Lec 2. Introduction To Materials Science

1
Course of Biomaterials for

Graduate Program
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science
VIỆN CÔNG NGHỆ NANO - ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP. HCM
Institute for Nanotechnology (INT)
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNUHCM)
Giảng viên Môn học: GS.TS Đặng Mậu Chiến

(dmchien@yahoo.com / dmchien@vnuhcm.edu.vn)
Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Viện Công nghệ Nano (INT) - ĐHQG TP. HCM - 37 2468 23/32 - Ext. 101/102 - www.hcmint.edu.vn
2
Course of Biomaterials for
Graduate Program
[1] William D. Callister, Jr., Material Science & [2] Dang Mau Chien, Nanomaterials: methods of
Engineering - An introduction, 8th edition, John fabrication, characterization and application,
Wiley & Son. Inc., New York, USA, 2010. Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
Publisher, 2018.
Required Textbook
Supplementary
Reading

3
C h a p t e r 1: Introduction to
Materials Science
1.1. INTRODUCTION - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Materials are probably more deep-seated in
our culture than most of us realize.
 Transportation, housing, clothing,
communication, recreation, and food
production - virtually every segment of our
everyday lives is influenced to one degree
or another by materials.
 Early civilizations have been designated
by the level of their materials development
(Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).
 The earliest humans had
access to only a very limited
number of materials that
occur naturally: stone, wood,
clay, skins, and so on
BC: Before Christ
(trước Công Nguyên)
AD: Anmo Domini (in Latin)
(sau Công Nguyên) Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán
4
Materials Science
Stone Age - When the

first humans began to live
in Europe. They used
stones as tools.

5
Materials Science
Bronze Age - In this era,

metals were used to make
hunting tools. Humans
also began to farm land.

6
Materials Science
Iron Age - Humans now used

iron to make tools, and
farmed land instead of
hunting. They lived in
communities.

7
Materials Science
Stone Age. Bronze Age. Iron Age.

We define entire epics of humanity by
the technology / MATERIAL they use.
 With time Human discovered techniques for producing materials that had
properties superior to those of the natural ones: these new materials included pottery
and various metals.
8
Materials Science
 With the knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, tens of thousands
of different materials have evolved with specialized characteristics that meet the needs
of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.
A typical
illustration of
new material
development -
GRAPHENE

9
Materials Science
 THE FOUR (4) COMPONENTS OF THE DISCIPLINE OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIP
 Materials science involves

investigating the relationships (4)
that exist between the structures
and properties of materials
• In contrast, Materials
(3)
engineering is, on the basis of
these structure-property
correlations, designing or (1)
engineering the structure of a (2)
material to produce a
predetermined set of properties
=> Philosophy: “Structure determines properties”

10
Dimension Observation S&T Fields
Equipment
 Relations with
important
science and
technology
fields [W.Kurz]

11
Materials Science
 A PRODUCT CAN BE MADE OF MANY DIFFERENT MATERIALTYPES
USE OF MATERIALS
A familiar item that is fabricated from three
different material types is the beverage
container. Beverages are marketed in:
- Aluminum (metal) cans
- Glass (ceramic) bottles
- Plastic (polymer) bottles

12
Materials Science
1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

 Previously, people divided materials into 2 groups: :
1- Metal group: metals and alloys (for example: iron, steel, aluminum, copper ...
2- Non-metals group: other materials that are not metals
 Today, with the continuous development of Materials Science, materials
are divided into 3 main groups::
1- Metal - Alloy
2- Polymer
3- Ceramic
And the fourth group is:
4- Composite: a combination of at least 2 of the 3 above-
mentioned groups
=> This is a classification based on the criterion "chemical bonding &
atomic structure" ; this classification is more accurate and modern.

13
Materials Science
 DIAGRAMS SHOWING CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
Diagram showing 4 groups of materials Diagram showing 4 groups of materials

in a triangle [L.C.Duong] in 2 circles [W.Kurz]
• In brief, Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic categories:
metals, ceramics, and polymers. In addition, there are the composites, which are
engineered combinations of two or more different materials. A brief explanation of these
material classifications and representative characteristics is offered next.
14
Materials Science
 METALS & METAL ALLOYS
• Materials in this group are
composed of one or more
metallic elements (e.g., iron,
aluminum, copper, titanium, gold,
and nickel), and often also
nonmetallic elements (e.g.,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in
relatively small amounts (The term
metal alloy refers to a metallic
substance that is composed of two or
Objects made
more elements). of metals and
• Atoms in metals and their alloys metallic alloys
are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the Familiar objects that are made of metals and metal alloys
ceramics and polymers, are (from left to right): silverware (fork and knife), scissors,
relatively dense. coins, a gear, a wedding ring, and a nut and bolt.
• These materials are relatively stiff, strong, and ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts
of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán
15
Materials Science
 CERAMICS
• Ceramics are compounds
between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are
most frequently oxides,
nitrides, and carbides. Objects made
• Common ceramic materials of ceramic
include aluminum oxide (or materials
alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide
(or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide
(SiC), silicon nitride (Si3N4).
• In addition, what some refer to
as the traditional ceramics -
those composed of clay
minerals (i.e., porcelain), as
well as cement and glass.
• Ceramics are typically very hard, Common objects that are made of ceramic materials:
have exhibited extreme brittleness scissors, a china teacup, a building brick, a floor tile,
and are highly susceptible to fracture. and a glass vase. Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán
16
Materials Science
 POLYMERS
• Polymers include the familiar plastic and

rubber materials. Many of them are organic
compounds that are chemically based on
carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic
elements (i.e., O, N, and Si).
• Furthermore, they have very large
molecular structures, often chainlike in
nature, that often have a backbone of carbon
atoms. Some of the common and familiar
polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate
(PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber.
• These materials typically have low densities,
whereas their mechanical characteristics
are generally dissimilar to the metallic and
ceramic materials - they are not as stiff nor Objects made of polymeric materials
as strong as these other material types.
Several common objects that are made of polymeric materials: plastic tableware
(spoon, fork, and knife), billiard balls, a bicycle helmet, two dice, a lawn mower
wheel (plastic hub and rubber tire), and a plastic milk carton. Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán
17
Materials Science
 COMPOSITES
• A composite is composed of two (or
more) individual materials, which
come from the categories previously
discussed - metals, ceramics, and
polymers.
• The design goal of a composite is
to achieve a combination of
properties that is not displayed by
any single material, and also to
incorporate the best characteristics
of each of the component materials.
• A large number of composite types
are represented by different Lightweight
combinations of metals, ceramics, composites for Rail
and polymers.
• Furthermore, some naturally
occurring materials are composites
- for example, wood and bone.
18
Materials Science
• One of the most common and familiar composites is

fiberglass, in which small glass fibers are embedded within
a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or polyester).
• The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also
brittle), whereas the polymer is more flexible. Thus, Tail of a radio-
fiberglass (composite) is relatively stiff, strong, and controlled
flexible. In addition, it has a low density. helicopter,
made of
• Another technologically important material is the carbon fiber - CFRP
reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite - carbon fibers that are
embedded within a polymer.
• These materials are stiffer and stronger than glass fiber -reinforced
materials, but more expensive.
• CFRP composites are used in some aircraft and aerospace
applications, as well as high-tech sporting equipment (e.g., bicycles,
golf clubs, tennis rackets, and skis/snowboards) and recently in
automobile bumpers.
• The new Boeing 787 fuselage (main body) is primarily made from
such CFRP composites.
19
Materials Science
1.3. COMPARING PROPERTIES BETWEEN MATERIAL GROUPS
 DENSITY
Atoms in metals and their

alloys are arranged in a
very orderly manner, and
in comparison to the
ceramics and polymers,
are relatively dense.
Bar chart of room-temperature density values for various metals, ceramics, polymers,
and composite materials. Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán
20
Materials Science
 STIFFNESS
With regard to
mechanical behavior,
ceramic materials are
relatively stiff -
stiffnesses are
comparable to those
of the metals.
Bar chart of room-temperature stiffness (i.e., elastic modulus) values for various
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials
21
Materials Science
 STRENGTH
With regard to mechanical

behavior, ceramic materials
are relatively strong -
strengths are comparable to
those of the metals.
Bar chart of room-temperature strength (i.e., tensile strength) values for various
metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials.
22
Materials Science
 RESISTANCE
TO FRACTURE
With regard to
mechanical Ceramics have exhibited extreme
characteristics, brittleness (lack of ductility) and are
metallic highly susceptible to fracture.
materials are
relatively stiff
and strong, yet
are ductile (i.e.,
capable of large
amounts of
deformation
without fracture),
and are resistant
to fracture, which
accounts for their Bar chart of room-temperature resistance to fracture (i.e., fracture
widespread use in toughness) for various metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite
structural materials.
applications. Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán
23
Materials Science
 ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY
Ceramic and Polymeric materials

are typically insulative to the passage
of heat and electricity (i.e., have low
electrical conductivities).
Bar chart of room-temperature electrical conductivity ranges for metals,

ceramics, polymers, and semiconducting materials.
24
Materials Science
1.4. LIFE CYCLE OF MATERIALS

 Diagram by W. KURZ
(c)
 (…) - Circles/ ovals
representing the
“state” of materials [2] [3]
 […] - Rectangles (d)
showing the “action” to (b)
change the “state” of
[4]
materials [6]
 Materials come [1]
out of the earth
and after one (a)
cycle come back [5] ? (e)
to the earth
=> Protect the earth! (f)
25
Materials Science
 Diagram by AGT
by Academic Gain Tutorials

26
Materials Science
1.5. COST AND APPLICATION AREAS OF MATERIALS [W.Kurz]
 Cost by material type,

USD/kg (~1990s): [6]
• [1]: Construction materials [5]
(steel, cement, brick ...) [4]
[3]
• [2]: Metals and alloys
[2]
• [3]: Polymers
• [4]: Ceramics & glasses [1]
• [5]: Structural composites
• [6]: Precious and rare
materials (gold, platinum ...)
=> Cost: 0.1 - 100,000 USD/kg (1990s )

27
Materials Science
 Costs by type of
manufactured products, [8]
USD/ kg (~ 1990): [7]
• [1]: Building material products [6]
• [2]: Packaging products
• [3]: Offshore constructions [5]
• [4]: Automobile industry (small [4]
car -> family car -> luxury car) [3]
• [5]: Home appliance
[2]
• [6]: Sport equipment (tennis
rackets, sports shoes...) [1]
• [7]: Aviation, Aerospace
• [8]: Biomedical products
(heart valves, contact lenses,
fake teeth …)


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1

Course of Biomaterials for

Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science

Giảng viên Môn học: GS.TS Đặng Mậu Chiến

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Stone Age - When the

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Bronze Age - In this era,

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Iron Age - Humans now used

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Stone Age. Bronze Age. Iron Age.

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

 Materials science involves

=> Philosophy: “Structure determines properties”

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

1.2. CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

 DIAGRAMS SHOWING CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Diagram showing 4 groups of materials Diagram showing 4 groups of materials

• Polymers include the familiar plastic and

• One of the most common and familiar composites is

Atoms in metals and their

With regard to mechanical

Ceramic and Polymeric materials

Bar chart of room-temperature electrical conductivity ranges for metals,

1.4. LIFE CYCLE OF MATERIALS

by Academic Gain Tutorials

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

1.5. COST AND APPLICATION AREAS OF MATERIALS [W.Kurz]

 Cost by material type,

=> Cost: 0.1 - 100,000 USD/kg (1990s )

Dr.Habil. Ñaëng Maäu Chieán

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