Computer Networks

CS3001
(Section BCS-5E)
Lecture 06
Instructor: Dr. Syed Mohammad Irteza
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science
08 September, 2022
Previous Lecture
• Network core and edge
• Access networks and physical media
• Packet switching  store and forward
• Packet switching  queuing delay and loss
• Routing and forwarding  things that go on in the routers
• TDM numerical example
• Internet structure: hierarchy of ISPs, peering and IXPs
• Four source of delay (nodal delay calculation, prop. delay)

2
Propagation Delay
• In a communications system, propagation delay refers to the
time lag between the departure of a signal from the source and
the arrival of the signal at the destination.
• This can range from a few nanoseconds or microseconds in
local area networks (LANs) up to about 0.25 seconds in
geostationary-satellite communications systems

Source: What is propagation delay? - Definition from WhatIs.com (techtarget.com)

Nodal Delay (link)

3
 Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

• cars “propagate” at  time to “push” entire caravan

100 km/hr through toll booth onto highway =
• toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (bit 12*10 = 120 sec
transmission time)  time for last car to propagate from
• car~bit; caravan ~ packet 1st to 2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr)= 1 hr
• Q: How long until caravan is lined up
before 2nd toll booth?  A: 62 minutes

Introduction 1-4
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

• suppose cars now “propagate” at 1000 km/hr

• and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
• Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first
booth?
 A: Yes! after 7 min, 1st car arrives at second booth; three
cars still at 1st booth.

Introduction 1-5
Traffic Intensity

average queueing
• R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
• L: packet length (bits)
• a: average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
 La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0

 La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large

 La/R > 1: more “work” arriving
than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-6
Packet loss
• queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
• packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
• lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all

buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introductionon queuing and loss
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation 1-7
 Throughput
• throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

pipe that can carry pipe that can carry

fluid at rate fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

server sends bits link capacity link capacity

(fluid) into pipe Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

Introduction 1-8
Throughput (more)
• Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

 Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput

Introduction 1-9
 Throughput: Internet scenario

• per-connection end-end
throughput: min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs

• in practice: Rc or Rs is often Rs Rs
bottleneck
R

Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-10
“Real” Internet delays and routes
• what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
• ping program: provides a basic reachability test
between end hosts.
• Uses ICMP protocol to send a basic echo request and
awaits for an echo reply.
• Reports packet loss, round-trip time and statistical
summary: standard deviation, mean and average of
results.

Ping (echo request)   echo reply

Introduction 1-11
“Real” Internet delays and routes
C:\Users\mohammad.irteza>ping www.cnn.com

Pinging cnn-tls.map.fastly.net [199.232.47.5] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 199.232.47.5: bytes=32 time=105ms TTL=55
Reply from 199.232.47.5: bytes=32 time=101ms TTL=55
Reply from 199.232.47.5: bytes=32 time=104ms TTL=55
Reply from 199.232.47.5: bytes=32 time=101ms TTL=55

Ping statistics for 199.232.47.5:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 101ms, Maximum = 105ms, Average = 102ms

Introduction 1-12
“Real” Internet delays and routes
• traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-
end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender times interval between transmission and reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-13