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فسلجة محاضرة 4 نظري
فسلجة محاضرة 4 نظري
Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
Platelets:
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that form clots and
stop or prevent bleeding.
Platelets are made in the bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside bones. Bone marrow
contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
:اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ
ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﻈﺎﻳﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻞ، أو اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎت، اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ
.ﺟﻠﻄﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ أو ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻪ
ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﻢ. وﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم، ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم
.ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر إﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء وﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء واﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ
FUNCTIONS
• Role in haemostasis (spontaneous arrest of bleeding from injured
اﻟﻤﻬﺎمblood vessels)..
.. (• دور ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم )ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ
.• دوره ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
Platelets formation:
Platelets are produced from very large bone marrow cells called
megakaryocytes.
As megakaryocytes develop into giant cells, they undergo a process of
fragmentation that results in the release of over 1,000 platelets per
megakaryocyte.
:ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ
ًﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﺎع ﻋﻈﻢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺟ
.ﺪا ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﻮاء اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ
١٠٠٠ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﻃﻼق أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ، ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ
.ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻮاة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة
Haemostasis
Spontaneous arrest of bleeding from injured blood vessel
ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم
ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ
• Stages of Hemostasis
When a blood vessel is injured, the injury initiates a series of reactions,
resulting in hemostasis. It occurs in three stages.
• ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻻرﻗﺎء.
ﻣﻤﺎ، ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ردود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ، ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎب أﺣﺪ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ
. ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ.ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹرﻗﺎء
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
1-Vasoconstriction:
Immediately after injury, the blood vessel constricts and decreases the loss
of blood from the damaged portion.
:ﺗﻀﻴﻖ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ
. ﻳﻀﻴﻖ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ، ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة
3-Coagulation of blood.
Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes
from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in
hemostasis, stop of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair.
Coagulation of blood occurs through a series of reactions due to the
activation of a group of substances necessary for clotting are called clotting
factors. Thirteen clotting factors are identified.
.ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم-٣
ًﻧﺎ ﺟﻠﻄﺔ ً اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف، اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ
ﻣﻜﻮ، ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻫﻼم، أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ
. ﻳﻠﻴﻪ اﻹﺻﻼح، ووﻗﻒ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ، ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹرﻗﺎء.دﻣﻮﻳﺔ
ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺜﺮ
.ً ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ
ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ.ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ
In general blood clotting occurs in three stages. .ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ
Coagulation disorders
These are a group of diseases caused due to deficiency of clotting factors and
lead to defects in normal clot formation process.
اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ
ﻫﺬه ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ وﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻋﻴﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ
.اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
Clotting time is the time required for a sample of blood to coagulate in vitro
under standard conditions. There are various methods for determining the
clotting time, the most common being the capillary tube method. It is affected by
calcium ion levels and many diseases. Normal value of clotting time is 2-8
minutes.
ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ.وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ
ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت أﻳﻮن اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم.ًﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺸﻌﺮي
وأﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻋ، ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ
. دﻗﺎﺋﻖ٨-٢ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻫﻲ.واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood
groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for
individuals.
ﻳﺆدي اﺧﺘﻼط ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪم ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ.ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺪم ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ
. وﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد، اﻟﺪم أو اﻟﺘﺮاص
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
A A B’ Safe transfusions
To From
B B A’
A A, O
AB A, B -
B B, O
O - A’, B’ AB A, B, AB, O
O O
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf
Rhesus factor:
Rh is the most important blood group system after ABO in transfusion medicine.
:ﻋﺎﻣﻞ رﻳﺴﻮس
ﻓﻲ ﻃﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺪمABO ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﻳﺼﻲ أﻫﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ دم ﺑﻌﺪ
RHD: What does the term D-positive and D-negative refer to?
• If Protein (D antigen) is present on the surface of a Red blood cell, the blood will be termed as
D-positive.
؟D-negative وD-positive إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢRHD:
D ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺪم ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ، ًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء ﻣﻮﺟﻮD) • إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ )ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ
If Protein (D antigen) is absent on the surface of a Red blood cell, the blood will be termed as D-
negative.
D- ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ، ًﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء
ﻏﺎﺋD) إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ )ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ
.ﻧﻔﻲ