Subject Presentation

Contents :

Ordinary evaluation :

?
baeon.ly
°

• Neutrons loos
structures 5% attendance 1>-16 classes)
Elasticity
20%
specific exercises
•

20%
challenges
Barcelona
fluid
dynamics 10% tola
*

calorimetry ACIUTIES (April 1 May 10)

•

Thermal process
5090 Exams 1>-4)
•
Aastics (Midterm March 24)
( June 1)
ordinary
EXTRAORDINARY EVALUATION
↳
July )
( 14
Single Exam

statistic principles 8th Feb 2022

Mass 1m) [ kg]

↳
Quantityof matter
Intrinsic
in a
body
.

property of body that a measures its resistance

to acceleration when
force applied a is

Acceleration (a) [ m/s2]

↳ Rate at which
velocity changes with time
,
in terms
of speed and direction

F- 3¥
Force (N) [Newtons]
↳ External action that the state of motionof object Ithas
causes
change in
a an .

direction and
magnitude
F→ =
m.FR
Point of application
↳ Exact location at which applied to
a
force is a
body .
 Line
ofaction
↳ Line that
passes through the
point where the force is applied and that has the

same direction of the force .

Netforce
↳ Vector
resulting from the sum ofall theforces that act
upon
an
object .

line of action

(d =p /rho)) [kg /m3]

Density
↳
Quantity of material per unit volume

centre
of mass

↳
Imaginary point in a
body of matter where the total
weight of the body may
be
thought to be concentrated

•••••••••
• • •

}
•
•••• •••• •
=
••••••••• • • • •
•••••••••
•@•••••• • • • • •
p

High density Lou

density my

Trigonometry
→

-1¥:*
h h
o °

① On • •

/ /tangent
. a

sine cosine sino

-
-

% cosa -

Tn tana
-

'

Pythagoras theorem sin

'
② t cos -0=1

of tbh of =
a b tan
'
④ + 1 =
section

cscd ②
a

cot 20+1 =
 Trigonometry
→
g
law b
Law
of sine , of cosine 8
a
2=2 '

similar
triangles A ya
c
BC B
§ § =
'

J f
'

A
=s¥=
=

'
L A
b C '
b
'
c

Ñ ' ' '

B C ai B

a2=b2tc2
a
c
-
Ibc cosa

b2 =

c2=a2+b2
of + of -
Lac cos
@ =bJ £
,
=
,

Lab
cosy
-

2D and 3D vector space

to yn
UNIT VECTOR
y
Ñ =p, =
5ñt6j_
552+622 if Ñ =/10,0)
§ (0/1,0)
=

•
It has the
the
magnitude
same

is
direction
1
as the vector
JT%¥ >
✗ I =/0,011)
 NEWTON 'S LAWS

① First law : INERTIA

An
object at rest
stays at rest unless acted on
by an external
force .
An
object
motion travel with constant unless acted externalforce
continues
velocity by
in to on an .

F- O → a =
0 v K
j
- =

② second law : DYNAMICS

to
then the net accelerated with
force acting on a
body is not zero
,
the
body is a ratio

directly proportional to the

force and
inversely proportional to the mass .

F→ m.fr =

③ Third law : ACTION AND REACTION

to
If an object A exerts a
force FA B ,
on
object B ,
an
equal but oppositeforce Fisa
exerted
is
by object B on
object A
 GRAPHIC STATIC 11thFeb 2022

Funicular
polygon combines
descriptive
geometry
with
disciplines unique
the
-

as as

funicular isAs
,
the
graphostatists ,
the reciprocists.
It has the
ability to allow in
depth the

calculation of any structural

aspects .
The
analytical calculation has cornered it .

The
experimental and allowed to
graphicfunicular polygon project singular structure works
→

by césar Martinek Antoni

, Gaudi andJosep MariaJojo .

GRAPHIC SUM OF TWO VECTORS

Fy

Fz >

9
V
Method 1:
generateapardlelogram_ Fr
R T

✓ ☒
2 >
Method 2 :
transfervectorse
-
a
F2 R
qqq
Fh

q→Fd$ ← Fl

R
8-2
Aged
 TYPES OFACTIONS AND TYPES OF SUPPORT

4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE

I
→
GRAVITY

Main interaction on a human scale,

stability planetary motion
,
,
tides .
. .

I
→
ELECTROMAGNETISM

Linked to observable experience ,

hardness
of materials ,
chemical reactions ,
state
of matter

I
→
WEAK NUCLEAR

Linked to nuclear reactions

I
→
STRONG NUCLEAR

Responsible for the union

of protons and neutrons

UNIVERSAL GRAVITY
↳
theory ofgravity
Newton ,
with the ,
combined the motion ofthe stars with the
fall of objects on Earth
,

unifying theories from

Galileo to Kepler establishing the law of
universal
gravitation .

I = -

G.mn?z-m2- .

m3/
^^
s2
kg
-

G =
6, 67408×10 .

EARTH 'S GRAVITY

↳ The
equation ofgravity on the Earth 's surface has
very
similar values to the Earth 's mass and radius .

With small differences ,

theforce of attraction ofthe Earth is :

I =
m
g→ -

g
I
8,80665 m /S2
 TYPE OFLOADS WHAT IS AN ACTION ?

t.DE/permanent-bads
↳ Actions are
forced applied to structures
or
any of
its
components .

Weight of all the materials used in the construction of the

building .

diveloadslimposedloadsltransienttoads-3.LI#s
2.
to
↳ Produced and
by occupancy of building May be variable
the use a .

wind and snow .

Water and earth

pressure .
Thermal actions
4. Liveloads/accidentd_
A
seismic loads .
Other accidental actions

DISTRIBUTED LOAD IN 2D

toad load
Rectangular load Triangular Trapezoidal
R= Nod 12=12 v02 12=00,2+12 (woz -

no e)L

74379,4¥
i↳ɵµw
'

" ,
'

*☒Ñ
I

DID
'
,

i.
'

:-c i. ←

load
Rectangular Triangular load

V02 V01

µ
Fagg Hd
R= Fy + Fz
-

*
g,

HATE =
•
www.bbbb
awkward
:
i-

Trapezoidal load Resolution

of trapezoidal load
and
into
rectangular triangular toads .

LOAD PATH

The load
path is a
depiction of how the loadgets transferred between the connected members

of a structure .
In
general terms ,
the
sequence of analysis starts
from the highestpoint of the

building accumulatingforces all the

way
doon to the
foundations .
 TYPES OF ACTIONS AND TYPES OF SUPPORTS (A)

SUPPORTS

An
especially delicate point when analyzing a structure is to understand the
way
loads are transferred

the
ground .

2D SUPPORTS

Depending capacity of support against categorized types

the action be 3
response they
on a an can in :
,

1. with one unknown

2. with two unknowns

3. with three unknowns

the unknowns are related to restrictions

of movement (degrees offreedom) by the
support .
The
fact that

it restrict movement does not itwill do it

can a mean
always .

① With one unknown :

rope, cable the unknown co linear

force
→ is
spring
or a

smooth
surface rolling support force orthogonal supportplane
or → The unknown is a to the .

② with two unknowns :

Rufous surface or
pinned support (tooforces)

③ with three unknowns

Fix
support ( twoforces and one moment )

MOMENT OF ONE FORCE

It is the
ability of a
force to cause a rotation .

It is associated with the

effect caused on a
body by a
pairof equal parallelforces
and
,
but not colinear .
?⃝
?⃝
MOMENT OF ONE FORCE IN 2D

Analytically ,
it is the vector
product between one
position vector and oneforce vector

M→=a→×b→ Max

171=181 181 . -

sin ①
a
b
laxbl
☒I =
a -

bz-az.by
,
a
>

CALCULATION OF MOMENTS IN 2D

the result of the 0A and AB ?

What is cross
product between the vectors

PB/
16)
n

•
A /4,21

5
010,0)

Vector 15,3 ) kN passes through point 12 3) m Calculates the

resulting product
the , . vector

with respect to the point f- 1 1) m

-

, .

I J I
µ→=P F→ ✗
rz r3

Ji ta

CALCULATION OF MOMENTS IN 3D

Calculate the cross

product of theforce vector /Lit 3k) kN with
respect to the position vector 13,401m
 EQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY 1stMarch 2022

\ \
A

not move
body to be the
equilibrium it must
For a in ,

or rotate .

Therefore ,
the
following conditions must be met:
must be
In 2D 3
, equations
sum
offorces equal to completed to balance :
•

is zero ensure

of moments ✓ µ
•
Sum is zero

IF 0 [ F-g--0 EM2--0
[ F- 0 EM
↳
= =
0

In 3D , 6
equations must be

completed to ensure balance :

EF×=0 Efg -0 EFz=0

EM 0
EMy=O &Mz=0

→
When can't balance conditions be determined ?

I If there are more

equations than unknowns ,
we are
facing a mechanism .
It's not
really
a static issue .

É±É i÷E
µ
A
→ B

II sometimes there is a lack of supports .

In this case , the problem becomes a mechanism

If there are more unknowns than

equations ,
we are
facing problem
a with
redundontsupportI.be need

to
study its deformations

✓ 2D PROBLEM * → the beam is in balance .

Determine the
angled
have 2 nails and 3 holes to
We
fix a
piece the disc of 20N is attached to the wall
by a cable and

of wood to a Workbench .
The rotation
of the drill a
joint .

Determine the reactions .

Which too holes hold

causes a
torque of 12 KNM

the wood best if I have to make

.

a hole in it
?
↳ Determine the reactions caused
by the mass
of 70kg att .

What
force is applied to the nails
?
What are the reactions at A and B
?

÷§¥¥II ÷
?⃝
TRUSSES .
'
BARS AND PINNEDJOINTS STRUCTURES 10thMar2022

Why?
Trusses -

Another
problem has

easy problem
Walls have
usually been an to solve .

been
solving the horizontalplane
compression , and technologies from
work
they in

to protect the inhabitants .

different times have found many ways to solve them .

If no arches are made /expensive and complex) ,

roofs are solved with elements that work under

Wood, steel and
reinforced concrete are the
the effect of bending moments Few materials allow it
. .

materials that have withstand

the
ability to

bending .

Transformed wood /laminated wood)

To solve some situations without
allows its natural state it has
currently
having intermediate columns ,
an
ingenious
the limitation of its
length .

solution was
found joining several wooden
,

elements .
The truss is born .

THE DEVELOPMENT OFTRUSSES

The
development of trusses did not occur in
buildings .

It was the United States of America

expansion of railroads in
Europe and the .
The traditional
way
to cover
big spans
was with
bridges working in
compression ,
but the material cost was
extraordinary

The limited
slope of railroads is .

Currently ,
the maximum is 60%0
,
the TGV has a limit
of 15%0 .

A zipper the other hand can 15%

go up
, on .

Those earthworks In addition

forces very costly .

,
a
bridge works in
compression ,
requires
much more

weight than the

approach with trusses ,
always
made a- th
lighter materials .
 CALCULATING TRUSS

very effective way

It is and
principles triangulation pinnedjoints
→
It has two
a to cover
large spans in 2D .
:

Triangles
not
deformed! cannot be
folded
'

they
•
are
,
.

Pinned well but do not prevent

joints transmit the
forces they
rotation
•

FIRST

resolved without
A truss is
rigid solid .
Its balance can be

constituent
considering its
parts .

SECOND

A
novelty appears .
There are inner
forces .

forces
these also follow

Newton's laws .
The bars that are
partof the truss can be
analysed
as elements that are also in balance .

THIRD

the bars do not transmit loads outside the nodes ()

*
.
This

makes work either

them
only in tension or
compression .

(*) except those thatsupport the deck

=

FOURTH

the
pinned joint prevent displacement in the

directions of the plane ,

but do not
prevent rotation .

solved with
This is
triangulations .

↳
there are TWO METHODS
for solving the inner
forces of a truss :

①JOINTS METHOD .

It allows determine It's

mechanically
all the
to inner
forces .

repetitive .

④ SECTION 'S METHOD

It allows without
you
to calculate the specific force of a bar
having
to determine all
of them .

It is more
surgical.
 60kW 80 KN
METHOD OF SECTIONS
b b
A B D F
n 1) section the truss by cutting the bar that we

% ¥8
want to Get atmost
analyze .
3 bars

D I 2) Now we
keep one
half ofthe truss with its

66,7 KN 73,3 KN

forces and reactions

y6OKN
.

→
FBD

☒
^
¥ 3) Draw the internal
forces ofthe bars that
iii.
(unknowns)
- -
_→-
FCE
- -
we are
cutting
66,7 KN
4) Apply equations to the
system 8M-0

tg 20° -1%
d- 20° 10m 3,69m
Ag
= → -

✗ =

TRUSSES (CONT) .
11thMar 2022

2D PROBLEM

10kW, determine the axial

1. F is
forces in the bars

B- - - - - - - - - - - -

n
-
- -

ti
-

'

•¥
A

¥HÉ-☒
- - - - -

-10kW
f-

' ,
* now

: : :

VA
¥÷K-" Vc

& Fv =
0 At

|VA+VcÉN=# ①
8 Me -0 Fd -

+
VA ✗ 4m + AOKN✗ him -0

✓a =
h9¥m_ = -

so KN W
B

①
Using VA in :

10kW +
Vc -10kW
=
0 A
C
D

↳AOKN 420kW AOKN

Vc
=
20kW 9
 15thMar 2022
ELASTICITYI. STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS

HISTORY OF ELASTICITY

The
first scientific writing fromGalileogalilei is .

'

Mathematical Discourses and Demonstrations

'

on Two Neo Sciences

These are
reflections on the cause
of the consistencyof solids and the
strength of materials .

In the
pre
-

scientific stage ,
the tools were
geometry , scale , and
proportion .

(
→
If theprinciple of action
how does matter
oppose a
force 7
and reaction exists

;)
solid
Any changes its
shape when a mechanical
force is
applied to it .
The
change
occurs when the solid counteracts the load .

→ The
relationship betweenforce and stress ,
and relative
deformation

§ =D ✗Ix
P
g-

← " "

top
"

Titania.ae
→

→ The
relationship betoeen stress and strain
8- FIA=
§ =D ✗/✗
P P
- g-

☒☒→ÉÉ .
←
"
I Y
'

arena *• '

iniaae :
II
Dad p
→
a
-
p

E- G- =
ELASTICITY

↳ FOUR PHASES

⑦ Elastic
deformation
↳ when the stress is
stopped the material acquires
,
its
original shape .

i
Plastic deformation
↳ does not recover the initial
geometry when stresses are not
it
acting anymore
on

creep period
↳ when the deformations are evident

Break

↳ the material
yields

ELASTIC LIMIT
indicative values
of d) 0

Acer 250
Mpa
Aluminium ^^° MM
(wood in the direction
of the fibers) /1Mpa =
1MN /m2 =
AN/mm 2)
Pine tree 7- Mpa

Oak 10.5 Mpa

* PROBLEM

'
An 8m
long
cable and a 4m steel cable both with section
of 62.5
-

mm are
copper ,
a cross ,

held at end and a Calculate the absolute and relative

one
50kg mass is
hanging from them .

variation
of each cable .

F- = 2 1✗
.
107N/em 2
acer

2
F-co =
12 .
✗ 107 N/am
 ELASTICITY 11 STRESS AND DEFORMATIONS
.

ELASTICITY

↳ subjected deformed When the

forces tend
Materials to a
force are .

stop acting ,
they
to recover the initial
geometry (a spring ) .

PLASTICITY

↳ to retain
deformations forces ceased to act / )
The
ability once the are a mastic .

HISTORY OF ELASTICITY

Augustin Louis 11789 ) stated the relationship force and stress

Cauchy 1857 between
-

and relative
deformation .

P
-

8 =
Ax ✗ / ←
↳
i
ngitud inia.ae
§ P

SHEAR

→ ItIs possible to do a
relationship between
c- = V1A
longitudinal and transversal )
(shear stress .

→
In the establish
way you
same can

E- ☐ ✗ 1h ① ②
tg
- = =

a
relationship of the deformationby shear

→ And establish a shear module ,

G =

similar to the module

Young
 BUCKLING DEFORMATION

Leonhardt (1707-1783) stated that a

relatively long
and thin
longitudinal
element subjected to compression can be
warpedfor buckling .

It
depends four parameters
on :

→ The
Young Module (Material)

→ The moment of interior (transversalgeometry)

The
square of length
→

→ the conditions of subjection

(b)
War (c)
NCR
"
H☒☒☒☒☒
With
.

÷
•
n

I. ••
V
"
÷
111111111111111111111111111111111111111 111111111111111111111111111111111k
"

Ap
. ,

Ap
"→"
"→j!=<

4-TLE.ir
Nerc 22 Nor <
a Nora

ELASTICITY
⇐£ = STRESS
200 kN
that are not ☒
•
Elastic →
deformations permanent -

J= ¥ to
) that will bepermanent b
• Plastic →
part ofit
deformations (
w b W A

POISSON 'S COEFFICIENT E- ¥

N
r
n =
1¥
AHHH
-

*
e =
:L
☐ LT → - -
- -
L

%k ELON ETRANSV
= -

G. V .

.
AN r Poisson 's coefficient (constant ofmaterial)
=

s
EXERCISE

A 40×40 cm column with 8020mm steel bars is loaded with 1000kV in

compression .

Length column -2m

-

1) Axial
force in steel and concrete
1000kW

÷%¥÷:
• ••

•
• •

40cm

µ 1000 KN

SMEAR

/ transversal (shear) stress

F- V A
relationship longitudinal and
→
between

E 1h
A-
tg 0=0 relationship of deformation by shear
= =
✗ → the

¥ shear module , similar to the

Young
G
=
→ module

tg 0--0 ?
DEGREE RADIANT5
Ago
0 5731
. 0 01
.
0.010000333

1. 1459 0.02 0.020002667

1. 7189 0.03 0 .
030005003

2. 8648 0.05 0 .
050041708

5. 7296 0 10
.
/ 0 .
100334672

11 .
4592 0 20 . 0 .
202710035

Nor < ÑLE Nor <

hiñ%E-I_ µ, , <
ñ2.F
4. 22

/ m2
2
05 12 kN / cm F-
=
70000 MN

02
=
20 kN / cm 2 u
=
1/3
 ◦
=
F/A 8--6×4
£
"
E- 8- =÷÷¥
←

%Ed.a.a.ae P
↑sn
er

g=§ˢ×=8=
8x

DX
=

11.78mm
"
↓sa
0.118mm
=
D. r

↑ E- VIA
Ig

E-
-

ax / h=tg①=⊕

G-
-

¥
↓N

IT ? -4 .

/ 4 '

1T£ -
E. .
/ 1T£ I
-
- I

Nor <
42 No,
<
22 No,
<
4. 22

0×= 12kW / cm2

82=20 kN / cm2

E. 70000 MN /m2
=

0
=
1/3
 THERMAL EXPANSIONS AND COMPATIBILITY OF DEFORMATION

I Thermal expansions

A
body
increases its
length when its temperature increases .
An emption is water
,

1its
density)
its volume minimal at 4°C when it
is maximum , approaches the

phase change .

The increase in
length of a material responds to the
expression
:

L = 22 IT
1- AT [°K]=
to ↳ temperature

↳
increase in

[m] initial
DL=
length
=
increase

in
length
✗[110K]

coefficient of thermal
for each
expansion Different
.

material .
It is not linear
in all
temperature ranges
but moderate environments
for
it is
acceptable to consider
it with a constant value .

✗ [ 10-6 .

A 10K ] MATERIAL

5 brick steel and concrete have

12 steel a similar
coefficient of thermal
12 concrete expansion
and
therefore enable

23 aluminium its
compatibility (reinforced concrete

particularity of
thermal
the dilatations is that its effect is

similar to mechanical deformations .

DEFORMATION COMPATIBILITY PROBLEM

I A brick roof receives the summer solar radiation ,

so that its temperature increases 40°C with

respect to the

temperature of the building .

I we will
analyze
what happens with a
strip of
width relation to the
one meter in
,
in
surrounding
railing ,
which
keeps the cover
confined.

DATA :

length 25cm
=

°
✗ A 10K
-

= 5 so.
.

thickness =
5cm

F- =
5 GN / m2
thermal 400K
gradient
=

How much the

roof increases its
length ?

2 = ✗ L . -
AT = 5 .
10-6 ÷k .

25 .

103 mm .

400K

{ Regardless ofthe magnitude ,

L = 5mm
!
railings lengthening}
the its
are
opposing to

5mm 10 05 .

1) m2 .
5 .
10° kN /m2
☐ʰI
.

→
.

DL =
f = =
UPDATED CALENDAR
 MEAT TRANSFER

The
transfer of beat between materials is a thermal process . At the zero
principle of thermodynamics ,

the bodies tend to transmit temperatures

energy
to
equalize their .

this can happen in three

ways
:

CONDUCTION

CONVECTION

RADIATION

simultaneously often
The transmission is in three but the
ways ,
one is main one .

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

transmitted
Energy
is
through the interaction
of atoms and molecules .

At
higher temperature ,
they present a
greater vibration , a
greater state
of thermal excitation ,

and this transmitted

is to atoms and
adjacent molecules .

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION

It is the movement material

transportation of energy due to the
of a mass
from a .

important but difficult to calculate with formulation Moreover, it is

easily influencedby externalfactors
It is a .
.

HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION

It is the
transport of energy through electromagnetic waves
,
due to the
difference in
temperature

and the environment

between a
body surrounding .

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION

Energy is transmitted
through the interaction of atoms and molecules .

At
higher temperature they present greater vibration greater state of thermal
,
a
,
a

excitation , and this is transmitted to atoms and

 ARCHITECTONIC ACUSTICS 1

Acoustics is the
part ofphysics that studies theproduction ,
propagation and reception ofsound -

environmental acustics musical acustics architectural acvstics

It
encompasses , ,
electroacoustics , psychoacoustics ,
.
.
.

Despitefinding their origin in

Greek sages such as
Pythagoras and Aristotle and despite
,
the
writings
of acrostic criteria in Vitruvius ,
the real scientific development is

relatively
late ,
Rayleigh (theoryof
sound, 1877) and /Fogg Art )
especially Sabine Museum ,
1888 ,
and Boston 's
symphony hall ,
1500

sound is acoustic sensation caused mechanical vibration that

The an
by
a
propagates through on

elastic medium .

Unlike
light ,
it cannot be
propagated in a vacuum .

This vibration is transmitted to our ear

by slight variations
ofpressure with
respect to the
atmospheric

1atm 101,325Pa)
pressure I
=

ability
The
 FLUIDS
/static offluids)

I Initial
concepts

↓
BULK MODULUS

Liquid and solids are considered

incompressible when compared togases .

In
reality ,
a
body submerged in a
fluid experiences a volume decrease .

B. =
-5T¥ [Pa]
PRESSURE OF A FLUID

When a
body is
submerged in
fluid
a ,
it exerts a
perpendicularforce on the
surface
of the body at each point on the
surface .

P = %[spa 1%] =

760mm
equivalences 1atm
My
101
, 325
kPa
= =
:

PASCAL PRINCIPLES

A
change ofpressure applied
to a
liquid closed
transmitted
in a container is
equally to all the points
of thefluid ofthe
Fat Fn÷
, and all the walls container . =

An application of the principle of Pascal

is the
hydraulic elevator and other
hydraulicsystems
*
.

"

É
FLUID PRESSURE

÷
the
pressure in a
fluid intuitively increases

to Newton 's laws

with
depth .
This
responds .
 FLUIDS
(
Dynamics offluids )

I Pressure
of fluid
a # Fluid
pressure

p= %[1Pa -1%2] -

P -

Po p Abg
-
=
0

II Pascalprinciples II Archimedes
principle

t FA% =
W
a
parent
=
W W
-

fluid

DYNAMICS OF FLUIDS

↓
The movement is not turbulent (the
flow is laminating)
↓
(does not have rubbing)
The
fluid is not vicious
↓
The
fluid / )
incompressible Density
is is constant

→
Definition offlowrate :

DV1 =
A1 '

✗1
=
A1 V1 ' -

V2 A2 v2 At
=
D DX2=1-2
- - '

☐ V1 =

☐ V2 =
A1 V1 At A2
-
- = '

V2
-

At

A1
-

V1
=
A2 '

V2
= Iv =
A '

continuity equation : Iv =
A -