inner fluid portion
 condenses the light and focuses it of the cell
onto the stage o Cytoskeleton – inner
10. Coarse Adjustment Knob
framework of the cell
 used for moving the stage up and
o Organelles – small
down
specialized units of the cell
11. Fine Adjustment Knob
 used for sharp and fine focusing  Microtubules – made
12. Illumination/Light Source of protein and tubulin
 light used to illuminate the slide - approximately 25 nm
13. Base  Intermediate
 bottom base and supports the Filaments –
microscope composed of fibrous
proteins
- approximately 10 nm
Other terminologies  Microfilaments –
Resolution made of actin
 ability to distinguish two objects as - approximately 8 nm
separate Organelles
Light Microscopy  “small organ”
 involve the use of visible light and o Mitochondria – rod-shaped
glass lenses to magnify and observe organelles with a double
 membrane of material
o Ribosomes – smallest of the
organelles
o Endoplasmic Reticulum – The Cell Cycle
organelle composed of a Interphase
network of enclosed channels  cell undergoes growth and
duplication of DNA
 Rough endoplasmic
o G1 Phase - cells grow in size
reticulum –
associated with the and produce organelles
nucleus and produces o S Phase – DNA of the cell is
proteins for transport duplicated
 Smooth endoplasmic o G2 Phase – cells continue to
reticulum – distal grow preparing for mitosis
extension of the RER Mitosis
o Golgi Apparatus – receives  involves the division of genetic
materials from the ER information to produce two identical
nuclei
 has cisternae, are
 Five Phases of Mitosis
flattened, membranous
o Prophase – mitotic apparatus
sacs
Nucleus becomes apparent
 has 2 major functions; o Metaphase – chromosomes
1. house the genetic information align between the poles of the
of the cell cell known as the metaphase
2. direct many cellular functions plate
o Nuclear Envelope – double o Anaphase – chromatids
membrane which allow the separate at the centromere
movement of materials in and o Telophase – daughter
out of the nucleus chromosomes begin to
Vesicles unwind into chromatin,
 membrane-bound sacs in the cell nucleolus reappears, and
 digest sub-cellular material nuclear envelope reforms
 transport material out of the cell Cytokinesis
 carry on enzymatic activities  splitting of the cells cytoplasm
o Lysosomes – digest material Diffusion
with enzymes in a process  movement of particles from regions
known as phagocytosis of high to low concentrations
o Peroxisomes – use enzymes Concentration Gradient
to potentially toxic hydrogen  difference of the two concentrations
peroxide to water and oxygen Equilibrium
 uniform/balance
Solvent
 liquid portion
Other Cellular Components Solute
Cilia  dissolved portion
 are found on cells that are involved Osmosis
in movement  movement of water from high water
Flagella concentration to low water
 found only in the sperm cell concentration
Centrosomes
 are involved in the formation of a
structure known as the spindle
apparatus
Microvilli
 small extensions of the surface of
some cells involved in the absorption