Date: Figure Of Merit Analysis of AM and FM

Ex no:

Aim:

To visualize Amplitude Modulated (AM) signal and Frequency Modulated (FM) signal and to compute
their figure of merit.

Software Used:

Matlab R2015a

Theory:

Figure of merit is a quantity that is used to characterize the performance of a device, system or
method, relative to its alternatives. In engineering, figures of merit are often defined for particular
materials or devices in order to determine their relative utility for an application. Figures of merit are
numerical parameters, usually employed for comparing analytical methods in terms of predictive ability
and detection capabilities.

Modulation is super imposing a low frequency (message signal) component into a high frequency
(carrier signal) component or changing of certain carrier wave properties with respect to message signal.
Amplitude modulation is a process by which the message signal is transmitted by modulating the
amplitude of the carrier signal. Frequency modulation is a process by which the message signal is
transmitted by modulating the frequency of the carrier signal.

Figure of merit of AM:

We know that the DSBSC modulated wave is

s(t) = 𝐴𝑐 m(t)cos(2πfct)

Average power of DSBSC modulated wave is

2
𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡) 𝐴2𝑐 𝑃
𝑃𝑠 = ( ) =
√2 2

Average power of noise in the message bandwidth is

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑊𝑁𝑜
Substitute, these values in channel SNR formula.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒

(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝐶,𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ

𝐴2𝑐 𝑃
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝐶,𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 =
2𝑊𝑁𝑜

Assume the band pass noise is mixed with DSBSC modulated wave in the channel. This combination is
applied as the input to the product modulator. Hence, the input of the product modulator is

𝑣1 (𝑡) = 𝑠(𝑡) + 𝑛(𝑡)

𝑣1 (𝑡) = Acm(t)cos(2πfct) + [𝑛𝐼 (t) cos(2π𝑓𝑐 t) − 𝑛𝑞 (t)sin (2π𝑓𝑐 t)]

𝑣1 (𝑡) = [Acm(t) + 𝑛𝐼 (t)] cos(2π𝑓𝑐 t) − 𝑛𝑞 (t)sin (2π𝑓𝑐 t)]

Local oscillator generates the carrier signal 𝑐(𝑡) = cos (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡). This signal is applied as another input to
the product modulator. Therefore, the product modulator produces an output, which is the product of 𝑣1 (𝑡)
and 𝑐(𝑡) .

Substitute, v1(t) and c(t) values in the above equation.

𝑣2 (𝑡) = [[Acm(t) + 𝑛𝐼 (t)] cos(2π𝑓𝑐 t) − 𝑛𝑞 (t)sin (2π𝑓𝑐 t)]cos (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝑣2 (𝑡) = [Acm(t) + 𝑛𝐼 (t)] cos2 (2π𝑓𝑐 t) − 𝑛𝑞 (t)sin (2π𝑓𝑐 t)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

1 + cos(4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) sin(4𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑣2 (𝑡) = [Acm(t) + 𝑛𝐼 (t)] ( ) − 𝑛𝑞 (t) ( )
2 2

When the above signal is applied as an input to low pass filter, we will get the output of low pass filter as

Acm(t) + 𝑛𝐼 (t)
𝑑(𝑡) = ( )
2

Average power of the demodulated signal is

2
𝐴𝑐 𝑚(𝑡)𝐴2𝑐 𝑃
𝑃𝑚 = ( ) =
2√2 8
Average power of noise at the output is

𝑊𝑁𝑜
𝑃𝑛 =
4

Substitute, these values in output SNR formula.

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝐴2𝑐 𝑃
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶 =
2𝑊𝑁𝑜

Substitute, the values in Figure of merit of DSBSC receiver formula.

(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶
𝐅=
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝐶,𝐷𝑆𝐵𝑆𝐶

𝐅=𝟏

Therefore, the Figure of merit of DSBSC receiver is 1.

Figure of merit of FM:

𝑓2
𝑆𝑁𝑑 = 𝑆𝑁 (𝑓)
𝐴2𝑐 𝑄

𝑁0 𝑓 2 𝐵𝑇
𝑆𝑁𝑑 (𝑓) = { 𝐴2𝑐 , |𝑓| ≤
2
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑁0 𝑓 2
𝑆𝑁𝑜 (𝑓) = { 𝐴2𝑐 , |𝑓| ≤ 𝑊
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝐵𝑇
For WBFM 𝑊 ≤ 2
out of band components of noise 𝑛𝑑 (𝑡) will be rejected

𝑁𝑜 𝑊
Average power of output noise = ∫ 𝑓 2 𝑑𝑓
𝐴2𝑐 −𝑊
 𝑤
𝑁𝑜 𝑓 3
= 2[ ]
𝐴𝑐 3 −𝑤

𝑁𝑜 𝑤 3 𝑤 3 2𝑁𝑜
= 2 [ + ] = 2 𝑤3
𝐴𝑐 3 3 3𝐴𝑐

1
Avg noise power ∝ 𝐴2𝑐
2

In FM systems increasing the carrier power has a noise quieting effect

𝐾𝑓2 𝑃
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐹𝑀 =
2𝑁𝑜 𝑤 3
3𝐴2𝑐

3𝐴𝑐 𝐾𝑓2 𝑃
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝐶,𝐹𝑀 =
2𝑁𝑜 𝑤 3

𝐴2𝑐
Average power in modulated signal is 𝑆(𝑡) = 2

Average power in message bandwidth is 𝑤𝑁𝑜

𝐴2𝑐
(𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑂,𝐹𝑀 =
2𝑁𝑜 𝑤

Figure of merit:

3𝐾𝑓2 𝑃
𝐹=
𝑤2

Code:

For AM:

fs = 100;
t = (0:1/fs:100);
fc = 10;
m= 0.5;
x = sin(2*pi*t);
c = cos(2*pi*fc*t)
y = ammod(x,fc,fs);
z = amdemod(y,fc,fs);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(x)
axis([0 500 -2 2]);
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(c)
axis([0 500 -2 2]);
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(y)
axis([0 500 -2 2]);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(z)
axis([0 500 -2 2]);
figure_of_merit=(m*m) / (2+ (m*m) ); disp('FIGURE OF MERIT:');
disp (figure_of_merit);
For FM:

fs=5000;
fc=200;
b=4;
t=(0:1/fs:1000);
x= sin(2*pi*30*t);
c= cos(2*pi*fc*t);
fdev=70;
y=fmmod(x,fc,fs,fdev);
z=fmdemod(y,fc,fs,fdev);
subplot(2,2,1);plot(x);axis([0 500 -2 2]);
subplot(2,2,2); plot(c);axis([0 500 -2 2]);
subplot(2,2,3); plot(y);axis([0 500 -2 2]);
subplot(2,2,4); plot(z);axis([0 500 -2 2]);
figure_of_merit= (3/2)*(b*b);
disp('FIGURE OF MERIT:'); disp (figure_of_merit);
Output:

For AM:
For FM:

Result:

Thus AM and FM modulation and demodulation was performed and their figure of merit was
computed.