UNIT 6: LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION

FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY

“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions
without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless
of frontiers.”

This sentence is directly quoted from the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (also known as the
UNDHR). This is a document drafted by different people with legal and cultural backgrounds from all over the
world. It states how each individual is entitled to his or her own opinions. We commonly call this as free
speech or freedom of expression. We would see this right practiced and exercised everyday. Due to digital
technology, we get to spread our ideas and information faster and easier.

However, knowing this basic human right and being able to practice it is just one part of it. We also have to act
ethically. We know that individuals come from different cultures, social backgrounds, and different ideological
systems. Ideology is a set of beliefs or principles belonging to an individual or group that can be viewed as a
complete vision, or a way of looking at things. And with this, ideologies will clash, one’s freedom of expression
might hinder or negatively affect another’s.

In line with this, the Philippines has established laws that ascertain the promotion of this human right while
ethically acknowledging the differences of individuals. These are through the Freedom of Information Bill, Fair
Use Policy, the Copyright Law, and the Intellectual Property Code to name a few.

WHAT IS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY?

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY (IP)

● refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names
and images used in commerce
● INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IS PROTECTED IN LAW

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY?

TYPES OF IP
1. Copyright
2. Patent
3. Trademarks
4. Industrial Design
5. Geographical Origin

TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; DEFINITION

1. Copyright
• a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works
? books, music, paintings, sculpture and
films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements, maps and technical drawings
• Provides exclusive publication, distribution &
usage rights

WHAT IS COVERED BY COPYRIGHT?

● Copyright covers literary and artistic works, which is understood to include every original work of authorship
regardless of artistic or literary merit.

● Works covered by copyright include but are not limited to literary works such as novels; poems and plays,
newspaper articles; films and television programs; letters; artistic works including paintings, sculptures,
drawing and photographs; architecture; computer programs; and advertisements, maps and technical
drawing.
WHAT WORKS ARE NOT PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT?
● No copyright protection extends to any idea, procedure, system method or operation, concept or principle,
discovery or mere data, news, miscellaneous facts, or any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal
nature including official translations thereof (Sec. 175, IP Code).

HOW LONG DOES COPYRIGHT SUBSIST?

● In general, the term of protection of works under copyright covers the lifetime of the author and fifty (50) years
after his/her death.

SHOULD COPYRIGHT BE REGISTERED?

● Copyright protection is obtained automatically upon the creation of copyrightable work. However, there are
advantages to registering one’s copyright. Being an official public record, copyright registration easily
establishes one’s ownership over a copyright. As such, a copyright registration helps facilitate transactions
involving the ownership and transfer of the copyright such as sale, assignment and licensing. Moreover, in an
action involving copyright infringement, the copyright registration is evidence that copyright subsists in the
work and that the public is notified thereof.

WHERE TO REGISTER?
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Contact Information:
Copyright Section
5/F East Wing, NLP Building
T.M. Kalaw Avenue, Manila Philippines

Email: copyright@nlp.gov.ph
Telephone: (632) 310-5035/ 336-7200 loc. 411 524-2737

WHAT IS A VALID COPYRIGHT NOTICE?

A copyright notice should contain:
● the word “copyright”
● a “c” in a circle (©)
● the date of publication, and
● the name of either the author or the owner of all the copyright rights in the published work.
For example, the correct copyright for the ninth edition of The Copyright Handbook, by Stephen Fishman (Nolo) is
Copyright © 2006 by Stephen Fishman.

WHAT RIGHTS ARE INCLUDED IN COPYRIGHT?

Economic rights consist of the exclusive right to carry out, authorize and
prevent
a) reproduction of the work or substantial portion of the work;
b) dramatization, translation, adaptation, abridgement, arrangement or other transformation of the work;
c) the first public distribution of the original and each copy of the work by sale or other forms of transfer of
ownership;
d) rental of the original or a copy of an audiovisual or cinematographic work, a work embodied in a sound
recording, a computer program, a compilation of data and other materials or a musical work in graphic form,
irrespective of the ownership of the original or the copy which is the subject of the rental;
e) public display of the original or a copy of the work;
f) public performance of the work; and
g) other communications to the public of the work (Sec. 177, IP Code)

On the other hand, moral rights include the following rights:

(a) to require the authorship of the works be attributed to the author, in particular, the right that his name, as
far as practicable, be indicated in a prominent way on the copies, and in connection with the public use of his
work;
(b) to make any alterations of his work prior to, or to withhold it from publication;
 (c) to object to any distortion, mutilation or modification of or other derogatory action in relation to, his work
which would be prejudicial to his honor or reputation; and
(d) to restrain the use of his name with respect to any work not of his own creation or in a distorted version of
his work (Sec. 193, IP Code)

WHO OWNS A COPYRIGHT?

● If a work is created by an author in the course of his employment, the copyright shall belong to the employee,
if the creation of the object of copyright is not part of his regular duties even if the employee uses the time,
facilities and materials of the employer. On the other hand, if the work is the result of the performance of his
regularly-assigned duties, copyright shall belong to the employer, unless there is an agreement to the contrary
that is expressed or implied (Sec. 178.3, IP Code).

● In case of audiovisual work, the copyright shall belong to the producer, the author of the scenario, the
composer of the music, the film director, and the author of the work so adapted. However, subject to the
contrary or other stipulations among the creators, the producers shall exercise the copyright to an extent
required for the exhibition of the work in any manner, except for the right to collect performing license fees for
the performance of musical compositions, with or without words, which are incorporated into the work (Sec.
178.5, IP Code).

All Under the Copyright Law

● Republic Act No. 8293 commonly known as the Philippine Copyright Law states that any original tangible
material with a known creator of a published book, research paper, journal articles, web content, pictures,
graphics, music or videos is protected under this law. Original tangible materials include those of content and
information published physically or online in the internet. This law also includes the Intellectual Property
Code which covers the rights of a copyright holder to the attribution, integrity of ownership, and protection of
all his/her original works. Another provision of the Copyright Law is the Fair Use Policy. Under this, non-profit
educational institutions and libraries are allowed to use someone else’s original and copyrighted work guided
by specific rules and guidelines. This also covers unpublished works in the Philippines.

● Recently, the government pushed a bill in Congress called the Freedom of Information Bill. With this, every
Filipino citizen can have access to all information about all government agencies in the country. All information
about policy development, including researches conducted, official acts, decisions, and transactions can be
accessed by any Filipino. This seeks to promote transparency and good leadership in the government.

Current Issues on the Copyright Law

● Adhering to our basic human right to express ourselves, we constantly yearn to express our views and
opinions to the world. With the help of social media and the internet it has become a habit to share a part of
ourselves to the world. Our virtual identity constantly seeks to create, curate, and collect.
● The Copyright Law in the Philippines is laid out to us to set rules and standards for content creation,
production, and dissemination. The government has enacted the Freedom of Information Bill to further show
their transparency and accountability in their given roles for the citizens. Private sectors steadily utilize the use
of new digital technologies such as the internet to connect and communicate their knowledge and ideas to a
wider audience.

● Although there are many positive opportunities for media and information, it also has a downside to it. The
ease in uploading original content in the internet and its easy access pose a challenge to the current copyright
laws.
● The Anti-Camcording Act of 2010 seeks to eradicate one of the rampant problems of the Philippine film
industry - film piracy. This law penalizes illegal video recording, distribution, selling, and possession of
unlicensed films. 12 According to the dictionary meaning, piracy is the act of illegally copying someone’s
product or invention without proper permission. This is similar to plagiarism but piracy is geared more into the
redistribution and profiteering.
 ● Another issue we often encounter is censorship. This is the subduing, and or prohibition of any part of books,
films, news, language, and information that are considered indecent, politically or socially unacceptable, or a
threat to security.

● The government has constantly tried to address these issues by creating different
organizations and works with other organizations as well. You can see advocacies and public service
announcements during movie previews that show harsh consequences for individuals who violate the
anti-camcording act.
● The MTRCB or the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board is in charge of regulating what
televisions and movies show to the public. They are also in charge of rating TV shows and films accordingly.
● The OMB or the Optical Media Board under the Office of the President implements the rules and regulations
under the Optical Media Act of 2003. They are also the key government agency in battling film, video, and
music piracy in the Philippines.

The IPOPHIL or the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines is government agency that grants patents to
innovative inventions and protects these individuals by strictly enforcing the intellectual property rights of the country.

2. Patent
• an exclusive right granted for an invention
• provides the patent owner with the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others
• given to an inventor, or creator of original content or
invention, for a right of title for a set period of time. An invention or creation with a patent excludes other people from
making, using, or selling it without permission not under the guidelines of the Fair Use Policy.

3. Trademarks
• a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises.

TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT?
Mars sues Hershey for trademark infringement over MALTESER brand

4. Industrial Design
• constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article
• may consist of three-dimensional
features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color

5. Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin

• signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics
that are essentially attributable to that place of origin
• most commonly includes the name of
the place of origin of the goods.

Fair use
It is a legal concept that allows the reproduction of copyrighted material for certain purposes without obtaining
permission or consent & without paying a fee or royalty. These purposes include:
● Commentary
● Criticism
● Reporting
● Research
● Teaching

Guidelines for Fair Use

1. A majority of the content you create must be your own.
2. Give credit to the copyright holder.
3. Don't make money off of the copyrighted work.
LEGAL SHARING using CREATIVE COMMONS

● It is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others
to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as
Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public.

● Attribution: You must credit the creator.

● Non-Commercial: You can't make a profit.
● No Derivative Works: You can't change the content.
● Share Alike: You can change the content, but you have to let other people use your new work with the same
license as the original.

Ethical Use of Media and Information

● With the advent of the internet, innovations and technologies made almost everything possible. Information
becomes readily available, accessible, and widespread. With the rising popularity of social media, people
ventured out into expanding their identities not just physically but also virtually. It has answered the human
need to belong, to create, and to collect.
● The internet opened a global village whereinusers find it more economical and
entertaining to connect with others. We establish ourselves online and connect with our virtual friends. Social
networking enables us to collect anything from virtual friends, to thumbs up likes, comments, to online
followers. The need to create also shows in our strive to always take that “selfie” or “ootd” (acronym for outfit
of the day). We become “curators” of our own experiences, learnings, and knowledge. The internet and
technology made such changes possible for everyone to be media producers and creators.

Our Virtual Self

● As soon as we access the internet, we create a trail of data that is constantly filed and stored someplace.
These wide array of data ranges from emails, photos, text messages, browsing history, phone calls, videos,
online shopping, and many more. This trail creates our new identities known as the virtual self.
● The littlest bits of data that makes up our virtual identity has become a valuable form of currency. It helps
companies determine what advertising, content, or services best suits you. As soon as you click or type any
information online, you have already imprinted your virtual self.

What is Digital Citizenship?

Digital Citizenship
● is the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use
● a holistic and positive approach to helping children learn how to be safe and secure, as well as smart and
effective participants in a digital world

Digital Divide
● The term digital divide is described as a “gap” found between individuals, social classes, businesses, and
even countries with different socioeconomic backgrounds and their ability to access and use information
communications technology. Traditionally, its basis was on the question of having or not having access.
However, with the rise of mobile smartphones worldwide, this inequality has now become about having more
or less internet bandwidth, and having or not having the internet technology skills to utilize it.

● An idea of “being left behind” in the digital literacy race do exist. Owning new technologies, accessing new
content and services, and having the confidence and competence in using these devices are just some of the
skills we constantly strive to have today. This digital divide is not limited to the physical, material, and technical
gap but also tackles on a gap in digital knowledge.

● When we go online, our virtual selves enter what she calls cyberspace,
which has its own unique culture. The indirect approach of connecting to people in the internet often leads to a
few social mistakes. We might be misinterpreted and offend others, or we might understand some things and
get offended. Oftentimes, we forget that behind those usernames, are real people too. These rules were
written for both digital natives and digital immigrants.
 ● Digital natives are people that have grown up in the age of the internet or the digital age while digital
immigrants were born years before them only acquiring familiarity with these digital technologies and systems
as an adult.

FLAME WARS
● A lengthy exchange of angry or abusive messages between user of an online forum or other discussion
area.
Flamer or Flame Warrior
-it is defined as someone who knowingly attacks other netizens, or expresses in aggressive manner his opinion or
controversial issues.

RESPONSIBLE NETIZENSHIP

Netiquette
● set of rules for behaving properly online
( The Core Rules of Netiquette by Virginia Shea )
● respecting other users’ views and displaying common courtesy when posting your views to online discussion
groups

THE CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE

The Core Rules of Netiquette. Shea, V. (1994). Core rules of netiquette. Netiquette (Online ed., pp. 32-45). San
Francisco: Albion Books.
http://www.albion.com/netiquette/introduction.html
http://learning.colostate.edu/guides/guide.cfm?guideid=4

RULE 1: REMEMBER THE HUMAN

RULE 2: ADHERE TO THE SAME STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR ONLINE THAT YOU FOLLOW IN REAL
LIFE
RULE 3: KNOW WHERE YOU ARE IN CYBERSPACE
RULE 4: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE'S TIME AND BANDWIDTH
RULE 5: MAKE YOURSELF LOOK GOOD ONLINE
✔Always check for spelling and grammar errors
✔Know what you’re talking about and state it clearly
✔Be pleasant and polite
RULE 7: HELP KEEP FLAME WARS UNDER CONTROL
RULE 8: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE'S PRIVACY
RULE 9: DON'T ABUSE YOUR POWER
RULE 10: BE FORGIVING OF OTHER PEOPLE'S MISTAKES

PRESENTING YOURSELF AND MANAGING IMPRESSIONS

CYBERBULLYING

It is a type of offensive action toward another which takes place using electronic technology.
Cyberbullying can be avoided when you promote netiquette, foster mutual respect and courtesy by avoiding “flame
wars,” and when you are vigilant against people’s intention to harm other netizens.

INTERNET ADDICTION

FORMS OF INTERNET ADDICTION

1. CYBERSEX ADDICTION
- It refers to the compulsive use of Internet pornography, adult chat rooms, or adult fantasy role-play sites
impacting negatively on real life intimate relationship
2. NET COMPULSION
- Such as compulsive online gaming, gambling, stock trading, or compulsive use of online auction sites often
resulting in financial and job-related problems
3. CYBER-RELATIONSHIP ADDICTION
- It is the addiction to social networking, chat rooms, texting, and messaging to the point where virtual, online
friends become more important that real-life relationships with family and friends.
4. INFORMATION OVERLOAD
- It refers to the compulsive web surfing or database searching, leading to lower work productivity and less
social interaction with family and friends

Internet addiction is often triggered by factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, some other forms of addiction, lack
of social support, inactivity, and unhappiness. Some of the signs and symptoms of Internet addiction, or computer
addiction, that can be observed may be the following:
1. Being less conscious of the time sent online or with gadgets that enable Internet access
2. Failing to complete tasks or activities intended to be finished at the time you were using the Internet.
3. Having less time with friends and family
4. Lack of remorse for excessive Internet use
5. Feeling more excited with Internet activities rather than physical activities
“Too much of anything is bad for you. Do things in moderation.”

STEALING OR BORROWING?
Plagiarism
● the act of using another person's words or ideas without giving credit to that person
● The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Sources Not Cited
The Ghost Writer
The Photocopy
The Potluck Paper
The Poor Disguise
The Labor of Laziness
The Self-stealer

Sources Cited
The Forgotten Footnote
Misinformer
The Too-perfect Paraphrase
The Resourceful Citer
The Perfect crime

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM: SOURCES NOT CITED

1. “The Ghost Writer”
The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own.
2. “The Photocopy”
The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration.
3. “The Potluck Paper”
The writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining
most of the original phrasing
4. “The Poor Disguise”
The writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases.
5. “The Labor of Laziness”
The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together.
6. “The Self-Stealer”
The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work.
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM: SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)
1. “The Forgotten Footnote”
The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the
material referenced.
2. “The Misinformer”
The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them.
3. “The Too-Perfect Paraphrase”
The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that has been copied
word-for-word, or close to it.
4. “The Resourceful Citer”
The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch?
The paper contains almost no original work!
5. “The Perfect Crime”
The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those
sources without citation.

WHAT ABOUT IMAGES, VIDEOS, AND MUSIC?

Without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation, the following are considered plagiarism:
▪Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own papers or websites.
▪Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack.
▪Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover).
▪Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.

UNIT 7: Opportunities, Challenges, and Power of Media and Information

LESSON 1:
The Power of Media and Information
● Equip you with the necessary skills to become functional and participative in the affairs of your society.
● You have enormous access to information that you can use and share.
● More people can now create, store, and share information in a fast and efficient manner.

Our society slowly transitions to a digital, or technology-aided, civilization.

● Television
● Radio
● Newspaper
● Facebook
● Instagram
● Youtube

Opportunities:
● Political
● Social
● Economic
● Educational

Challenges
● Abuse
● Misuse
● Risks
● Threats
The following areas are examples where the power and influence of media and information is greatly observed.

Economical
• Economy is defined as the ability of a country or a region to produce and sustain wealth and resources through the
production and utilization of goods and services.
• Economy should work on what to produce and consume.

E-Commerce
• E-commerce, short for electronic commerce, is the use of technology or any connected network in order to complete
a business transaction.
• With e-commerce, consumers may buy products and avail of services within the comforts of their home.

Educational
● Learning is no longer enclosed in the four corners of the classroom.
● These platforms can be used to upload files, assign online activities, quizzes and examinations.
● Learning management systems (LMS) allow educational institutions to deliver learning materials with the
use of an online platform.
● Learning management systems (LMS) is often associated with “blended-learning”.
● Blended learning-a combination of face to face interaction and internet-based activities

Social
● We now live in a digital society. Several aspects of life now revolve around the use of social media for
communication and interaction.
● With the aid of social media,” netizens” (people using the internet) can already reach a large number of
people.
● Topics start to trend on digital media when a hashtag (used for categorization) is used frequently beyond a
certain household.
● Social media is a great tool for activities such as sharing information and common interests and advocacies.

Political
● E-governance is the use of technology to deliver services by the government to its citizens.
● E-governance may be used to keep the citizens informed and updated of the current state of the government
and its projects.
● Local government units also have their own websites, where their constituents are able to see the current
projects and activities that the LGU’s are working on.

LESSON 2
Advantages and Disadvantages of Media and Information

What is Cybercrime?
• The use of a computer as an instrument to further illegal ends.
• Criminal activity or a crime that involves the Internet, a computer system, or computer technology.

Cybercrime in the Philippines

• Cybercrime is a crime committed with or through the use of information and communication technologies such as
radio, television, cellular phone, computer and network, and other communication device or application (Department of
Justice)
President Benigno Aquino III signed the bill into law on 12 September 2012

According to the 2001 Budapest CONVENTION ON CYBERCRIME, CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN CYBERSPACE

INCLUDE:
● Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data and system;
● Computer-related offenses Content-related offenses; and
● Offenses related to infringement of copyright and related rights
The following are cybercrime-related laws in the Philippines:

Republic Act No. 9995

Anti-photo and video Voyeurism Act of 2009
• To take photo or video coverage, to copy or reproduce, to cause to be copied or reproduced, such photo or video or
recording of sexual act or any similar activity with or without consideration.

Republic Act No. 9775

Anti-child pornography Act of 2009
• It prohibits the production, offering, distribution and possession of “child pornography.”

Republic Act No 9208

Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2003
• To recruit, transport, transfer, harbor, provide, or receive a person by any means, including those done under the
pretext of domestic or overseas employment or training or apprenticeship, for the purpose of prostitution,
pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage

Republic Act No. 8792

E-commerce Act of 2000
• This act aims to facilitate domestic and international dealings, transactions, arrangements, agreements, contracts
and exchanges and storage of information through the utilization of electronic, optical and similar medium, mode.

Republic Act No. 8484

Access Device Regulation Act of 1998
• An Act regulating the issuance and use of access devices, prohibiting fraudulent acts committed relative thereto,
providing penalties and for other purposes.

Republic Act No. 4200

Anti-wiretapping Law
• This Act safeguards the constitutional right to privacy of communication. It prohibits and penalizes wiretapping and
other related violations of the privacy of communication

Media Content
● Real world and the Media world (Potter, 2011)
- The challenge is how you are able to discern the thin line that separates these two worlds
● Information processing is a skill that every media and information literate audience must exploit to avoid
automaticity and normalization

Media Effect
● Media is pervasive. This being the case, you might not notice the subtle
● ways media influence your attitude and behavior
 ● … certain types of messages will lead to certain kinds of opinions and behaviors… as individuals, we do not
have much power to control the media, but we have a great deal of power (if we will use it) to control the
media’s effects on us
-W. James Potter, Media Literacy

Big Idea
Message reception is much like pouring a liquid into a container with a small opening. The human brain can only
handle a certain amount of information, thus, siphoning or filtering content/messages is a productive act of making
sure we only receive the most important information.

UNIT 8: CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Lesson 1
UBIQUITOUS LEARNING.

Ubiquitous Learning
● ...learning at any time, at any place
● It is a kind of e-learning experience that is more context-based and more adaptive to learner needs.
● It is a learning environment that can be accessed in various contexts and situations, most prominently mobile
learning.
● It utilizes all forms of materials “that may be transferred to mobile devices via cable or wirelessly and [can] be
operated in these devices”
- These materials can be videos, audios, PowerPoint presentations, or notes with embedded source in
them.
● It has shifted the learning paradigm from teacher-centered-students to learner-centered.
- Students “access instructional materials at different times from different locations” making them
“lifelong learners in that they are able to use multiple devices to access and search for knowledge and
information while developing their search skills (Alsheail, 2010).”

The main characteristics of ubiquitous learning are:

(Chen et al., 2002; Curtis et al., 2002)

● Permanency: Learning materials are always available unless purposely deleted.

● Accessibility: Access from everywhere as personally required
● Immediacy: Wherever a student is, he/she can immediately access learning materials.
● Interactivity: Online collaboration with teachers and/or peers
● Situated instructional Activities: Learning in context (on-site).
● Adaptability: Getting the right information at the right place for the right student.

Lesson 2
Massive Open Online Course

Massive Open Online Courses

“A model for delivering learning content online to any person who wants to take a course with no limit on attendance.”
– EDUCAUSE

EDUCAUSE
a non-profit association and community of IT leaders and professionals

● A Massive Open Online Course or MOOC is an interactive model for delivering content to interested users
online.
 ● To enroll in a MOOC, you must first register before joining a class. Most MOOCs are free, while others charge
a fee. You can scroll through different topics ranging from areas of personal interests or several disciplines
such as engineering, languages, mathematics, business management, and computer science, among others.

Massive. This means that many people are welcome to join

MOOCs. The course does not have a limit on the number of learners who wish to join as long as they register before
the given deadline or before the start of the courses. For example, a MOOC about “English Language Teaching:
Trends and Strategies” offered by a certain university have thousands of users from different parts of the world.

Open. This means anyone can join MOOCs regardless of academic achievement, industry experience, or any other
factors. As long as you can understand the medium of instruction, you can join one.

Online. This means you are required to have a good internet

connection to access a MOOC. You can also collaborate with other learners through online discussion boards or build
an electronic portfolio (or e-portfolio) to share resources. Videos and documents are also posted online.

Courses. This refers to the various disciplines or subjects available. Content providers offer a list of courses
depending on your interest. You can enroll in any class from “Basics of Cost Accounting” to “Programming
Languages.”

Companies and Websites for MOOC are:

-Coursera
-Udacity
-Udemy
-edX

According to tech writer Justin Reich, MOOCs are open in two respects (Vollmer, 2012):
● Open enrolment to students outside a hosting university (as in “open registration”); or
● The materials of the course were licensed using Creative Commons licenses so their materials could be
remixed and reused by others (as in “open license”).

MOOCs are utilized primarily by education institutions and so are Open Educational Resources (OER). OERs
are “teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under
an intellectual property license that permits their free use and repurposing by others (Hewlett as cited in
Vollmer, 2012).” The openness of OERs means that they must be “available at no cost” and “can be legally
repurposed by everyone”. Later versions of MOOCs have restricted their openness by allowing only open
enrollment but no open licenses.

Universities such as Stanford, Harvard, and Princeton tie up with non-profit and commercial providers like
edX, Coursera, and NovoEd. MOOCs are not limited to the education industry because other institutional
partners such as Google, Microsoft, and World Health Organization (WHO) also provide such services.
Additionally, the textbook publishing industry is not limited to printing books nowadays. They are also investing
in softwares that turns textbooks into MOOCs.

Advantages of MOOC in Education (Forbes.com)

1. Scalability
- Usually, a single classroom accepts a maximum of 45 students in one class. If a teacher or instructor uses a
MOOC, he/she can allow a larger number of students to join the class, including those who are not enrolled in
schools yet. It may also be available to the public as long as they sign up accordingly.
2. Optimal Resource Utilization
- Our teacher may a famous business tycoon for your ABM class, or a known literati for your HUMSS class.
With MOOC, you have the opportunity to be taught by famous personalities and respected educators known
in their industry.
3. Self-paced
- Learning in the MOOCs depend on the learner’s response, not all students learn the same way at the same
time. However, there are other MOOCs that are also instructor-paced which means courses run through a
specified schedule. Be sure that you read up on the MOOCs schedule before signing up for a class.
4. Removal Of Other Constraints
- Some people cannot go to learning institutions because of their busy work schedule so they opt to join
MOOCs. Some cannot afford the hefty tuition offered by universities for continuing professional development,
so enrolling in a MOOC is the more affordable alternative. Additionally, you will have the opportunity to link or
connect with other instructors and learners around the globe to share ideas and resources.

Video Presentation
MOOCs and Beyond (2013), EDUCAUSE SPRINT 2013,
YouTube Channel: educause, retrieved February 7, 2016 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XGMrzQ7 YOfI

CURRENT TRENDS OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

1. Haptic technology requires realistic visual touching to perform a specific function.

Examples:
● Vibration of your cell phone when someone is calling you.
● the use of ultrasound by gynecologists for pregnant women.
○ Sound waves help visualize the baby inside the mother’s womb.
● Morse code modulated haptics enable the deaf-blind to access the web.
○ Recent smartphone technology already removed the physical buttons because of the built-in haptic
feedback.

2. Contextual awareness refers to a device system's ability to collect information based on the user's environment
combined with algorithmic preferences.
Examples:
● Some people use navigation apps like Waze to find directions for a specific location.
● Smartphones also have a feature where a user enters only a few
● letters, and an accurate contact selection is flashed on-screen.
○ In addition to these, it follows the user's locations and travels, and notifies him/her of his/her upcoming
appointments.
● When you watch videos from online streaming websites or apps like Youtube or Netflix, video suggestions and
channel preferences are then presented based on the previous videos you watched.

3. Voice and tone recognition is the ability of devices to identify a particular person.
Example:
● Speech recognition only detects spoken words. This feature is helpful for biometrics and security purposes.
Some banks already offer voice ID authentication services. However, stronger measures must be done to
protect one’s identity because voice recognition security may still be breached.

4. Intelligent routing to devices collects information on a certain location, particularly about an issue.
Example:
● Drivers using navigation apps can take a photo of a specific area to warn other drivers about a road block, a
police officer in sight, or a road accident. In turn, other drivers with the same app can be notified with these
reports.

5. Eye tracking technology measures eye activity.

● Applications of such technology are evident in the medical, marketing, and
education industry.
Examples:
● Tobii Pro Glasses are used for research to assess visual reading strategies, and understand human behavior.
● Billboards can also install eye-tracking devices to measure its effectiveness.
6. Internet glasses are wearable computer glasses that can display information similar to a smartphone.
Examples:
● Google Glass and Oculus Rift
● Other wearable devices provide a virtual reality experience for gaming, medical training, or watching
videos.
● Most wearable models are also capable of tracking physical fitness activities, taking calls, sending messages,
and presenting calendar events.

Lesson 3
WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY

WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY
● Other term: wearable devices or wearables
● “Wearable Technology speaks of electronic technologies or computers that are incorporated into items or
clothing and accessories which can comfortably be worn on the body”

Examples:
● Google Glass
● iPhone watch
● Fitbit Charge 2 “fitness wristband”
● HTC Vive VR Headset “virtual reality”
● Microsoft HoloLens “augmented reality”
● 3D Printer

Characteristics of Wearable Technologies are:

According to Wearable Devices Magazine, the characteristics of wearables are:

1. Performing computer related tasks such as laptops and mobile phones.
2. Provide sensory and scanning features (biofeedback and tracking of physiological function)
3. Allows the wearer access to information in real time.

According to www.imagearts.ryerson.ca, there are three basic phases in 3D computer graphics creation:
1. 3D modeling - the process of forming a computer model of objects within a scene
2. Layout and animation - the motion and placement of objects within a scene
3. 3D rendering - the computer calculations that, generate the image based on light placement, surface types, and
other qualities

In a 3D environment, an artist creates an object rendered in three-dimensional space to be able to “make 3D models,
animate them, give them surface, render them all in one seamless environment… [and] export the rendered file to
different medium.” Some common uses of 3D environment are in
● three-dimensional still models,landscape to represent buildings, objects for architecture or
print
● Two-dimensional animations for film or video effects, games, broadcast, Web and
advertising;
● Three-dimensional virtual spaces
● Interactive 3D theaters

Augmented Reality, Holograms & 3D Scanning

17 Incredible 3D Printed Objects YouTube Channel: Talltanic, Published Oct. 3, 2016

Big Idea:
Trends and technologies will continue to evolve and flourish as long as humans incessantly seek to find better
ways to make life more convenient.
UNIT 9: MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY (MIL)

MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSE (MOOC)

- It is a model for delivering learning content online to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on
attendance.

Conversational Media
- It is what makes it possible for social media participants to share information through Web-based applications
designed to help them create, post and share text, pictures, audio and video.

How does media and information literacy empower the individual, the community, and the society?

Improved Quality of Life

● Doing research readings have also become very convenient, in the past, students have to get permission from
different libraries to be able to avail of books in other libraries.
● Looking for a job is easy, go to the different job sites and find which job you are qualified.
● Students use computer to encode their research papers and other schoolwork.
● Overtime work now does not mean you have to stay in the office beyond office hours, rather you can work
from home using your computer.

Greater Political Participation

● How much do you know about the political system in the Philippines?
● How does media influence us in choosing the best leaders of our country?
● How does media inform the people to choose the right people for the different positions in the government?

Better Economic Opportunities

● With the availability of modern technology and the new media information, many job opportunities are open to
qualified young people who have the skills and proficiency in English.
● Companies are able to save on the number of employees. Most transactions use the computers, so they use
less paper; filling is also done in the computer, so they use less paper; filling is also done in the computer so
less wasted space for filling cabinets because thousands of business transactions can be saved in the
computers.

Improved Learning Environment

● Most schools are equipped with computers with Internet connections. In some schools, they have an extra
room beside the library which has computers for student’s research use.
● Most homes now have desktop computers, laptops, or computer tablets with internet connections available
from cable networks and telephone companies. Also, there are computer shops available at a very low price
of 20 pesos per hour use of computers.

Media Literacy and Information Literacy

● Information Literacy, for some people, is considered as the broader field of study, with media literacy
subsumed into it, while for others, information literacy is merely a part of Media Literacy, which is seen as the
broader field.
● However, an international expert group convened by UNESCO has pointed out the distinctions, as well as
linkages, between media and other information providers.

Consider the following terminologies being used by various actors around the world:
➢ Media Literacy
➢ Computer Literacy
➢ Information Literacy
➢ Internet Literacy
➢ Library Literacy
➢ Digital Literacy
➢ News Literacy
➢ Cinema Literacy
➢ Freedom of expression and
➢ Games Literacy information literacy
➢ Television Literacy, advertising literacy