1.4.

Questions for self-control

1. The tasks of descriptive geometry are the following: to study the theoretical
fundamentals of image construction of points, straight lines, planes, surfaces; to
solve the problems of mutual belonging and mutual intersection of a straight line
and a plane, of two planes, of a straight line and a surface, of a plane and a surface,
of two surfaces; to study the methods of drawing conversion; to form spatial,
abstract, logical thinking of students
2. Depending on the position of the projection center S , relative to the plane of
projections are: central projection and parallel projection, where s – direction of
projection.
3. Projective images – these are objects, which are projected on any plane of
projections in the form of geometric images, which have a dimension one unit
smaller than the specified objects.
4.Drawing, which consist of several (at least two) interconnected mutually
perpendicular projections of the figure, is called complex. A complex drawing is a
graphic model of a spatial object – all information about its shape and size is
encoded in the drawing using points, lines and various signs and symbols.
5. Two, three, or more projection planes (up to six): where П 1 – horizontal, П 2 –
frontal, П 3 – profile. They are perpendicular to each other, and the centers of
projection are infinitely distant in directions, perpendicular to the planes of
projections.
6. Planes of projections,which intersecting on three lines, set the spatial Cartesian
coordinate system. On fig. 1.5 and fig. 1.6 the formation of two-picture and three-
picture complex drawings, respectively, is shown, and also the relationship with
the Cartesian coordinate system. Thus, any point of space in a complex drawing is
given by two projections: А1 – horizontal А1 = s1 ┴ П1;

А2 – frontal А2 = s2 ┴ П2.
7. A spherical coordinate system is a coordinate system for three-dimensional
space where the position of a point is specified by three numbers: the radial
distance of that point from a fixed origin, its polar angle measured from a fixed
zenith direction, and the azimuth angle of its orthogonal projection on a reference
plane that passes through the origin and is orthogonal to the zenith, measured from
a fixed reference direction on that plane.
2-3.4. Questions for self-control
1. Drawing, which consist of several (at least two) interconnected mutually
perpendicular projections of the figure, is called complex. A complex drawing is a
graphic model of a spatial object – all information about its shape and size is
encoded in the drawing using points, lines and various signs and symbols.
2. Straight lines- are lines, formed by the motion of a point that does not change
the direction of its motion. The projections of a straight line in the general case are
straight lines. Straight, arbitrarily located in space, is a direct general position.
If such a line rises as it moves away If the line goes down, it is called
from the observer, then it is called the descending.
ascending line of the general position.

3. Rule of a right triangle : the natural value of the segment of the line of general
position is the hypotenuse of a right triangle, one leg of which is equal to the
projection length of the segment, and the second leg is equal to the difference of
the insufficient coordinates of the ends of the line segment. Thus on the drawing it
is also possible to define also natural size of angles of an inclination of a segment
to planes of projections П1 і П2 in accordance.
4. Straight lines- are lines, formed by the motion of a point that does not change
the direction of its motion. The projections of a straight line in the general case are
straight lines. Straight, arbitrarily located in space, is a direct general position. If
such a line rises as it moves away from the observer, then it is called the ascending
line of the general position.
5. What points are related to competitors and what is their significance in the
drawing?
6. The points of intersection of a straight line with the planes of projections are
defined as traces – special points of the line at which one of the coordinates is zero.
7. Mutual position of two lines: lines in space can be parallel, intersect with each
other or be passing by. Signs of two parallel lines: if two lines are parallel to each
other, then the projections of the lines of the same name are also parallel. Signs of
two intersecting lines: if two lines intersect, then the projections of the lines of the
same name also intersect, and the projections of the point of intersection lie on the
same line of communication
8. Ways to specify the plane: be the projections of three points that do not lie on
one line; by the projections of two parallel lines; by the projections of two
intersecting lines; by the projections of a straight line and a point that does not
belong to it; by the projections of a flat figure; by the traces.
9. The planes of a separate position include projection planes and level planes.
Projective are planes that are Level planes are planes that are
perpendicular to any plane of parallel to any plane of projections.
projections

10.
Directly belongs to the plane, if it has
two points in common with this plane
or intersects one line and is parallel to
another line, which defining the plane.
 The point belongs to the plane, if it
belongs to a line lying in this plane.

11. The main lines of the plane include straight lines: horizontals, fronts, profile
lines and lines of the greatest inclination. Thus, the horizontal h of the plane – it is
a line belonging to this plane and parallel to the horizontal plane of projections;
front f plane – it is a line belonging to a given plane and parallel to the frontal
plane of the projections . The line of the greatest inclination of the set plane
concerning П1 defined as the line of the largest slope d. It is perpendicular to the
horizontals of the plane. The angle between the largest slope and its horizontal
projection is a natural value of the angle of inclination of a given plane to П1.