Fazaia College of Education For Women

Submitted by: Neha Iqbal , Hafsa Butt & Sunaina Saman

Submitted to: Ma’am Mehak

Project: Linear Transformation

Subject: Linear Algebra

Session: Fall 2020-2024

Date of submission: June ,2022

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 Linear Transformation

Introduction to Linear Transformation:

Linear transformations are the functions sending linear combinations to linear
combinations (preserving coefficients). That is, a function is called linear when it
preserves linear combinations.  Linear transformations are transformations that
satisfy a particular property around addition and scalar multiplication. Linear
Transformation also written in the form of matrix.
Definition: Let U and V be two vector spaces over the same field F and let
T: U → V be a function
Then T is called a linear Transformation of the following conditions are satisfied:

(a):T(ku) = kT(u)……(1)
(b): T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)…….(2)

Matrix Transformations:
we will introduce a special class of functions that arise from matrix multiplication.
Such functions, called “Matrix Transformations,” are fundamental in the study of
linear algebra and have important applications in physics, engineering, social
sciences, and various branches of mathematics.
DEFINITION: If f is a function with domain Rn and codomain R m, then we say
that f is a transformation from Rn to Rm or that f maps from Rn to Rm.
we denote this by writing f : R n→Rm In the special case where m = n, a
transformation is sometimes called an operator on Rn.

THEOREM 1.8.2
T : Rn→ Rm is a matrix transformation if and only if the following
relationships hold for all vectors u and v in Rn and for every scalar k:

(i) T (u + v) = T (u) + T (v) [Additivity property]

(ii) T (k u) = k T (u) [Homogeneity property]

Proof:
If T is a matrix transformation, then properties (i) and (ii) follow respectively from
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parts (c) and (b) of Theorem 1.8.1.
Conversely, assume that properties (i) and (ii) hold. We must show that there exists
an m × n matrix A such that:
T (x) = Ax … (10)

TA (k1u1 + k2u2 +···+ krur) = k1TA(u1) + k2TA(u2) +···+ krTA (ur)………. (10)

for every vector x in Rn. Recall that the derivation of Formula (10) used only the
additivity and homogeneity properties of TA. Since we are assuming that T has
those properties, it must be true that:

T (k1u1 + k2u2 +···+ kr ur) = k1T (u1) + k2T (u2) +···+ krT (u r) …………… (12)

for all scalars k1, k2,... ,kr and all vectors u1, u2,..., ur in Rn.

Let A be the matrix A = [T (e1) | T (e2) |···| T (en)]………… (13)

where e1, e2,... , en are the standard basis vectors for Rn.
It follows from Theorem 1.3.1 that Ax is a linear combination of the columns of A
in which the successive coefficients are the entries x1, x2,...,xn of x. That is,

Ax = x1T (e1) + x2T (e2) +···+ xnT (en) Using Formula-------- (10)

we can rewrite this as Ax = T (x1e1 + x2e2 +···+ xnen) = T (x)

which completes the proof. The additivity and homogeneity properties in Theorem
1.8.2 are called linearity conditions, and a transformation that satisfies these
conditions is called a linear transformation.

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EXAMPLE: A Matrix Transformation from R3 to R2

The transformation from R3 to R2 defined by the equations:

Here we have two equations: w1=3x1-4x2+9x
W2=5x1 + 5x2 − 3x2

T (x1, x2, x3) = 3x1-4x2+9x , 5x1 + 5x2 − 3x2

SOLUTION:
Now we use these equations and find a transformation matrix from R3 to R2
T (x1, x2, x3) = 3x1-4x2+9x , 5x1 + 5x2 − 3x2

Now we put the values of x1 and x2 ,x3 from equations

T (1,0,0) = (3,5) R3
= 3(1,0) + 5(0,1)
= (3,5) T (x1, x2, x3) = T (1,0,0)
T (x1, x2, x3) = T (0,1,0)
T (0,1,0) = (-4, 5) T (x1, x2, x3) = T (0,0,1)
=-4(1,0) + 5(0,1)
= (-4,5)
R2
T (0,0,1) = (9 , -3)
= T (1,0)
=9(1,0) -3(0,1)
= T (0,1)
= (9 , -3)

[ ]
❑

Linear transformation in matrix form ¿ 3−4 9

5 5−3

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Composition Of Matrix Transformation

DEFINITION : If T1: U →V and T2: V →We are linear transformations, then the
composition of T2 with T1, denoted by T2 ◦ T1 (which is read “T2 circle T1”), is the
function defined by the formula:

(T2 ◦ T1) (u) = T2(T1(u))

where u is a vector in U.

THEOREM 8.2.3
Proof:
If T1: U →V and T2: V →W are linear transformations, then (T2 ◦ T1): U →W is
also a linear transformation. Proof If u and v are vectors in U and c is a scalar, then
it follows from (1) and the linearity of T1 and T2 that
(T2 ◦ T1)(u + v) = T2(T1(u + v))
= T2(T1(u) + T1(v))
= T2(T1(u)) + T2(T1(v))
= (T2 ◦ T1)(u) + (T2 ◦ T1)(v)
And
(T2 ◦ T1)(cu) = T2(T1(cu))
= T2(cT1(u))
= cT2(T1(u))
= c(T2 ◦ T1)(u)

Thus, T2 ◦ T1 satisfies the two requirements of a linear transformation.

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EXAMPLE: Prove that the composition S ◦ T is a linear transformation.
Is the composition of linear transformations a linear transformation? If so, what is
its matrix?
Let R2 T→ R 3 and R3→s R 2 be two linear What is its source vector space? What is its
target vector space?

SOLUTION:
We need to check that S ◦T respect addition and also scalar multiplication and
Prove that the composition S ◦ T is a linear transformation.
Here the first condition of linear matrix composition:
(T2 ◦ T1) (u + v) = (T2 ◦ T1)(u) + (T2 ◦ T1)(v)-----------(1)
First, note for any x , y ∈ R 2 , we have:
S ◦ T (x + y)= S(T(x + y))
= S(T(x)) + S(T(y))
= S ◦ T(x) + S ◦ T(y)
S ◦ T (x + y) = S ◦ T(x) + S ◦ T(y) Hence proved that:
L.H.S=R.H.S

First condition is satisfied, S◦T is linear it is linear transformation.

The second condition for scalar multiplication is:

(T2 ◦ T1)(cu) = c(T2 ◦ T1)(u)----------(2)

Here, the second and third equal signs come from the linearity of T and S,
respectively. Note that for any x ∈ R 2 and any scalar k, we have
S ◦ T(k x) = S(T(k x))
= S(k T(x))

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 = k S(T(x))
= k S ◦ T(x)
S ◦ T(k x) = k S ◦ T(x) ) Hence proved that:
L.H.S=R.H.S
S ◦ T also respects scalar multiplication. The second and third equal signs again are
justified by the linearity of T and S, respectively. So S ◦T respects both addition
and scalar multiplication are satisfied , so it is linear.

EXAMPLE : Composition of Linear Transformations

SOLUTION:
Let T1: P1 →P2 and T2: P2 →P2 be the linear transformations given by the
formulas
T1(p(x)) = x p(x) and T2(p(x)) = P (2x + 4)

Then the composition (T2 ◦ T1): P1 →P2 is given by the formula.

According to the given condition no 1:
(T2 ◦ T1) (u) = T2(T1(u)) --------(1)
Now put the values in this condition for satisfying it is composition of linear
transformation or not;
Let (P(x)) instead of (u)

(T2 ◦ T1) (p(x)) = T2(T1(p(x)))

= T2(xp(x))
= (2x + 4) p (2x + 4)
This condition is satisfied (T2 ◦ T1) (p(x)) = (2x + 4) p (2x + 4) .
L.H.S = R.H.S
According to the given condition no 2:

(T2 ◦ T1) (cu) = cT2(T1(u)) = c (T2 ◦ T1)(u)-----------(2)

put the values in this condition for satisfying it is composition of linear

transformation ,if both conditions are satisfied then it is composition of linear

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transformation:
In particular, if p(x) = c0 + c1x, then
(T2 ◦ T1) (p(x)) = (T2 ◦ T1)(c0 + c1x)
= (2x + 4)(c0 + c1(2x + 4))
= c0(2x + 4) + c1(2x + 4)2
(T2 ◦ T1) (p(x)) = c0(2x + 4) + c1(2x + 4)2 L.H.S=R.H.S
Both conditions are satisfied it is composition of linear matrix.

General Linear Transformation:

A Linear Transformation, also known as a linear map, is a “mapping of a
function between two modules that preserves the operations of addition and
scalar multiplication”.
OR
In short, it is the transformation of a function T from the vector space.

EXAMPLE: A Linear Transformation from Pn to Pn+1

Let p = p(x) = c0 + c1x +···+ cnxn be a polynomial in Pn, and define the
transformation T : Pn →Pn+1 by T(p) = T(p(x)) = x p (x) = c0x + c1x2 +···+ cnxn+1

SOLUTION:
T(p) = T(p(x)) = x p (x) = c0x + c1x2 +···+ cnxn+1

Firstly ,we will check the first condition:

T(ku) = kT(u)……(1)

This transformation is linear because for any scalar k and any polynomials P1 and
P2 in Pn we have

T(kP) = T(kP(x))

= x(kP(x)

= k(xP(x)

= k T(p)

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 T(kP) = k T(p) L.H. S = R.H.S

Now, we will check second condition :

T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)…….(2)

If this condition is satisfied then it is a linear transformation from Pn to Pn+1

Put values in this condition and lets check it

T(P1 + P2) = T(P1(x) + P2(x))

= x(P1(x) + P2(x))
= xP1(x) + xP2(x)
= T(P1) + T(P2)

T(P1 + P2) = T(P1) + T(P2) Hence, proved that: L.H.S=R.H.S

It is Linear Transformation because both conditions are satisfied.

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EXAMPLE: Transformations on Matrix Spaces

Let Mnn be the vector space of n × n matrices. In each part determine whether the
transformation is linear.

(a) T1(A) = AT

(b)T2(A) = det(A)

Solution:

(a) T1(A) = AT

Let be check the first condition

T(ku) = kT(u)……(1)
Now put the values in this condition for check it is linear transformation or not

T1(kA) = (kA)T
= kAT
= kT1(A)

L.H.S = R.H.S
Now, we will check second condition :

T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)…….(2)

Put values in it :

T1(A + B) = (A + B)T
= AT + BT
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 = T1(A) + T1(B)

T1(A + B) = T1(A) + T1(B)

L.H. S= R.H.S

Both conditions are satisfied, so T1 is a linear transformation.

(b):T2(A) = det (A)

SOLUTION:

Let be check the first condition

T(ku) = kT(u)……(1)

Put values in it:

T2(kA) = det (kA)
= kn det (A)
= knT2(A)
Now, we will check second condition :

T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)…….(2)

det(A + B)≠ det(A) + det(B)

Thus, T2 is not homogeneous and hence not linear if n > 1. Note that
additivity also fails because we showed in Example 1 of Section 2.3 that
det(A + B) and det(A) + det(B) are not generally equal. Both conditions are
not satisfied.

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