CHEMISTRY FOR

ENGINEERS - LEC

2nd Semester AY 2020 - 2021

ATOMS, MOLECULES
AND IONS
 POLYMERS

As you go about your life, the many plastics and synthetic fibers you encounter
are examples of what chemists call polymers.
The properties and applications of these polymers are so diverse that you may
not even recognize that they have anything in common. Hard and durable
plastics are routinely used as structural materials for things like computer cases
and casual furniture. Softer, flexible plastics give us sandwich bags and Saran®
wrap.
Other polymers make up the nylon and rayon that are found in our carpets and
clothing. Still more polymer materials, such as the filling in many bulletproof
vests, offer incredible combinations of light weight and high strength.The
diversity of polymer properties is truly impressive.
And yet if we take the chemist’s approach and turn our attention to the atomic
and molecular level, we will see that all of these polymers have much in
common
 POLYMERS

• All polymers are made up of very large molecules. These large

molecules are made up of many smaller molecules, linked end to
end. A typical polymer molecule might contain hundreds or even
thousands of these smaller constituent molecules, which are called
monomers. If we look deeper into the composition of the
polymer, we will find that these monomers are themselves made
up of assemblies of atoms.
• The plastic bottles, in which your milk, juice, or shampoo come, are
usually made of a plastic called polyethylene .
• Plastic pipe made from PVC has been widely used in plumbing for
many years, so you have probably seen PVC pipe in either your
house or a hardware store.
• Poly(vinylidene chloride), which is the “plastic wrap” used in
almost every kitchen to cover leftovers.
POLYMERS
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

❖ Explain the various atomic theories

❖ Discuss the different laws
❖ Describe the sub-atomic structure of an atom
❖ Define atoms, ions isotopes and molecules.
❖ Describe the nuclear model for the atom and
identify the numbers of protons, electrons, and
neutrons in a particular isotope from its chemical
symbol.
❖ Calculate the atomic mass of an element from the
masses and abundances of its Isotopes
❖ Determine the number of atoms in a molecule from
its chemical formula.
❖ Describe the arrangement of elements in the
periodic table and explain the usefulness of the
table
 EARLY ATOMIC THEORY

❖ Greek philosopher who first proposed the idea

of an atom
❖ Matter is made up of atoms which could not
be further divided
❖ atom comes from Greek word atomos means
“uncut” or “indivisible”
❖ based solely on logic; not supported by
experiment
 JOHN DALTON

❖ English chemist, meteorologist,

physicist and a teacher
❖ He developed an atomic
theory
 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

1. Elements are composed of extremely small particles called

atoms. All atoms of the same element are alike, and no atoms
of different elements are different.
2. The separation of atoms and the union of atoms occur in
chemical reaction. In these reactions, no atom is created nor
destroyed, and no atom of one element is converted into an
atom of another element.
3. A chemical compound is the result of the combination of
atoms of two or more elements. A given compound always
contain the same kind of atoms combined in the same
proportion.
 LAWS OF CHEMISTRY

• Law of Conservation of Mass

• Law of Definite Proportion
• Law of Multiple Proportion
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MASS

There is no detectable change in mass

during the course of a chemical
reaction.

-Antoine Lavoisier-
 LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION

A pure compound always contains the

same elements combined in the same
proportions by mass.

-Joseph Proust-
Example: Compound water always contains:

11.19 % of hydrogen
88.81 % of oxygen
 LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION

When two elements form more than

one compound, the amount that are
combined in these compounds are in a
small whole number ratio.

-John Dalton-
Example: Carbon and oxygen form two compound CO, CO2

C + O CO 1:1

C + 2O CO2 2:1

Ratio of oxygen in CO to CO2 is 1:2

 COMPONENTS OF AN ATOM

• The atomic theory raised more questions that it answered.

Scientists wondered whether atoms, tiny as they are, could be
broken down into still smaller particles.
• Nearly 100 years passed before the existence of subatomic
particles was confirmed by experiment.
• J. J. Thomson was an English physicist working at the Cavendish
laboratory at Cambridge .
• Ernest Rutherford, at one time a student of Thomson, native of
New Zealand. He carried out his research at McGill University
in Montreal and at Manchester and Cambridge in England. He
was clearly the greatest experimental physicist of his time and
one of the greatest of all time.
THOMSON
PLUM
PUDDING
MODEL OF
AN ATOM
RU T H E R F O R D ’ S
GOLD FOIL
EXPERIMENT
 SUBATOMIC PARTICLE OF ATOM

Relative Charge (C) Mass Mass (g)

Charge (amu)
Proton +1 +1.60218 x 10-19 1.00727 1.67261 x 10-24
Neutron 0 0 1.00866 1.67493 x 10-24
Electron -1 -1.60218 x 10 -19 0.00055 9.11 x 10-28

Note:
-Proton and neutron about the same mass
-Electron ≈ 2000 times smaller
-Electron and proton, same charge, opposite in sign
Atomic mass unit (amu) – 1/12 the mass of a single carbon atom
containing 6 protons and 6 neutrons
 ATOM

• Smallest particle of an element that can

enter into a chemical reaction.
• Extremely small electrically neutral particle
 • Protons and neutrons are
found inside nucleus
(very small dense central
core)
ATOMIC • Electrons are outside the
STRUCTURE nucleus .
• Atoms are electrically
neutral
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 QUANTITATIVE PROPERTIES OF
THE ATOM

• Atomic number, Z
- number of protons in the nucleus
- this number identifies the element

• Mass number, A
- total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of
the atom
 QUESTION

Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and mass number of 37.

How many protons does chlorine have?

How many neutrons does chlorine have?
How many electrons does chlorine have?
 NUCLEAR SYMBOL

A
E
Z

Where:
E – atomic symbol of the element
A – mass number
Z – atomic number
 11

B
5

a. p = 5, n = 6, e = 6
b. p = 5, n = 6, e = 5
c. p = 6, n = 5, e = 5
d. p = 5, n = 11, e = 5
e. p = 6, n = 5, e = 5
 ATOMIC MASSES

• Atomic masses, often referred to as atomic weights is the

relative masses of atoms of different elements.
• The atomic mass of an element indicates how heavy, on the
average, one atom of that element is compared with an
atom of another element.
• 1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1/12 mass Carbon atom = mass
of H atom.
• The average atomic mass shown in the periodic table is not
equal to the mass number.
 ISOTOPES

• Isotopes are atoms which have the same

atomic number but different mass number.
• Most elements have two or more isotopes.
• Symbols can be used to distinguish the
different isotopes.
 ISOTOPES

• Hydrogen is the only element in which the

different isotopes has their own names.
• 1H is hydrogen
• 2H is deuterium
• 3H is tritium
 ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES

• Relative masses of individual atoms can be determined using a mass

spectrometer.
• The first important function of a mass spectrometer is to take a stream
of microscopic particles—atoms or molecules—and “sort them”
according to mass.
• Once the particles have been separated by mass, the second key function
of the mass spectrometer is to measure accurately the number of
particles with a given mass. The data are usually presented as a “mass
spectrum.” Any time we refer to a spectrum, we will be noting a
measurement that is made over a range of values of some variable.
• In this case that variable is mass, so the mass spectrum is really just a
plot showing the number of particles detected as a function of mass.
When a peak is seen at a particular mass, it means that the sample
analyzed has some component with that mass.
THE MASS SPECTROMETER
THE MASS SPECTRUM
 ATOMIC MASSES/ATOMIC
WEIGHTS

Multiply the mass by the fractional abundance to weight each

isotope’s contribution to the atomic mass.
Example:
Carbon-12: 12.0000 × 0.9893 = 11.87
Carbon-13: 13.0036 × 0.0107 = 0.139

Weighted average mass = 11.87 + 0.139 = 12.01

 PROBLEM

Bromine is a red-orange liquid with an average

atomic mass of 79.90 amu. Its name is derived
from the Greek word “bromos” which means
stench. It has two naturally occurring
isotopes: Br-79 (78.92 amu) and Br-81 (80.92
amu). What is the abundance of the heavier
istope?
 PERIODIC TABLE

• The periodic table is an arrangement of elements, in

order of increasing atomic numbers, in horizontal rows of
such a length that elements with similar chemical
properties fall directly beneath one another in vertical
groups.
• The horizontal rows in the table are referred to as
periods.
• The vertical columns are known as groups.
• Elements are classified as metals, monmetals and metalloids.
 IONS

• Ions – a charged species formed from a

neutral atom or molecule when electrons
are gained or lost
• Cation – positive charged ion
- formed by electrons being lost
• Anion – negative charge ion
- formed by electrons being gained

* Monoatomic ion or polyatomic ion

Complete the table:

Symbol electron proton neutron

24 Mg

23Na+

35Cl

35Cl-

56Fe3+

15N

16O-2

27Al3+
 MOLECULES

• Two or more atoms may combine with one

another to form an uncharged molecule.
• The atoms involved are usually those of
nonmetallic elements.
• Within the molecule, atoms are held to one
another by strong called covalent bonds, which
consist of shared electrons.
• Molecular substances most often are
represented by molecular formulas, in which the
number of atoms of each element is indicated by
a subscript written after the symbol of the
element.
 MOLECULES

• The molecular formulas for water (H2O,

ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) to mean
that:
• The water molecule, there is one oxygen atoms
and two hydrogen atoms
• The ammonia molecule, there is one nitrogen
atom and three hydrogen atom
• The methane molecule, there is one carbon
atom and four hydrogen atom.
 ELEMENTS THAT EXIST AS
DIATOMIC MOLECULE

• H2 - hydrogen
• N2 - nitrogen
• F2 - flourine
• O2 - oxygen
• I2 - iodine
• Cl2 - chlorine
• Br2 - bromine
 REFERENCES

Hill, John W. (2013). Chemistry for Changing Times. New York:

Prentice Hall

Masterton, William, et al. General Chemistry. Philippines:

Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd

Stoker, H. Stephen (2016). General Chemistry. Andover:

Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

Zumdahl, Steven S. (2015). Introductory Chemistry: A

Foundation. USA: Cengage Learning Asia Ptd Ltd., USA