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“In the name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful”

Lab
Bernoulli’s Principle
#4
Prepared By:
Wong Hong Mun
hmwong@ump.edu.my
Telephone Ext: 2218
Hand phone: 016 – 373 4943
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, KUKTEM

Lab Instructor

Lab Location
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Lab Objectives

By the end of laboratory, students should be able to:

• explain Bernoulli’s principle for an incompressible liquid,
• understand the concept of energy conservation of a liquid in motion, and
• familiar with the appropriate methods of measurement, evaluation and
calculation.

Group Members Student ID Section

20

100 Total marks 100

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1.0 Bernoulli’s Principle

The Bernoulli’s principle states for a fluid flowing at a certain velocity, pressure
surrounding this fluid will be decreased. The explanation of the principle can be seen
through its equation, the Bernoulli equation. This equation is an approximate relation
between pressure, velocity and elevation. It is valid in regions of steady, incompressible
flow where net frictional forces are negligible. The Bernoulli equation can be stated as:

P v2
+ + z = constant [1]
rg 2 g
where,
P
= static head
rg
v2
= dynamic head
2g
z = elevation

We could obtain or derive the Bernoulli equation by applying the conservation of

linear momentum principle. The key approximation in the derivation of the Bernoulli
equation is that viscous effects are negligibly small compared to inertial, gravitational and
pressure effects. In theory, this fluid is called inviscid fluid.

In this experiment, we are required to investigate the variation of total pressure

head, static head and dynamic head. The measurement of total pressure is by the pitot
tube measurement on the right side of the apparatus. Static head is measured through the
multi tube manometer at the top portion of the apparatus. A venturi apparatus is used to
vary the static head and dynamic head.

At any given flow rate, static head and total head is measured at all 6 points
within the venturi. The flow rate is then measured through the volumetric tank. Velocity
of fluid at all the 6 points within the venturi can be calculated through both volumetric
tank and from the dynamic head.

2.0 Experiment Setup

• Before getting started, you should check the condition around and of the
apparatus. There should be no water spills and all hose connection in good
condition. The condition of the electrical connection, plug and socket is in good
condition. If there is any doubt of the condition, please refer to your lab
instructor.

Equipment and Materials

• Hydraulic bench.
• Bernoulli’s principle demonstrator.

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(c) (e)

(b)

(a)

(d)

3.0 Experiment Procedure

1. Open the pump cock (b) fully.

2. Close the ball cock (a).
3. Open the upper valve of the manometer (c)
4. Close the bottom valve (d) as well as the single pitot manometer valve (e).
5. Start the pump.
6. Open the ball cock (a) slowly to expel air from the system through the upper valve
of the manometer (c).
7. When air is completely expelled, close the ball cock (a) and the upper valve (c).
8. Stop the pump.
9. Open the ball cock (b) to a position that could only enable little flow through.
10. Open the upper valve (c) of the manometer carefully for the air to get into the
multi tube manometer, until you have at least half of the readable columns and
then close the upper valve (c).
11. Open the ball cock fully (a).
12. Start the pump. The water will try to go up the manometer but will not expel out
from the upper valve (c).
13. Slowly open the bottom valve (d) to half position to allow water to flow through.
14. Open the upper valve (c) of the manometer and the pitot manometer valve (e)
carefully.
15. If the level of water in the manometers is not strategically to be read, adjust the
bottom valve (d) appropriately.
16. Note the static head at all positions.
17. Measure the total pressure at a specific location in the venturi by adjusting the brass
pipe to the measurement points and read off the value at the single water
manometer.
18. Measure the volumetric flow using the volumetric tank of the hydraulics bench
with a stop watch.
19. Adjust the bottom valve (d) to another 2 more positions that significantly alters the
flow rate and gather all the required measurements.

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4.0 Results

Flow Static head (mm water)

Measurement rate, Q
h1, stat h2, stat h3, stat h4, stat h5, stat h6, stat
(l/s)
1

Flow Pitot total head (mm water)

Measurement rate, Q
h1, total h2, total h3, total h4, total h5, total h6, total
(l/s)
1

10

5.0 Analysis

Calculate the required parameters by the following equations.

htotal = htotal , read off - 80 mm [2]

Note: Adjustment is required due to the difference of vertical height of the
single pitot manometer and the manometers.

hdyn = htotal - hstat [3]

vcalc = 2.g .hdyn [4]

Q
v meas = [5]
A

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Point ID (mm) Area, A (m2 .10-4)

1 28.4 6.33
2 22.5 3.97
3 14.0 1.54
4 17.2 2.32
5 24.3 4.60
6 28.4 6.33

Point
Q (l/s)
1 2 3 4 5 6
htotal (mm)
hdyn (mm)
1 hstat (mm)
vmeas (m/s)
vcalc (m/s)
htotal (mm)
hdyn (mm)
2 hstat (mm)
vmeas (m/s)
vcalc (m/s)
htotal (mm)
hdyn (mm)
3 hstat (mm)
vmeas (m/s)
vcalc (m/s)

20

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Represent obtained data of static and dynamic head graphically onto the below h vs.
position graph.
h (mm)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Position

14

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Represent obtained data of vmeas and vcalc graphically onto the below v vs. position graph.
v (m/s)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Position

16

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6.0 Questions

Why is there a difference between vmeas and vcalc?

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4
What conclusion can be made of the variation of static head and dynamic head
throughout the 6 position, according to the vcalc at those positions?

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10
What conclusion can be made from the finding of static head and dynamic head in
oppose to the total head as well as equation [1]?

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7.0 Conclusion

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8.0 Reference

BMM 3521 Engineering Fluid Mechanics Lab_03_Bernoulli_principle.doc