Theory of TORSION

Assumptions :
1. Material of shaft is elastic & obeys Hooke’s Law
C T 2. Material is Homogeneous.
3. Cross section rotates as if it is rigid.

A’ 4. Circular section remains circular after deformation.
l 5. Cross section remains plane
 o
A R
By application of Torque T , line CA on the shaft will
deform to CA’
l=length of shaft
AA' R 
R=Radius of shaft tan   
l l  G 
G=Modulus of Rigidity of
R 
shaft material     is very small tan   
=shear stress in shaft l G
T=torque applied to shaft G 
The equation can be rearranged as 
=angle of twist in shaft l R
 Theory of TORSION
T
dr R

r Torque T   τ r * (2  r dr ) * r
0
R
C T R 
 r * (2  r dr ) * r

A’ 0 R
l 
 o 2  R 3 2  R 4
A R   r dr  *
R 0 R 4
G    4 
 T  D   *J
l R R  32  R
At any radius r the torsional shear stress
T  Gθ TORSION
Gθ   EQUATION
τr  r * J R l
l
 Theory of TORSION
A solid circular shaft of diameter 50mm diameter is to transmit a torque ‘T’. Find
safe torque ‘T’ the shaft can transmit if permissible shear stress is not to exceed
40 MPa.

T  Gθ d=diameter of shaft = 50 mm
   = permissible shear stress for shaft material
J R l
T 
Polar moment of Inertia 
 d4   4 d 
J  d   
32  32  2
where d  diameter of shaft
  3   3
T   d  *   50  * 40  981747.7 N . mm
 16   16 
 Theory of TORSION
A hollow circular shaft with external & internal diameter of 80mm & 50mm is
required to transmit a torque ‘T’. Find safe torque ‘T’ the hollow shaft can transmit
if permissible shear stress is not to exceed 45 MPa.
Do=outer diameter=80 mm
T  Gθ
  Di= inner diameter=50 mm
J R l =permissible shear stress for shaft material=45 MPa
For hollow shaft T 

Polar moment of Inertia   ( Do 4  Di 4 ) 
 
Do / 2
 
J

 Do 4  Di4   32 
32   ( Do 4  Di 4 ) 
T   *  *

 16 Do 
  (80 4  50 4 ) 
  *  * 45  3833602 N .mm
 16 80 
 Theory of TORSION
A solid circular shaft of diameter 80mm & length 2m is subjected to a torque of 10
kN.m . Determine the maximum shear stress & angle of twist in shaft. Take G=85
GPa for the shaft material.
T  Gθ T * R 10 *106 * 80 / 2
   

J R l J 4
C 10 kN.m  * 80 
 32 


2m
A’   99.472 N / mm 2
 o
A D=80mm

T *l

10 *10 * 2000
6


d=diameter of shaft = 80 mm
G*J
0.85 *10  32
5 4 
* 80 
l=length of shaft =2 m  
T= torque on shaft = 10 kN.m   0.0585 rad  3.35
G=Modulus of rigidity=85 GPa.
Theory of TORSION
 Theory of TORSION
1. Stepped Shaft subjected to Torque (Shaft in series)
 Theory of TORSION
2. Composite Shaft subjected to Torque (Shaft in parallel)
Theory of TORSION