» Aim To find the effect of heat on given substances. Apparatus Clean dry test tubes, burner and salts. = Theory Ditterent salts may show different types of changes on heating. They may change their colour or any gas may be evolved. Some salts even sublime. All these reactions give useful information about the nature of radicals present in the salt nportant changes which occur are— 1. Evolution of gas 2. Change of colour of residue 3. Sublimation 4. Fusion, melting, effervescence 5. Swelling 6. Condensation of water vapour at upper part of test tube Crackling sound Precautions to be taken— 1, Take a clean, dry test tube. 2. While heating the salt, hold the test tube in a slanting position. 3. Keep the mouth of test tube away from the body. 4. Don’t smell evolved gas directly. Fan it slightly with your hand and then smell. 5. Do not touch the paper dipped in any reagent to the mouth of the test tube. It should just be in contact with vapour. =~ Procedure 1. Take a small amount of the given salt in a clean, dry hard glass test tube. % 2 Heat the test tube, first gently and then strongly. Record your observations. 4 Identify the gas evolved and make deductions. ay~ Observation Salt which is heated in hard dry glass test tube Experiment Observation 1 White, Colourless, odourless gas ts amorphous evolved powder Gas turns lime water milky Colour of the salt changes from white to pale yellow On cooling, a white, amorphous residue is lett Salt melts to form bluish green mass. Vapouts are formed which condense on cooler parts of test tube to 2. Bluish green (i) crystalline solid form water droplets On further heating, black residue of copper (1) oxide is formed. Reddish brown go is evolved which rekindles a (ii) glowing splinter On strong heating, it swells and 3. Orange red gives off steamy fumes. These crystalline solid fumes condense on the cooler parts of the test tube to form water droplets. Gas is odourless, colourless and does not react with lime water. I is neither combustible nor supports combustion Greenish grey residue is left behind, Colourless, odourless gas is evolved which turns lime water milky The light green amorphous powder becomes black on strong, heating. " 4. Light green coloured amorphous powder Gas evolved is Given salt is Phe residue is INE Ovicle Water vapour, nitrogen digg oxygen gases are evolved, Given sall is copper (I) nitty hexahydrate, Reddish brown gas is NO, 2Cu(NO),.61LO 95 2CuNO) , ont 2Cu(NO), > 2Cu0. FANON, ot + The given solid is ammoniun dichromate + The gas evolved is nitrogen NS ChOEN TY wot + (NEL).CrO. Gas evolved is carbon diovide Given salt is copper (II) carbonate Cuco, A, cua col Light ren6. Experiment White flakes White crystalline Observation On. strong heating, swells, melts and gives colourless. Water vap Inference the solid Given vapour which condense on the a cooler parts of the test tube. This colourless liquid turns anhydrous copper sulphate Na,CO,.10H,0 45 White Na,CO, + 101,07 (white) to hydrated copper sulphate (blue). On cooling, the re _white and amorphous ir d White sticky mass whicl deliquescent solid steamy vapours. 7. Heavy white crystalline solid 3. Blue crystalline solid Greyish brown crystalline solid On further strong, heat residue gives off reddish jue left is nnature. hr gives off Givensaltiszinenitratehexahydrate Gases evolved are oxygen, water ing, white vapour and nitrogen dioxide brown Residue is zinc oxide. fumes which turn moist blue 22Zn(NO,)-6H,0 4+ litmus paper red. Residue is pale yellow 2Zn(NO,), + 12H,O when hot. whitest On cooling, it changes to whit a gritchangestowhite —97.4N0,), A 27n0 + 4NO." + 0." Red nitrate. Reddish brown gas is ¢ turns moist blue litmus. On strong heating, it witha crackling noise Reddish brown cooling, the res yellow and stains ‘test tube yellow. Colourless vapours | which condense on the test tube. | gas is evolve Jitmus paper red. ‘crystalline s' form white amorphous P 's are formed with | Violet vapours sublimation of brown crystals are cooler parts 0 Noresidueis left. salt. ‘Filter paper dipped solution turns blue on contact with the vapow residue is Jeft.On 2pb(NO,), idue changes to . the walls of the sre formed Water vapour the walls of Given salt Onstrong heating, 4 ‘sulphate. .d which turns blue! Cyg0,5H,0 29 Cu volved. It Given salt islead (11) paperred. Gases evolved are nitrogen dioxide crumbles and oxygen. Residue is lead (11) oxide. 4, 2pbO +4NO.7+0.7 ‘is evolved is hydrated copper SO, + 5H.O 1 : The blue | ior strong heating residue left = i to. Pid now crumbles 0 Ter oxide owder. Givensubstance is iodine. . Greyish | As ot formed on the © Cool Violet sapour the test tube. in. starch coming in HS con10. Experiment White crystalline solid Observation Inference The saltsublimes. Given salt is ammonium chloride Dense white fumes are evolved . A : which form a white powder NH,Cl == NYT +Hert : P Y white crystalline Cool mass on the cooler surface of the test tube. No residue is left. £> Aim To test the hardness or softness of water, > Apparatus Soap, water, distilled water, calcium chloride, glass rod and ethyl alcohol. Soap is added to ethyl alcohol and mixed with glass rod to obtain clear solution, Use this solution as soap solution Experiment Observation Inference 1. Take 10 mv soap solution and add 50 Solution is formed. The water is soft. ml of distilled water to il, Mix it using glass rod 2, Take 10 m1 of soap solution. Add 50. A white precipitate The water ishard. mi of distilled water containing appears. calcium chloride solution to it and mix with glass rod. Process to Soften Water By heating Experiment Observation Inference Take 50 m/ of hard water ina beaker. Boil A white precipitate The water is temporarily it for 10-15 minutes and then cool atroom appears. hard. temperature. Filler the above solution and add soap solution dropwise. No white precipitate is formed. Water is soft. If precipitate is still there, boil the filtrate for 10-15 minutes and repeat the experiment To Soften Permanent Hard Water Permanent hard water can be made by taking 100 mi distilled water in a 250 mi beaker of calcium chloride to it. Mix it and use it for tests. and add yleens Da Experiment Observation Inference 1. Take 50 ml of above water A white precipitate is Water is permanently ; oO (permanent hard water) ina formed. 7 Nar A beaker and add sodium i carbonate solution to it. Mix it . well and let it stand still. é Water is soft. ‘ 2. Filter the solution and add soap White precipitate absent. solution to the filtrate. The solution is not turbid. 3, Incase any white precipitate is White precipitate or Water is soft. ; present, add Na,CO, solution turbidity absent. and add soap solution again. Reaction of Detergent and Soap with Hard Water Take detergent and mix it with ethyl alcohol in a beaker. Stir the solution to obtain clear solutio, This is detergent solution. Experiment Observation Inference 1. Take one part of detergent No white precipitate is solution, add three parts of formed. water and mix well. White precipitate is formed. It is better to use detergent than soap in hard water. 2. Take one part of soap solution and three parts of water. Mix it well. |Aim To tind out the ettect of dilute sulphuric acid on given substances. Apparatus Dilute sulphuric acid, clean, dev, har ass test Lubes, lime water and different substan Theory This process helps us to detect the acid radicals, When salts of weak and volatile acids are, with dilute H.SO, they decompose and a gas is evolved. The gas is identified by various” it indicates the nature of the acid radical . Procedure Take a small amount of the given substance in a dry test tube. 1 2. Add about 2 nv of dil. H.SO, 3. Pass the gas evolved through a reagent for identification. 4. It gas is not evolved (no effervescence comes), then heat the test tube gently for evolution of Identify and record your observations. Experiment Observation Inference Chemical Reactions rous effervescence The gas evolved may Mg + H.SO, (dil) — and colourless, be hydrogen. ‘MgO, +H," 1. (i) Take the substanceand is. se add dil. HSO,.— odourles n gasisevolved Substance may bea 2" + HSO\dil.) — (ii)Bring a glowing — The gas burns with a y . splinter near it. ‘pop’ sound. metal like zine, iron, ZnSO, +H. magnesium, etc. 2.) Take the Colourless gas is The substance may NaS + HSO\(dil— substance and evolved. Smell is ike be a sulphide. SO, + HS add dil. HSO,. that of rotten eggs. (ii) Bring a filter The lead acetate paper Gas evolved may be Paperdipped in tums black hydrogen sulphide. lead acetate solution near the mouth of the test tube.3 (i) Take the substance and add dil. H.SO,. (ii) Pass the evolved gas through lime water. 4. (i) Take the substance and add dil. H1.SO,. (ii) Hold a filter paper dipped in potassium dichromate solution near the mouth of the test tube. Colourless gas is evolved with brisk effervescence. The lime water turns milky. Colourle SS gas is evolved. The gas turns moist blue litmus red and bleaches it. Gas turns the Filter paper from orange to clear green. ‘The substance may be a carbonate or hydrogen carbonate The gas evolved is carbon dioxide Sulphur dioxide gas may be evolved. Sulphite ion may be present. Sulphur dioxide gas evolved. Sulphite ion is present. CO +H.80 . SO,4+ HO +04 2NaHicoO + HSO h » NaSO, + 2H.0 + 2€0,7 Na.SO. + H.SO > Na,SO, + H.O +507 KCr,O, + H.SO, + 3SO,- ——> K,SO, + Cr(SO,), + 2H.O3. Flame Intro. i Obs — Aim Identification of metallic radicals with the help of flame test. —» Apparatus Platinum wire, bunsen burner, watch glass, pencil and cone. HCI acid > Theory = Ob When salts of metals (especially chlorides) are heated directly in a non-luminous fame, danise (wolatise) producing cations which impart particular colour to the flame, This flame 7 d ionisability of certain salts. It is conducted using plas : 1 based on the principle of volatility an wire because of the following resaons— It is non-reactive. It has high melting point. It does not impart any colour to the flame. epee = Procedure 1. Cleaning of platinum wire Make a loop at the free end of the platinum wire by winding it around a pencil. Removes pencil and press the free end of the wire inward to make a perfect circular loop. Clean thle: pengne HCl and heat in the non-luminous Bunsen flame till it imparts no colour to the flane 4 a Ss {| Patisum re i| |] ansen burner \ 2. Preparing salt for test cone. Hc paste Take a clean watch glass. Put the salt to be tested in it. Add concentrated HC! and thoroughly mix 7 the mixture. A paste is formed. Dip the loop of the Ba ? cleaned platinum wire into the paste3 Plame test Introduce the platinum wire with salt paste in the non-luminous part of Bunsen flame. Observe the colour of the flame. » Bunsen burner Observation and Inference Colour seen in the flame Colour seen in the flame Metallic radical with naked eye through cobalt glass 1. Golden yellow Pale yellow Sodium (Na’) ae Potassium (K’) Lilac (Pale reddish purple) Pink or violet iva> 3. Brickred Pale green Calcium (Ca”) 4. Peacock green Bluish green Copper (Cu"’) 5. Applegreen Bluish green Barium (Ba) Red Purple Strontium (St) |