Name - Hemant Sharma

Roll No. - 192131

Branch - EEE
Section - A

CMPS ASSIGNMENT

1) Real time operation of power system using SCADA and WAMS

2) Communication system in smart grid

3) Role of phasor measurement unit in power systems

4) DC load flow
What is SCADA?
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. SCADA is a
system of different hardware and software elements that come together to
enable a plant or facility operator to supervise and control processes.

● SCADA for power generating stations :

Bringing an optimal solution for each process to involve in power generation
operation is flexible with advanced control structures. With the use of PLCs
and powerful bus communication links along with SCADA software and
hardware in generating stations, it supervises several operations including
protection, monitoring, and controlling. To provide reliable energy, to minimize
operational costs, and to preserve capital investment, the SCADA system is
taken as seriously in generating stations.

The highlighted functions of SCADA in power plants include:

○ Continuous monitoring of speed and frequency of electrical

machines
○ Geographical monitoring of coal delivery and water treatment
processes
○ Electricity generation operations planning
○ Control of active and reactive power
○ Boiler and turbine protection and their condition in case of thermal
plant
○ Monitoring of renewable energy farms and load dispatch planning
○ Load scheduling
○ Historical data processing of all generation related parameters
○ Supervising the status of circuit breakers, protective relays, and
other safety equipment
○ Power apparatus health monitor
○ The sequence of events recording
Balance of plant (BOP) are auxiliary systems and supporting components
needed to run the main generating unit and deliver energy. SCADA system is
also highly effective in the supervision of the Balance of Plant.

● SCADA for power transmission system:

Transmission line corresponding circuit model parameters are often in error as

compared to values measured by the SCADA system. Without a SCADA
system, these errors cause the economic dispatch to be erroneous, and
hence, lead to increased costs or incorrect billing. These errors could also
affect state estimator analysis, contingency analysis, short circuit analysis,
distance relaying, machine stability calculations, and transmission planning in
case of expansion. Therefore, SCADA integration into the transmission
system is significantly considered.

Some main functions of SCADA in electric transmission system are as

follows:

○ Re-routing services for station maintenance

○ Service restoration
○ Protective relay interface/interaction
○ Voltage regulation management
○ Load tap changer control
○ Transformer management
○ Real-time modeling
○ Automatic circuit isolation control and interactive switch control
display
○ Interface real-time single-line displays
○ On-line operation and maintenance logs
○ Automatic system diagnostics by using system-defined controller
alarms (alarm management)

Commonly SCADA systems are used when a need arises to automate

complex processes where human control is not feasible. In power system
specifically, this can include
 1. The system needs an uninterrupted power supply and a protected
environment
2. We would need to know the status of a complex power system in
real-time
3. We would need to monitor and control system that are in remote areas

The power generation, transmission and distribution sectors, supervision,

monitoring, and control are the main aspects in all these areas. Therefore, the
SCADA implementation of power system improves the overall efficiency of the
system for optimizing, supervising, and controlling the generation,
transmission & distribution systems. SCADA function in the power system
network offers greater system reliability and stability for integrated grid
operation.

Advantages of SCADA
SCADA systems are an extremely advantageous way to run and monitor
processes. They are great for small applications, such as climate control.
They can also be effectively used in large applications such as monitoring and
controlling a nuclear power plant or mass transit system.

● Optimizing performance:

SCADA systems minimize errors by accurately measuring data and increasing

the overall efficiency of the system.

● Reliability and robustness:

The specific development of SCADA is performed within a well-established

framework that enhances reliability and robustness where power requirement
is crucial.

● Maximize productivity:
The specific development of SCADA is performed within a well-established
framework that enhances reliability and robustness where power requirement
is crucial.

● Improve quality:

Analyzes and controls the quality of the produced electric energy profile using
standard SCADA functionality.

● Reduce operating and maintenance costs:

Less personnel and trips are required to monitor field gear in remote locations,
this reduces maintenance and training costs.

● Integrate with business systems:

A SCADA system can be easily integrated with the business systems, leading
to increased production and profitability.

Wide area measurement system (WAMS)

Real-time operation
Interconnected power systems are usually subdivided into different
control areas, where each area may represent one country or part of a
system for bigger countries. The transmission system operator (TSO)
is the responsible entity for the security of a single control area.
Nowadays, each area is monitored and controlled by the TSO through
an IT infrastructure, commonly known as the supervisory control and
data acquisition (SCADA). Recently, SCADA systems, however, are
replaced by wide-area measurement system (WAMS) and control due
to its superiorities.
The WAMS measures data using remote devices, which are
installed at strategic points throughout the grid, and the
information is gathered at one control center through
communication channels. This data is processed by computer
systems, and it gives the system’s operating state in real time.

Control commands, which are to be sent from the center back to the
system, are determined based on the system state. The system is
also equipped with local control devices, which helps to protect the
equipment and to provide system-wide services after specific
commands have been sent. Generally, voltage and frequency control
and the security level assessment are the main tasks so as to keep
the system in the normal state.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN SMART GRID

The smart grid is a new generation of standard power

distribution grid. The communication infrastructure is
critical for the successful operation of the modern smart
grids. The use of communication technologies ensures
the reduction of energy consumption, optimal operation
of the smart grid and coordination between all smart
grids’ components from generation to the end users.
This paper presents an overview of existing
communication technologies such as ZigBee, WLAN,
cellular communication, WiMAX, Power Line
Communication (PLC), their implementation in smart
grids, advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the
paper shows comparison of communication
infrastructure between the legacy grid and the smart
grid and smart grid communication standards. The paper
also presents research challenges and future trends in
communication systems for smart grid application.

Many technologies that are used in the smart grid are

already implemented in other areas of industry such as
sensors and wireless networks.

The smart grid uses two-way communications, digital

technologies, advanced sensing and computing
infrastructure and software abilities in order to provide
improved monitoring, protection and optimization of all
grids’ components including generation, transmission,
distribution and consumers.

The smart grid reduces greenhouse gas emissions by

application of advanced and controlled large scale
integration of renewable energy sources. This large scale
integration requires application of advanced distributed
control algorithms in order to avoid an unexpected frequency
and voltage fluctuations
Phasor Measurement Units For
Power Systems
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) provide real time synchronised
measurements in power system with better than one microsecond
synchronisation accuracy, which is obtained by Global Positioning
System (GPS) signals

As per definition of IEEE, PMU is defined as device that

produces synchronised phasor, frequency and rate of change
of frequency estimates from voltage and/or current signals
and time synchronising signal. PMUs provide real time
synchronised measurements in power system with better
than one microsecond synchronisation accuracy, which is
obtained by Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. PMUs
are situated in power system substations, and provide
measurement of time stamped positive sequence voltages
and currents of all monitored buses and feeders. Data from
various substations are collected at suitable site, and by
aligning time stamps of measurements a coherent picture of
the state power system is created. PMUs are time
synchronised, high speed measurement units that monitor
current and voltage waveforms (sinusoids) in the grid,
convert them into a phasor representation through high end
computation and securely transmit the same to centralised
server.

PMU technology provides phasor information (both magnitude and

phase angle) in real time.
Advantage of referring phase angle to global reference time is helpful in
capturing wide area snapshot of power system. Effective utilisation of
this technology is useful in mitigating blackouts and learning real time
behaviour of power system.

A phasor is a complex number that represents both the magnitude and

phase angle of the sine waves found in AC system. The waveform can
be represented by:

Where ω is the frequency of the signal in radians per second, and φ is

the phase angle in radians. xm is the peak amplitude of the signal. The
Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the input signal is (xm /√2).

Positive phase angles are measured in a counter clockwise direction

from the real axis. Since the frequency of the sinusoidal is implicit in
the phasor definition, it is clear that all phasors which are included in a
single phasor diagram must have the same frequency. Phasor
representation of the sinusoidal implies that the signal remains
stationary at all times, leading to a constant phasor representation.
These concepts must be modified when practical phasor measurements
are to be carried out when the input signals are not constant, and their
frequency may be a variable.
PMU application

● Post disturbance analysis

● Stability monitoring
● Thermal overload monitoring
● Power system restoration
● State estimation
● Real time control
● Adaptive protection

All the regional grids in India are interconnected, to

assess the power system the angular separations
over wide area are one of the key indicators. The
larger the phase angle, difference between source
and sink, greater is power flow between those
points. Greater phase angle differences imply large
stress across the interface and large stress could
move the grid closer to instability. Angular
separation provides insights into the healthiness of
synchronous interconnection. Relative phase angles
across the system at the starting time of disturbance
provide information about initial system loading
conditions.It also provides indication of how system
reacted to disturbance. In case of oscillations,
relative phase angles can be analysed to understand
the nature and shape of oscillations – and to know
how different parts of system oscillate relative to
each other.
DC Load Flow

DC power flow is a commonly used tool for contingency anal-

ysis. Recently, due to its simplicity and robustness, it also be-
comes increasingly used for the real-time dispatch and techno-
economic analysis of power systems. It is a simplification of a
full power flow looking only at active power. Aspects such as
voltage support and reactive power management are possible to
analyse. However, such simplifications cannot always be jus-
tified and sometimes lead to unrealistic results. Especially the
implementation of power flow controlling devices is not trivial
since standard DC power flow fundamentally neglects their ef-
fects. Until recently, this was not an issue as the application of
power flow controlling devices in the European grid was lim-
ited. However, with the liberalisation of European electricity
market and the introduction of large wind energy systems, the
need for real power flow control has emerged and therefore, the
use of these devices has been reconsidered. Several phase shift-
ing transformers (PST) are being installed or planned in order
to control flows. Therefore, it is important to fundamentally
re-validate the fast, but less accurate, DC power flow method.
In this paper the assumptions of DC power flow are analysed,
and its validity is assessed by comparing the results of power
flow simulations using both the DC and AC approaches.

Direct current load flow gives estimations of lines power flows

on AC power systems. Direct current load flow looks only at
active power flows and neglects reactive power flows. This
method is non-iterative and absolutely convergent but less
accurate than AC Load Flow solutions. Direct current load flow
is used wherever repetitive and fast load flow estimations are
required