Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech.

Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

Platelets:
Platelets, or thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that form clots and
stop or prevent bleeding.

Platelets are made in the bone marrow, the sponge-like tissue inside bones. Bone marrow
contains stem cells that develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

:‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﻈﺎﻳﺎ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﻤﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬، ‫ أو اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎت‬، ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
.‫ﺟﻠﻄﺎت وﺗﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻒ أو ﺗﻤﻨﻌﻪ‬

‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬.‫ وﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻹﺳﻔﻨﺞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬، ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺨﺎع اﻟﻌﻈﺎم‬
.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﺬﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر إﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء وﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء واﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬

FUNCTIONS
• Role in haemostasis (spontaneous arrest of bleeding from injured
‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬blood vessels)..
.. (‫• دور ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم )ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬
.‫• دوره ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ‬
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

• Role in clot retraction

• Role in repair of injured blood vessels.
• Role in Defense mechanism.
• Transport & storage function.
‫دور ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ‬
.‫• دوره ﻓﻲ إﺻﻼح اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬
.‫• دور ﻓﻲ آﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻓﺎع‬
.‫• وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬
Life span & fate of platelets.
• Life span - 8-12 days
• Fate - Destroyed by tissue macrophage system in spleen.
.‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ وﻣﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﻮم‬١٢-٨ - ‫• اﻟﻌﻤﺮ اﻻﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻲ‬
.‫ دﻣﺮﺗﻪ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻀﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺤﺎل‬- ‫• اﻟﻘﺪر‬

Platelets formation:
Platelets are produced from very large bone marrow cells called
megakaryocytes.
As megakaryocytes develop into giant cells, they undergo a process of
fragmentation that results in the release of over 1,000 platelets per
megakaryocyte.
:‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
ً‫ﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻧﺨﺎع ﻋﻈﻢ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺟ‬
.‫ﺪا ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﻮاء اﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬
١٠٠٠ ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ إﻃﻼق أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﻮر اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ‬
.‫ﺻﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻮاة ﻛﺒﻴﺮة‬

Haemostasis
Spontaneous arrest of bleeding from injured blood vessel
‫ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺰﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬

• Stages of Hemostasis
When a blood vessel is injured, the injury initiates a series of reactions,
resulting in hemostasis. It occurs in three stages.
‫ • ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻻرﻗﺎء‬.
‫ ﻣﻤﺎ‬، ‫ ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ردود اﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬، ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﺎب أﺣﺪ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
.‫ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬.‫ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹرﻗﺎء‬
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

1-Vasoconstriction:
Immediately after injury, the blood vessel constricts and decreases the loss
of blood from the damaged portion.
:‫ﺗﻀﻴﻖ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ‬
.‫ ﻳﻀﻴﻖ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﻳﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ‬، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬

2-Platelet plug formation:

Platelets get adhered to the collagen of ruptured blood vessel and secrete
(ADP) and thromboxane, these two substances attract more and more
platelets and activate them.
All these platelets aggregate together to form a plug which closes the
ruptured vessel and prevents further blood loss.
:‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺳﺪادة اﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺎت‬-٢
‫ﺗﻠﺘﺼﻖ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﺰﻗﺔ وﺗﻔﺮز‬
.‫ ﺗﺠﺬب ﻫﺎﺗﺎن اﻟﻤﺎدﺗﺎن اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ واﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﺗﻨﺸﻄﻬﺎ‬، ‫وﺛﺮﻣﻮﺑﻮﻛﺴﺎن‬ADP) )
‫ًﺎ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺪادة ﺗﻐﻠﻖ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺪﻣﻮي اﻟﻤﻤﺰق وﻳﻤﻨﻊ اﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪان‬
‫ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌ‬
.‫اﻟﺪم‬

3-Coagulation of blood.
Coagulation, also known as clotting, is the process by which blood changes
from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot. It potentially results in
hemostasis, stop of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair.
Coagulation of blood occurs through a series of reactions due to the
activation of a group of substances necessary for clotting are called clotting
factors. Thirteen clotting factors are identified.
.‫ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم‬-٣
‫ًﻧﺎ ﺟﻠﻄﺔ‬ ً ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوف‬، ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
‫ ﻣﻜﻮ‬، ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺤﻮل ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻫﻼم‬، ‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
.‫ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ اﻹﺻﻼح‬، ‫ ووﻗﻒ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﻋﺎء اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻒ‬، ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن ﻳﺆدي إﻟﻰ اﻹرﻗﺎء‬.‫دﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
.‫ً ﻣﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
‫ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ‬.‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬

Sequence of clotting mechanisms:

• Most of the clotting factors are proteins in the form of enzymes.
• Normally, all the factors are present in the form of inactive proenzymes.
• These pro-enzyme must be activated into enzymes to enforce clot
formation. :‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ آﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
.‫• ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت‬
.‫ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت أوﻟﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬، ‫• ﻋﺎدة‬
.‫• ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﻫﺬه اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت اﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪة إﻟﻰ إﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎت ﻟﻔﺮض ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ‬
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

• It is carried out by a series of pro-enzyme - enzyme conversion reactions.

First one of the series is converted into an active enzyme that activates the
second one, which activates the third one:; this continues till the final active
enzyme thrombin is formed.
.‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬه ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﻳﺪ ﻟﻺﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫؛ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬: ‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﺸﻂ اﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬، ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ أول واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻧﺸﻂ ﻳﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬
.‫ﻫﺬا ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ إﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻟﺜﺮوﻣﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬

In general blood clotting occurs in three stages. .‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ‬

1. Formation of Prothrombin activator ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺸﻂ اﻟﺒﺮوﺛﺮوﻣﺒﻴﻦ‬

2. Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺛﺮوﻣﺒﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ ﺛﺮوﻣﺒﻴﻦ‬
3. Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻔﺒﺮﻳﻨﻮﺟﻴﻦ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻔﺒﺮﻳﻦ‬

Coagulation disorders
These are a group of diseases caused due to deficiency of clotting factors and
lead to defects in normal clot formation process.
‫اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬه ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ وﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻋﻴﻮب ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﺠﻠﻄﺔ‬
.‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

Based on origin these disorder are of two types,

1. Hereditary Coagulation Disorder
These inherited plasma coagulation disorders are due to qualitative or
quantitative defects in single coagulation factors.
e.g. Classical haemophilia or haemophilia A
2. Acquired Coagulation Disorder
These are characterised by deficiency of multiple coagulation factors.
Such as Vitamin K deficiency, coagulation disorder of liver disease.

، ‫ ﻓﺈن ﻫﺬه اﻻﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‬، ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺻﻞ‬

ً
‫ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﻮراﺛﻲ‬.١
.‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ اﺿﻄﺮاﺑﺎت ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﻮروﺛﺔ ﻫﺬه إﻟﻰ ﻋﻴﻮب ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ أو ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻬﻴﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺎ أ‬
‫ اﺿﻄﺮاب اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺐ‬.٢
.‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻨﻘﺺ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺠﻠﻂ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة‬
.‫ اﺿﻄﺮاب ﺗﺨﺜﺮ اﻟﺪم ﻷﻣﺮاض اﻟﻜﺒﺪ‬، ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ك‬

Clotting time is the time required for a sample of blood to coagulate in vitro
under standard conditions. There are various methods for determining the
clotting time, the most common being the capillary tube method. It is affected by
calcium ion levels and many diseases. Normal value of clotting time is 2-8
minutes.

‫ ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬.‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﻼزم ﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت أﻳﻮن اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬.‫ًﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺸﻌﺮي‬
‫ وأﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺷﻴﻮﻋ‬، ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ‬
.‫ دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬٨-٢ ‫ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﺨﺜﺮ ﻫﻲ‬.‫واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺮاض‬
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

The Blood Group Systems

the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood
cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A
and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have
type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. 

‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻤﻮروﺛﺔ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء )ﻛﺮﻳﺎت اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
ً ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ دم اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬
.‫اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬B ، ‫و‬A ‫اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪده وﺟﻮد أو ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻀﺪﻳﻦ‬
AB. ‫أو ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم‬O ‫أو اﻟﻨﻮع‬B ‫أو اﻟﻨﻮع‬A ‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﺪى اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻨﻮع‬
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

Not all blood groups are compatible with each other. Mixing incompatible blood
groups leads to blood clumping or agglutination, which is dangerous for
individuals.

‫ ﻳﺆدي اﺧﺘﻼط ﻓﺼﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺪم ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻜﺘﻞ‬.‫ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺪم ﻣﺘﻮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬
.‫ وﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻓﺮاد‬، ‫اﻟﺪم أو اﻟﺘﺮاص‬
 Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

Blood Antigens Antibodies in

Type on rbcs blood

A A B’ Safe transfusions

To From
B B A’
A A, O

AB A, B -
B B, O

O - A’, B’ AB A, B, AB, O

O O
Al - Mustafa University College / Radiological Tech. Department Physiology
Lec.4 Dr. Dena Al-Sahaf

Rhesus factor:
Rh is the most important blood group system after ABO in transfusion medicine.
:‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ رﻳﺴﻮس‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻃﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺪم‬ABO ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺮﻳﺼﻲ أﻫﻢ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺼﻴﻠﺔ دم ﺑﻌﺪ‬

RHD: What does the term D-positive and D-negative refer to?
• If Protein (D antigen) is present on the surface of a Red blood cell, the blood will be termed as
D-positive.
‫؟‬D-negative ‫و‬D-positive ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎذا ﻳﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬RHD:
D ‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ وﺻﻒ اﻟﺪم ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ‬، ‫ًدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮ‬D) ‫• إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ )ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ‬

If Protein (D antigen) is absent on the surface of a Red blood cell, the blood will be termed as D-
negative.

D- ‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ‬، ‫ًﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪم اﻟﺤﻤﺮاء‬
‫ﻏﺎﺋ‬D) ‫إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ )ﻣﺴﺘﻀﺪ‬
.‫ﻧﻔﻲ‬