MODULE 3: Transportation
responsibility for the operation of intercity, as
ACCESS.          The capacity to entering exit a
transport system.  It is an absolute term implying
that a location has access or does not.
ACCESSIBILITY.          The measure of the capacity of
a location to be reached by, or to reach different
locations.  The capacity and the structure of
transport infrastructure are key elements in the
determination of accessibility.
AIR CARGO.          Total volume of freight , mail, and
express traffic transported by air, includes freight
and express cargo such as small package services,
express services , and priority reserved freight.
AIR CARRIER.          Commercial system of air
transportation, consisting of domestic and
international scheduled and charter service.
AIR SPACE.          The segment of the atmosphere
that is under the jurisdiction of a nation or under
an international agreement for its use.  They
include two major components, one being land-
based (takeoffs and landings) and the other air-
based, mainly composed of air corridors.  These
corridors can cover altitudes up to 22,500 meters.
Most commercial air transport services are limited
to the use of predetermined corridors.
AIR TRANSPORTATION.          Includes companies
that provide domestic and international passenger
and freight services, and companies that operate
airports and provide terminal facilities.
AIRPORT.          An area of land or water that is used
or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff
of aircraft, and includes its buildings and facilities, if
any.  Usually consists of hard-surfaced landing
strips, a control tower, hangars and
accommodations for passengers and cargo.
ALTERNATIVE FUELS.          Low-polluting fuels
which are used to propel a vehicle instead of high-
sulfur diesel or gasoline.  Include methanol,
ethanol, propane or compressed natural gas, liquid
natural gas , low-sulfur or "clean" diesel and
electricity.
AMTRAK.          Operated by the National Railroad
Passenger Corporation of Washington D.C.   This
rail system was created in 1970 and was given the
distinct from suburban, passenger trains between
points designated by the Secretary of
Transportation.
AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (AIS).
Transponders on shipping vessels that rely on radio
signals to broadcast attributes such as position,
ship number, heading and speed.
AVERAGE VEHICLE OCCUPANCY (AVO).          The
number of people traveling by private passenger
vehicles divided by the number of vehicles used.
AVERAGE VEHICLE RIDERSHIP (AVR).          The
ration of all people traveling by any mode,
including, cars, buses, trains and bicycles (or
telecommuting), in a given area during a given time
period to the number of cars on the road.  A key
measure of the efficiency and effectiveness of a
transportation network - the higher the AVR, the
lower the level of energy consumption and air
pollution.
BACKHAUL.          Traffic for the return movement of
a car or container towards the point where the
initial load originated or to handle a shipment in
the direction of the light flow of traffic.
BARGE.          A non-motorized water vessel, usually
flat-bottomed and towed or pushed by other craft,
used for transporting freight.  Dominantly used on
river systems.
BASE PERIOD.  The period between the morning
and evening peak periods when transit service is
generally scheduled at a constant interval.  Also
known as "off peak period".  The time of day during
which vehicle requirements and schedules are not
influenced by peak-period passenger volume
demands.  At this time, transit riding is fairly
constant and usually low to moderate in volume
when compared with peak=period travel.
BASE PERIOD.  The price charged to one adult for
one transit ride; excludes transfer charge, zone
charges, express service charges, peak period
surcharges, and reduced fares.
BERTH.          A specific segment of the wharfage
where a ship ties up alongside at a pier, quay,
wharf, or other structure that provide a breasting
surface for the vessel.  Typically, this structure is a
stationary extension an improved shore and
intended to facilitate the transfer of cargo and
passengers
BLOCK HOUR.          The standard measure of
aircraft utilization used by the airline industry.  It is
the time from the minute the aircraft door closes at
the departure of a revenue flight until the moment
the aircraft door opens at the arrival gate.
BUS (Motorbus).  Any of several types of self-
propelled vehicles, generally rubber-tired intended
for use on city streets, highways, and busways,
including but not limited to minibuses, 40 and 30
foot buses, articulated buses, double-deck buses,
and electrically powered trolleybuses, used by
public entities to provide designated public
transportation service and by private entities to
provide transportation service, including, but not
limited to, specified public transportation services.
Self-propelled rubber-tired vehicles designed to
look like antique or vintage trolleys are considered
buses.
BUS TROLLEY.          An electric rubber-tired transit
vehicle, manually stirred, propelled by a motor
drawing current through overhead wires from a
central power source not on board the vehicle.
CABLE CAR.          An electric railway operating in
mixed street traffic with unpowered, individually
controlled transit vehicles propelled by moving
cables located below the street surface and
powered by engines or motors at a central location
not on board the vehicle.
CABOTAGE.          Transport between two terminals
(a terminal of loading and a terminal of unloading)
in the same country irrespective of the country in
which the mode providing the service is registered.
Cabotage is often subject to restrictions and
regulations where each nation reserves for its
national carriers the right to move domestic freight
or passenger traffic.
CAPESIZE.          An ill-defined standard which has
the common characteristic of being incapable of
using the Panama or Suez canals, not necessarily
because of their tonnage but because of their size.
These ships serve deepwater terminals handling
raw materials such as iron ore and coal.  As a result,
"Capesize" vessels transit via Cape Horn (South
America) or Cape of Good Hope (South Africa).
Their size ranges between 80,000 and 175,000 dwt
(deadweight tons).
CARRIER.          The company moving the passengers
or freight.  In the tourism industry, the term carrier
is used in place of the word airline.
CHARTER.          Originally, meant a flight where a
shipper contracted hire of an aircraft from an air
carrier but has usually come to meaning non-
scheduled commercial service
CITY LOGISTICS.          The means over which freight
distribution can take place in urban areas as well as
the strategies that can improve in overall
efficiencies, such as mitigating congestion and
environmental externalities.
CLEAN AIR ACT.          Federal legislation that sets
national air quality standards.
COACH SERVICE.         Transport service established
for the carriage of passengers at special reduced
passenger fares that are predicated on both the
operation of specifically designed aircraft space and
a reduction in the quality of service regularly and
ordinarily provided.  It is also known as the
economy class of service in a passenger airline.
CODE-SHARING.          An arrangement where an
airline places its own code to another carrier's
flight.  That airline that is operating the flight is
called operating carrier, and the airline that is
marketing the flight is called the marketing carrier.
both carriers may sell tickets for the flight under
their own brand.
COMMUTER BUS SERVICE.          Fixed route bus
service, characterized by service predominantly in
one direction during peak periods, limited stops,
use of multi-ride tickets, and routes of extended
length, usually between the central business
district and outlying suburbs.  Commuter bus
service may also include other services,
characterized by a limited route structure, limited
stops, and a coordinated relationship to another
mode of transportation.
COMMUTER RAIL.          Railroad local and regional
passenger train operations between a central city,
its suburbs, and/or central city.  It may be either
locomotive-hauled or self-propelled and is
characterized by multi-trip tickets, specific station-
to-station fares, railroad employment practices,
and usually only one or two stations in the central
business district.  Also known as suburban rail.
CONFERENCE (LINER).  An association of ship
owners operating in the same trade route who
operate under collective conditions such as tariff
rates and shared capacity.  They provide
international liner cargo services on particular
routes within specified geographical areas.
Shipping lines have an agreement within the
framework of which they operate under uniform or
common freight rates and any other agreed
conditions with respect to the provision of liner
services.
CONGESTION.          When the transport demand
exceeds the transport supply in a specific section of
the transport system.  Under such circumstances,
each vehicle impairs the mobility of others.  Urban
congestion mainly concerns two domains of
circulation, private and public, often sharing the
same infrastructure.
DEADWEIGHT TONS.          The lifting capacity of a
ship, including cargo, fuel, ballast, and crew.
Reflects the weight difference between a fully
loaded and an unloaded ship.
DEMAND RESPONSIVE.          Non-fixed route
service utilizing vans or buses with passengers
boarding and alighting at pre-arranged times at any
location within the system's  service area.  Also
called "Dial-a-Ride".
DEMAND (TRANSPORT).          The expression the
transport needs, even if those needs are satisfied.
fully, partially or not at all.  Like the transport
supply, it is expressed in terms of the number of
people, volume, or tons per unit of time and
space.  in respect of manning scales, safety standards and
DEREGULATION.          Consists of a shift to a
competitive economic climate by reorienting
and/or suppressing regulatory mechanisms.
Deregulation, however, does not necessarily refer
to the complete absence of free-market regulation
measures but rather to the promotion of
competition-inducing ones (which can seek
elimination of monopolies, for example).
Particularly observed in the transport and
telecommunications sectors.
DOCK.          A feature built to handle ships.  It can
also refer to an endorsed port area used for
maritime operations.
DOWNTIME.          A period during which a vehicle
or a whole system is inoperative because of repairs
or maintenance.
FARE.          The price paid by the user of a
transportation service at the moment of use.
FARE ELASTICITY.          The extent to which
ridership responds to fare increases or decreases.
FARE STRUCTURE.          The system set up to
determine how much is to paid by previous
passengers using a transit system at any given time.
FEEDER.         Short sea shipping service which
connects at least two ports in order for the freight
(generally containers) to be consolidated or
redistributed to or from a deep-sea service in one
of these ports.  By extension, this concept may be
used for inland transport services and air
transportation.
FERRYBOAT.          A boat providing fixed-route
service across a body of water, which can be short
or long distance.
FIXED ROUTE.          Service provided on a
repetitive, fixed-schedule basis along a specific
route with vehicles stopping to pick up and deliver
passengers or freight to specific locations; each
fixed route serves the same origins and
destinations, unlike demand responsive.  The terms
apply to many modes of transportation, including
public transit, air services, and maritime services.
FLAG STATE.          Country of registry of a seagoing
vessel, which is subject to the maritime regulations
consular representation abroad of its country of
registration.
FLEET.          The vehicles in a transport system.
Usually "fleet" refers to highway vehicles, rail
vehicles as well as ships.
GATEWAY.          A location offering accessibility to a
large system of circulation of freight, passengers
and/or information.  Gateways reap the advantage
of a favorable physical location such as highway
junctions, the confluence of rivers, seaboards, and
have been the object of a significant accumulation
of transport infrastructure such as terminals and
their links.  A gateway generally commands the
entrance to and the exit from its catchment area. In
other words, it is a pivotal point for the entrance
and the exit of merchandise in a region, a country,
or a continent.  Gateways tend to be locations
where intermodal transfers are performed.
GROSS REGISTER TONNAGE.          The total cargo
space available for a ship to carry commercial
cargo.  It excludes non-cargo revenue space, such
as the engine room and stores.
HEAVY RAIL.          An electric railway of high
capacity and characterized by exclusive rights-of-
way, multi-car trains, high speed and rapid
acceleration, sophisticated  signaling, and high
platform loading.
HUB AND SPOKE.          A central point for the
collection, sorting, transshipment, and distribution
of goods and passengers for a particular area.  This
concept comes from a term used in air transport
for passengers as well as freight.  It describes
collection and distribution through a single point
such as the "hub and spoke" concept.  Hubs tend to
be transmodal (transfers within the same mode)
locations.
INFRASTRUCTURE.          Capital goods which are
not directly consumed and serve as support to the
functions of society (individuals and corporations).
1) In transport systems, all the fixed components,
such as rights-of-way, tracks, signal equipment,
terminals, parking lots, but stops, maintenance
facilities, etc.  2).In transportation planning, all the
relevant elements of the environment in which a
transportation system operates.
INLAND PORT.          A rail or. barge terminal that is
linked to a maritime terminal with regular inland
transport services.  An inland port has a level of
integration with the maritime terminal and
supports more efficient access to the inland market
both for inbound and outbound traffic.  This implies
an array of related logistical activities linked with
the terminal, such a s distribution centers, depots
for containers and chassis, warehouses and
logistical service providers.
INTERMODAL TERMINAL.          A terminal that can
accommodate several modes of transportation.
they increasingly tend to be specializing at handling
specific types of passengers or freight traffic, while
they may share the same infrastructure. 
INTERMODAL TRANSPORT.         The movement of
passengers or freight from an origin to a
destination relying on several modes of
transportation.  Each carrier is issuing its own ticket
(passengers) or contract (freight).  The movements
from one mode of transport to another are
commonly taking place at a terminal specifically
designed for such a purpose.  Therefore,
intermodal transportation in the literal sense refers
to an exchange of passengers or freight between
two transportation modes, but the term has
become more commonly used for freight and
container transportation across a sequence of
modes.  
INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION
(IATA).          Established in 1945, a trade association
serving airlines, passengers, shippers, travel agents,
and governments.  The association promotes
safety, standardization in forms (baggage check,
tickets, weigh bills), and aids in establishing
international airfares, International Air
Transportation Association (IATA) headquarters are
in Geneva, Switzerland.
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION
(ICAO).          A specialized agency of the United
Nations whose objective is to develop the
principles and techniques of international air
navigation and to foster planning and development
of international civil air transport.  ICAO Regions
include African Indian Ocean Region  (AFI),
Caribbean Region (CAR), European Region (EUR),
Middle East/ Asia Region (MID/ASIA), North
American Region (NAM), North Atlantic Region
(NAT), Pacific Region (PAC), South American Region
(SAM).
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO).
Established as a specialized agency of the United
Nations in 1948, the International Maritime
Organization facilitates cooperation on technical
matters affecting merchant shipping and traffic,
including improved maritime safety and prevention
of marine pollution.  Headquarters are in London,
England.
JET STREAM.          A migrating stream of high speed
winds present at high altitudes
JITNEY.          Privately-owned small or medium-
sized vehicles usually operated on a fixed route but
not on a fixed schedule.
KNOT, NAUTICAL.          The unit of speed
equivalent to one nautical mile:  6,080.20 feet per
hour or 1.85 kilometers per hour.
LAYOVER TIME.          Time built into a schedule
between arrival at the end of a route and the
departure for the return trip, used for the recovery
of delays and preparation for the return trip  (e.g.
fueling, crew rotation).
LIGHT RAIL TRANSIT (LRT).          Fixed guideway
transportation mode that typically operates on city
streets and draws its electric power from overhead
wires; includes streetcars, trolley cars and
tramways.  Differs from heavy rail- which has a
separated right of way and includes commuter and
intercity rail- in that it has lighter passenger
capacity per hour and more closely spaced stops.
LOAD FACTOR.         The ratio of passengers or
freight carried versus the total passenger or freight
capacity of a vehicle or a route.
LOGISTICS.          A wide set of activities dedicated
to the transformation and distribution of goods,
from raw material sourcing to final market
distribution as well as the related information
flows.  Derived from Greek logistikos (responsible
for counting), the word is polysemic.  In the
nineteenth century, the military referred to it as
the art of combining all means of transport,
revictualling and sheltering of troops.  In a
contemporary setting, it refers to the set of
operations required for goods to be made available
on markets or to specific locations.
MAGLEV.          Technology enabling trains to move
at high speed above a guideway on a cushion
generated by magnetic force.
MANIFEST.          A list of the goods being
transported by a carrier
MARITIME TERMINAL.          A designated area of a
port, which includes but not limited to wharves,
warehouses, covered and open storage spaces,
cold storage plants, grain elevators, and bulk cargo
loading and unloading structures, landings, and
receiving stations, used for the transmission, care
and convenience of cargo and/or passengers in the
interchange of same between land and water
carriers or between two water carriers
MICROBRIDGE.          A cargo movement in which
the water carrier provides a through service
between an inland point and the port of load/
discharge
MOBILITY.          The ease of a movement of a
passenger or a unit of freight.  It is related to
transport costs as well as to the attributes of what
is being transported (fragility, perishable, price).
Political factors can also influence mobility such as
laws, regulations, borders and tariffs.  When
mobility is high, activities are less constrained by
distance.
MODE, TRANSPORT.          The physical way a
movement is performed.
MONORAIL.         An electric railway in which a rail
car or train of cars is suspended from or straddles a
guideway formed by a single beam or rail.  Most
monorails are either heavy rail or automated
guideway systems.
MULTI-MODAL PLATFORM.  A physical converging
point where freight and/or passenger
transshipment takes place between different
modes of transportation, usually a transport
terminal.
MULTI-MODAL TRANSPORTATION.          The
movements of passengers or freight from an origin
to a destination relying on several modes of
transportation using one ticket (passengers) or
contract (freight).  Technically the same as
intermodal transportation, but represents an
evolution requiring a higher level of integration
between the actors involved such as carriers ad
terminal operators.
NARROW-BODY AIRCRAFT.          An aircraft with a
single aisle for the movement of passengers within
the place
OCEANIC AIRSPACE.          Airspace over the oceans
of the world considered international airspace,
where oceanic separation and procedures per the
International Civil Aviation Organization are
applied.  responsibility fort he provisions of air
traffic control service in this airspace is delegated
to various countries, based generally upon
geographic proximity and the availability of the
required resources
OFF-PEAK PERIOD.          Non-rush periods of the
day when travel activity is generally lower and less
transit service is scheduled.  Also called the "base
period".
PEAK/BASE RATIO.  The number of vehicles
operated in passenger or freight service during the
peak period divided by the number operated
during the base period.
POLICY (TRANSPORT).          The development of a
set of constructs and propositions that are
established to achieve particular objectives relating
to social, economic, and environmental
development, and the functioning and
performance of the transport system
PORT.          A harbor area in which are located
marine terminal facilities for transferring cargo
between ships and land transportation
PORT AUTHORITY.          An entity of state or local
government that owns, operates or otherwise
provides wharf, dock, and other marine terminal
investments at ports.
PORT OF ENTRY.          A port at which foreign goods
are admitted into the receiving country.  It also
refers to an air terminal or land access point
(customs) where foreign passengers and freight
can enter a country
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.          Passenger
transportation services, usually local in scope, that
is available to any person who pays a prescribed
fare.  It operates on established schedules along
designated routes or lines with specific stops and is
designed to move relatively large numbers of
people at one time
RAILROAD.          All forms of non-highway ground
transportation that run on rails or electromagnetic
guideways, including: 1) commuter or other short-
haul  rail passenger service in a metropolitan or
suburban area, and 2) high-speed ground
transportation systems that connect metropolitan
areas, without regard to whether they use new
technologies not associated with traditional
railroads.
RAIL, COMMUTER.          Railroad local and regional
passenger train operations between a central city,
its suburbs and/or another central city. It may be
either locomotive-hauled or self-propelled and is
characterized by multi-trip tickets, specific station-
to-station fares, employment practices and usually
one or two stations in the business district.  Also
known as suburban rail.
RAIL, HIGH SPEED.          A rail transportation system
with exclusive right-of-way which serves densely
traveled corridors at speeds 124 miles per hour
(200 kmh) and greater.
RAIL, LIGHT.          An electric railway with a light
volume traffic capacity compared to heavy rail.
Light rail may be shared or exclusive rights-of-way ,
high or low platform loading and multi-car trains or
single cars.  Also known as streetcar, trolly car and
tramway.
RATE.          The price of transportation services paid
by the consumer.  They are the negotiated
monetary cost of moving a passenger or a  unit of
freight between a specific origin and destination.
Rates are often visible to the consumers since
transport providers must provide this information
to secure transactions.
RIDESHARING.          A form of transportation, other
than public transit, in which more than one person
shares the use of the vehicle, such as a van or car,
to make a trip.  Also known as carpooling or
vanpooling.
ROLL ON/ROLL OFF (RORO).          Ships that are
specially designed to carry wheeled containers, or
other wheeled cargo, and use the roll-on/roll-off
method for loading and unloading.  
SHUTTLE.          A public or private vehicle that
travels back and forth over a particular route,
especially a short route or one that provides
connections between transportation systems,
employment centers, etc.
SITE.          The geographical characteristics of a
specific location
TERMINAL.          Any location where freight and
passengers either originates, terminate, or is
handled in the transportation process.  Terminals
are central and intermediate locations in the
movements passengers and freight.They often
require specific facilities to accommodate the
traffic they handle.
TRANSACTION COSTS.  Costs required for gathering
information, negotiating, and enforcing contracts,
letters of credit and transactions.  Often referred to
as the cost of doing business
TRANSMODAL TRANSPORTATION.          The
movements of passengers or freight within the
same mode of transport.  Although "pure"
transmodal transportation rarely exists and an
intermodal operation is often required (e.g. ship to
dockside to ship), the purpose is to ensure
continuity within the network.
TRANSPORT GEOGRAPHY.          A sub-discipline of
geography concerned about the mobility of
passengers and freight.  It seeks to link spatial
constraints and attributes with the origin,  the
destination, the extent, nature and purpose of
movements 
VESSEL.          Every description of watercraft used
or capable of being used as a means of
transportation on the water
WATERWAY.          River, canal, lake or other
stretches of water that by natural or artificial
features are suitable for navigation  international destinations too.
WHARF.          A landing place where vessels may tie
up for loading and unloading of cargo
WIDE-BODY AIRCRAFT.          A commercial aircraft
with two aisles for the movement of passengers
Airline Industry
The airline industry encompasses a wide range of
businesses called airlines, which offer transport services
for paying customers or business partners.  These air
transport services are provided  for both human
travelers and cargo, and are most commonly offered via
jets, although some airlines also use helicopters.
Airlines may offer scheduled and/or chartered services
and the airline industry forms a key part of the wider
travel industry, providing customers with the ability to
purchase seats on flights and travel to different parts of
the world.  The airline industry offers a variety of career
paths, including pilots, flight attendants and ground
crew.
 
AIRLINE INDUSTRY AND AVIATION INDUSTRY
The airline industry can be classed as just one sector of
the wider aviation industry.  In addition to this sector,
aviation companies would also include businesses like
aircraft manufacturers, companies offering non-
commercial flights, aerospace companies, regulation
authorities and those involved with research.
TYPES OF AIRLINES
International Airlines
International airlines are a group of the largest, most
high-profile and most successful airlines.  They make
billions of revenue each year and operate large
passenger jets.  These airlines also tend to focus their
efforts on offering global services, carrying passengers
and cargo over large distances.  International airlines
usually employ tens of thousands of people, often have
multiple hubs and will provide access to hundreds of
destinations.
National Airlines
National airlines represents the next step down from
the largest international airlines.  They will typically
offer both medium-sized and large-sized jets and will
often focus on offering services to areas within their
home country, but many will offer access to
Regional Airlines
Regional airlines focus on offering services within
specific regions.  In many cases, they provide passenger
services to parts of the world with lower levels of
demand and where services are not offered by either
national or international airlines.  Some regional airlines
also function as an affiliate for a national or
international airline.  Within this they will typically
provide connection flights from the region they cover to
the airline's main hubs.
7 Biggest Airline Companies in the World 1. Philippine Airlines
2. British Airways]
1.  American Airlines (AA) 3. Malaysia Airlines
2.  Delta (DL) 4. Fiji Airways
3.  United (UA) 5. Royal Brunei Airlines
4.  Emirates (EK)
6. Gulf Air
5.  Southwest (WN)
6.  China Southern (CZ)
7. United Airlines
7. RyanAir (FR)  8. Air Mauritius
9. LEVEL
Business Models for Airlines 10. Spirit Airlines
1.  Full-Service Carriers - airlines that operate with The World's Top 10 Airports of 2019
a business model that includes offering a range
of pre-flight and on-board services with he price 1.  Singapore Changi Airport
of the ticket.  This may include checked 2. Tokyo Haneda International Airport
baggage, in-flight meals and multiple service 3. Incheon International Airport
classes, such as first class, business class, 4. Hamad International Airport
economy class. 5. Hong Kong International Airport
2.  Low-Cost Carriers - airlines that aim to gain a
6. Chubu Centrair International Airport
competitive advantage over full-service carriers
7. Munich Airport
by reducing costs.  This is done in a number of
ways, including using smaller fleets and smaller 8. London Heathrow Airport
aircraft, and also by offering more limited 9. Narita International Airport
services. 10. Zurich Airport
3.  Charter Airlines - middle ground between full
service  and low-cost carriers.  In most cases,
however, they do not sell airline tickets directly.
Instead, they will enter into agreements with
tour operators and/or travel agencies, who then
take responsibility for finding passengers for
them
4.  Cargo Airlines - are either solely or primarily
focused on the air transportation cargo
or freight.

Skytrax
2019 Best Airlines in the World

1.  Qatar Airways
2.  Singapore Airlines
3.  ANA All Nippon Airways
4.  Cathay Pacific Airways
5.  Emirates
6.  EVA Air
7.  Hainan Airlines
8.  Qantas Airways
9.  Luthansa
10.  Thai Airways
2019 World's Most Improved Airlines