DET10013 - ELECTRICAL

TECHNOLOGY
Chapter 1:
Introduction to
Electric Circuit
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Apply the concept and principles of the

related electrical circuit theorems and law to
solve DC electrical circuit using various
method and approach ( C3 , PLO 1 )
2. Construct DC circuit and measure related
electrical parameters using appropriate
electrical equipments ( P4 , PLO 5 )
3. Demonstrate ability to work in team to
complete assigned tasks within the stipulated
time frame ( A3 , PLO 9 )
 TOPIC TITLE (RTA)
CHAPTER TITLE RTA
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC 08:12
CIRCUIT
2.0 DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND 08:10
NETWORK THEOREMS
3.0 CAPACITORS AND 05:00
CAPACITANCE
4.0 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE 05:04
5.0 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, 04:04
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)

1.1 Remember standard symbols for electrical components.

1.1.1 Identify common symbols in electrical circuit diagrams.

1.2 Apply the general features of cells and batteries.

1.2.1 Show the differences between cells and batteries.
1.2.2 Show the effects of different cell connections:
a. series
b. parallel
c. series-parallel
1.2.3 Calculate the total voltage of series sources
a. with the same polarities.
b. with opposite polarities.
Standard Symbol for Electrical
Components
ground/earth
conductor /wire switch

Cell (dc supply) Battery (dc supply) AC supply

resistor inductor capacitor

V A
G

voltmeter ammeter
galvanometer
 Cell
 A single unit of a primary or secondary battery that converts chemical
energy into electric energy.
Battery
 A battery is a series of two or more connected cells, which changes
chemical energy into electrical energy.
Relationship of Cells &
Batteries

A Battery is a
combination of cells
Cell combination could
be in SERIES, PARALLEL
& SERIES-PARALLEL
Practically, a cell is also
notified as a battery.
Series Connection Cells
Series Connection Cells

Example 1.1
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit below

Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4
= 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0
= 8V
Parallel Connection Cells
Parallel Connection Cells

Example 1.2
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit below

Total e.m.f., ET = E1 = E2 = E3 = 2.0V

Series-Parallel Connection
Cells
 Series-Parallel Connection
Cells 1.3
Example
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit below

Total e.m.f. for series cells, ESeries = E1 + E2 + E3 + E4

= 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0 + 2.0
= 8V

Total e.m.f., ET = ESeries = 8V

Series Connection with same
Polarities
Example 1.4
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit below

Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2
=8+6
= 14V
Series Connection with opposite Polarities
Example 1.5
Calculate total e.m.f. of the circuit below

Total e.m.f., ET = E1 + E2
=8-6
= 2V
 SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.

i) 5V 11V 4V

B A
Answer:
ANSWER 20V

44V

ii)
44V
B A

44V
ANSWER
Answer: 44V
 SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.

iii) 4V 3V

B 2V 5V A
Answer:
ANSWER7V

6V 1V

iv)
4V 4V 4V
B A

ANSWER
Answer: 120V
30 cells
 SELF-EXERCISE
QUESTION: Calculate total e.m.f. of each cells connection as
follow.

v) 14V
B A 20 cells
14V
Answer:
ANSWER 14V

14V

5V 5V 5V

vi)
B 5V 5V 5V A

5V 5V 5V
ANSWER
Answer: 50V
10 cells
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hour)
1.3 Remember electric current and quantity of electricity.
1.3.1 State the definition of electric current.
1.3.2 State the unit of charge.
1.3.3 Indicate charge or quantity of electricity Q from Q=It.

1.4 Remember the main effects of electric current.

1.4.1 Identify the three main effects of electric current, giving practical examples of each.

1.5 Understand resistance and resistivity

1.5.1 Explain that electrical resistance depends on four factors.
1.5.2 Express that resistance R= ρI/A where ρ is the resistivity.
1.6 Understand Ohm’s Law.
1.6.1 Explain Ohm’s Law.
1.6.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Ohm’s Law

1.7 Apply Ohm’s Law in circuit.

1.7.1 Construct circuit to explain Ohm’s Law.
1.7.2 Use Ohm’s Law to find current, voltage and resistance in a circuit.
 Electric current, I
 Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)

 Equation: dq = changing of charge

I=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
dt = changing of time
I = current (ampere)
 For steady state condition: Q = charge (coulomb)
𝑄𝑄(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
I= , thus Q = It t = time (second)
𝑡𝑡(𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡)
 Electric current, I
Example 1.6
If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find the charge transferred.

Q = It = 5 x 2 x 60 = 600 C
Main Effect of Electric Circuit

1. Heat Effect - Example: soldering iron, water heater,

fuse, bulb, cookers, electric fires, furnaces, kettles,
iron

2. Magnetic Effect - Example: bells, relays, motors,

generators, transformers, telephones, lifting magnets,
car ignition

3. Chemical Effect - Example: cell and battery,

electroplating
Resistance & resistivity

 Resistance – property of a component which restricts

the flow of electric current.
 The value of resistance depends upon 4 factors:
1. Length, l
2. Cross-sectional area, A
3. resistivity, ρ
4. temparature
Resistance & resistivity
 Equation:
ρl
R= [Unit = Ω]
𝐴𝐴

R = resistance [Ω]
l = Length [m]
A = Cross-sectional area [m2]
ρ = resistivity [Ω.m]

 Resistivity is difference for different material

 Resistance & resistivity
Example 1.7
Calculate resistance of a 5m long conductor if it has cross sectional area
10𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2 and resistivity 0.3 𝑥𝑥 10−5 Ω.m

𝜌𝜌𝑙𝑙 0.3 x 10−5 x 5

Resistance, R= =
A 10 x 10−6
= 1.5Ω
Resistor (R)

 A device that is manufactured to have specific resistance.

 Used to limit current flow and reduce voltage applied to other
components.
 Basic unit is ohm (Ω)
Resistor (R)
 Different examples of resistors
 SELF-EXERCISE
i) In what time would a current of 1 A transfer a
charge of 30 C?
Answer:
ANSWER30s

ii) What would be the resistivity of 2m length

conductor wire if the resistance value is 500Ω
and the cross sectional area 0.5𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚2
ANSWER
Answer: 125µΩm
Ohm’s Law

 Ohm’s Law states that the current (I) through a

conductor between two points is directly proportional
to the potential difference or voltage (V) across the two
points, and inversely proportional to the resistance (R)
between them.

𝑉𝑉
I=
𝑅𝑅
Ohm’s Law Triangle

V = IR
𝑉𝑉
V I= 𝑅𝑅

I R 𝑉𝑉
R=
𝐼𝐼
 Simple Circuit

E = E.M.F. (Electromotive force)

- Generates from voltage

source
- Example: cells / batteries

From Ohm’s Law:

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
Current =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝐸𝐸
I=
𝑅𝑅
 Simple Circuit

V drop = Voltage drop

---------------------------
- appears when current, I flows
through resistor,R.
- Inverse polarity from E

From Ohm’s Law:

Voltage = Current x Resistance

V drop = IR
 Simple Circuit
• A complete circuit should consist of at
least 1 electricity source (battery) and 1
I load (resistor)
+
+
• A battery possess e.m.f. that produces
DC current.
E R Vd

- - • Current will only produce when the

source (battery) is connected to the load
(resistor) in close loop connection.
Source Load

• When current flows across resistor, R,

voltage drop, Vd will be produced
across R
 Simple Circuit
• A complete circuit should consist of at
least 1 electricity source (battery) and 1
I load (resistor)
+
+
• A battery possess e.m.f. that produces
DC current.
E R Vd

- - • Current will only produce when the

source (battery) is connected to the load
(resistor) in close loop connection.
Source Load

• When current flows across resistor, R,

voltage drop, Vd will be produced
across R
Simple Circuit (Example)
Example 1.8
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit
below, calculate:
i) Current, I
ii) Voltage drop across resistor 10Ω, Vdrop
I
+
+

15V 10Ω Vdrop

- -
 Simple Circuit (Example)
I
+
+

15V 10Ω Vdrop

- -

𝑉𝑉 15
i) Current, I = = = 1.5A
𝑅𝑅 10

ii) Voltage drop, 𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = IR = 1.5 x 10 = 15V

 SELF-EXERCISE
A 100 V battery is connected across a resistor and
causes a current of 5 mA to flow. Determine the
resistance of the resistor. If the voltage is now
reduced to 25 V, what will be the new value of the
current flowing?

RANSWER
= 20kΩ

I = ANSWER
1.25mA
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)
1.8 Understand series, parallel and series-parallel connections.
1.8.1 Identify a series circuit.
1.8.2 Explain the flow of current and voltage division in
the series circuit.
1.8.3 Identify a parallel circuit.
1.8.4 Explain the voltage drop and the current division in
the parallel circuit.
1.8.5 Explain the equivalent resistance in series and parallel
circuits.
1.8.6 Identify a combination of series and parallel circuit.
1.8.7 Explain the total resistance for the combination of
series and parallel circuit.
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)
1.9 Apply series, parallel and series-parallel connections to dc circuit.
1.9.1 Construct a series connection circuit
1.9.2 Calculate the flow of current and voltage division in the series
circuit.
1.9.3 Construct a parallel circuit.
1.9.4 Calculate the voltage drop and the current division in the
parallel circuit.
1.9.5 Construct a series-parallel connection circuit.
1.9.6 Calculate the equivalent resistance in series and parallel
circuits.
1.9.7 Calculate the total resistance for the combination of series and
parallel circuit.
1.9.8 Use of voltage divider in series circuit and use of current divider
in parallel circuit.
1.9.9 Solve problems related to series, parallel and combination of
series and parallel circuits.
Series Circuit
 Is formed when any number of devices are connected end-to-end so that
there is only one path for current to flow.
Series Circuit Characteristics
Series Circuit Characteristics

1. Resistances are additive

RT = R1 + R2 + R3

2. The current flows throughout the circuit is same.

I = IR1 = IR2 = IR3

3. Different resistors have their individual voltage drop

VR1 ≠ VR2 ≠ VR3

4. Total e.m.f equals to the sum of voltage drops across each

resistor
E = VR1 + VR2 + VR3
Equivalent resistance in series

RT = R1 + R2 + R3
Equ.
1

• Applicable to any means of resistors.

• Standard equation of series connection
resistors.
Equivalent resistance in series (resistors
with same value)

RT = r x n Equ.
2
r = resistance value
n = amount of resistors

• Applicable for any means of resistors with same

value.
Voltage Divider Rule

R1
VR1 = xE
R1+ R2 + R3
 Series Circuit (Example)
Example 1.9
By referring to the circuit above, calculate:
i) Total resistance of the circuit, 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
ii) Current, I
iii)Voltage drop across resistor 6Ω, 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅

4Ω 6Ω

15V 8Ω
 Series Circuit (Example)
4Ω 6Ω
i) Rtotal = 4 + 6 + 8
= 18Ω

15V 8Ω
𝐸𝐸 15
ii) I = = = 0.833A
𝑅𝑅 18

iii) VR2 = IR2 = 0.833 x 6 = 5V use VDR

or
R2 6
VR2 = xE = x 15 = 5V
R1+ R2 + R3 4+ 6 + 8
Parallel Circuit

 Is formed when two or more devices are arranged in a

circuit side by side so that current can flow through
more than one path
Parallel Circuit Characteristic
 Parallel Circuit Characteristic
1. Total resistance can be determined from:
1
RT = 1 1 1
+ +
R1 R2 R3

2. Different resistors have their individual current.

IR1 ≠ IR2 ≠ IR3

3. Same voltage acts across all parts of the circuit

E = VR1 = VR2 = VR3

4. Supplied current equals to the sum of different current flows through each resistor.
I = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
Equivalent resistance in
parallel

1
RT = 1 1 1 Equ.
+ +
R1 R2 R3 1

• Applicable to any means of resistors.

• Standard equation of parallel connection
resistors.
 Equivalent resistance in parallel
(2 resistors case)

R1 x R2
RT = Equ.
R 1+R 2 2

• Applicable for 2 resistors connection only.

Equivalent resistance in parallel
(same value case)

𝑟𝑟
RT = Equ.
3
r = resistance value
𝑛𝑛 n = amount of resistors

• Applicable for any means of resistors with same

value.
Current Divider Rule (CDR)

IR1 = R1 xI Equ.
1 1 1
+ + 1
R1 R2 R3
• Applicable to any means of resistors.
• Standard equation of current divider rule
 Current Divider Rule (2
Resistors case)

R2
IR1 = xI Equ.
R1+R2 2

• Applicable for 2 resistors connection only.

 Parallel Circuit (Example)
Example 1.10
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit above,
calculate:
i) Total resistance of the circuit, R total
ii) Current, I
iii)Voltage drop across resistor 8Ω, VR3
iv) Current through resistor 4Ω, IR1

4Ω 6Ω 8Ω
20V
 Parallel Circuit (Example)
1
i) Rtotal = 1 1 1 = 1.846Ω
+ +
4 6 8

4Ω 6Ω 8Ω
20V
𝐸𝐸 20
ii) I = = = 10.83A
𝑅𝑅 1.846

iii) VR3 = E = 20V

𝑉𝑉
iv) IR1 = =
20
= 5A CDR
𝑅𝑅 4
or
1 1

IR1 = R1 xI= 4 x 10.83 = 5A

1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + +
R1 R2 R3 4 6 8
Series-Parallel Circuit

For this diagram:

• R1 is parallel with R2.
• Ra is series with equivalent resistance of R1
and R2.
Total Resistance of Series-
Parallel Circuit

reference
point

• RT is the equivalent resistance of Ra, R1 and R2

• Start solving by calculating the total resistance of parts located farthest
away from the reference point.
• Exception: if there are any series/parallel connection resistors at any
part of circuit which is not farthest from the reference point, solve the
total resistance of the series/parallel connection first. Then you can
use the tips mentioned above to solve your problem.
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel
Circuit (Example )
Example 1.11
Calculate equivalent resistance, R T of the
circuit below.
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel
Circuit (Example )

R1x R2
Rb =
R1+R2
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)

∴ RT = Ra + Rb
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Example 1.12
Calculate the total resistance, RT of the circuit
below.

A 10Ω 10Ω 5Ω

4Ω

3Ω 6Ω
8Ω

RT
B 9Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω 5Ω

4Ω

3Ω 6Ω
8Ω

RT
B 9Ω Ra

Step 1: Identify any series/parallel connection (in between) and

calculate the total resistance.

Ra = 4 + 8 = 12Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω 5Ω

4Ω
Ra
12Ω 3Ω 6Ω
8Ω

RT
B 9Ω

Step 1: Identify any series connection (in between) and calculate

the total resistance.

Ra = 4 + 8 = 12Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω 5Ω

Ra
12Ω 3Ω 6Ω

RT
B 9Ω Rb

Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the
total resistance.

Rb = 5 + 6 = 11Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω 5Ω

Ra
12Ω 3Ω Rb 6Ω
11Ω

RT
B 9Ω

Step 2: Identify the farthest part from ref. point and calculate the
total resistance.

Rb = 5 + 6 = 11Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω

Ra
12Ω 3Ω Rb 11Ω

RT
B 9Ω Rc

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
3x11
Rc = = 2.36Ω
3+11
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω

Ra
12Ω 3Ω
2.36Ω Rb 11Ω
Rc

RT
B 9Ω

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
3x11
Rc = = 2.36Ω
3+11
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω

Ra
12Ω 2.36Ω
Rc

RT
B 9Ω Rd

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω 10Ω

Ra Rd
12Ω 12.36Ω
2.36Ω
Rc

RT
B 9Ω

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.

Rd = 10 + 2.36= 12.36Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω

Ra Rd
12Ω 12.36Ω

RT
B 9Ω R
e

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
12x12.36
Re = = 6.09Ω
12+12.36
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω

Rd
ReRa 6.09Ω
12Ω 12.36
Ω

RT
B 9Ω

Step 3: calculate the total resistance of next portion until reach ref.
point.
12x12.36
Re = = 6.09Ω
12+12.36
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
A 10Ω

Re 6.09Ω

RT
B 9Ω

Step 4: Finally, calculate the total resistance, RT of the circuit.

RT = 10 + 6.09 + 9 = 25.09Ω
 Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Example 1.13
Calculate the total resistance across point A - B

6kΩ

A 10kΩ 9kΩ B
3kΩ 3kΩ

6kΩ
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Reference point
RT

6kΩ
Ra
10kΩ 3kΩ 3kΩ 9kΩ
A B
6kΩ

Ra = 3k + 3k = 6kΩ
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Reference point
RT

6kΩ
Ra
10kΩ 3kΩ 6kΩ3kΩ 9kΩ
A B
6kΩ

Ra = 3k + 3k = 6kΩ
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Reference point
RT

6kΩ

10kΩ 6kΩ 9kΩ

A B
6kΩ

Rb

6𝑘𝑘
Rb = = 2kΩ
3
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Reference point
RT

6kΩ

10kΩ 2kΩ
6kΩ 9kΩ
A B
6kΩ

Rb

6𝑘𝑘
Rb = = 2kΩ
3
Total Resistance of Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example )
Reference point
RT

10kΩ 2kΩ 9kΩ

A B

∴ RT = 10k + 2k + 9k = 21kΩ
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
Example 1.14
QUESTION: By referring to the circuit above,
calculate:
i) Equivalent resistance of the circuit, Rtotal
ii) Current from supply, Is
iii) Current through resistor 18kΩ
iv)Voltage drop across resistor 8kΩ,
Is 2kΩ 4kΩ

+
- 18kΩ 8kΩ
20V

20kΩ 6kΩ
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
I 2kΩ
s 4kΩ i) Rtotal Calculation

• Temporarily, remove voltage

source from the circuit.
+ • The open nodes leaved by
- 18kΩ 8kΩ your voltage source would
20V be your reference point

20kΩ 6kΩ

Rtotal
Ra

Ra = 4k + 8k + 6k = 18kΩ
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
2kΩ 4kΩ i) Rtotal Calculation

• Temporarily, remove voltage

source from the circuit.
• The open nodes leaved by
18kΩ 18kΩ
8kΩ your voltage source would
Ra be your reference point

20kΩ 6kΩ

Rtotal

Ra = 4k + 8k + 6k = 18kΩ
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
2kΩ
i) Rtotal Calculation

• Temporarily, remove voltage

source from the circuit.
• The open nodes leaved by
18kΩ Ra 18kΩ your voltage source would
be your reference point

20kΩ

Rtotal Rb

18𝑘𝑘
Rb = = 9kΩ
2
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
2kΩ
i) Rtotal Calculation

• Temporarily, remove voltage

source from the circuit.
• The open nodes leaved by
Rb 18kΩ
9kΩ Ra 18kΩ your voltage source would
be your reference point

20kΩ

Rtotal

18𝑘𝑘
Rb = = 9kΩ
2
Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
2kΩ
i) Rtotal Calculation

• Temporarily, remove voltage

source from the circuit.
• The open nodes leaved by
your voltage source would
RR b
total
31kΩ
9kΩ
be your reference point

20kΩ

Rtotal = 2k + 9k + 20k= 31kΩ

 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
I s
ii) Is Calculation

• Place voltage source back

to the circuit.
+ • Your current from source is
- 31kΩ calculated using Ohm’s Law
20V Rtotal

𝐸𝐸 20
Is = = = 645.16 μA
𝑅𝑅 31𝑘𝑘
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
645.16μA
2kΩ 4kΩ
ii) I18 Calculation

• Use current divider rules

I18 (CDR) or any other relevant
+ methods
- 18kΩ 8kΩ
20V

20kΩ 6kΩ
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
645.16μA
2kΩ 4kΩ
ii) I18 Calculation

• Use current divider rules or

I18 any other methods relevant
+
- 18kΩ Ra 8kΩ
18kΩ
20V

20kΩ 6kΩ

18𝑘𝑘
If Use CDR: I18 = x 645.16μ = 322.58 μA
18𝑘𝑘+18𝑘𝑘
645.16μ
Other method: I18 = = 322.58 μA
2
 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
2kΩ
645.16μA 4kΩ
ii) V8 Calculation

• Calculate the current flows

322.58μA 322.58μA through 8kΩ resistor first

+ • Use Ohm’s Law to calculate

- 18kΩ 8kΩ the Voltage drop
20V • Other method as Voltage
Divider Rule (VDR) also
20kΩ 6kΩ could be used here if you
understand well the
technique

I8 = 645.16μ – 322.58μ= 322.58 μA

 Series-Parallel Circuit
(Example)
2kΩ
645.16μA 4kΩ
ii) V8 Calculation

• Calculate the current flows

322.58μA 322.58μA through 8kΩ resistor first
+ • Use Ohm’s Law to calculate
+
- 18kΩ 8kΩ the Voltage drop
20V V8 • Other method as Voltage
Divider Rule (VDR) also
20kΩ 6kΩ - could be used here if you
understand well the
technique

I8 = 645.16μ – 322.58μ= 322.58 μA

V8 = IR = 322.58μ x 8k = 2.58V
 SELF-EXERCISE
Find the value of the total resistance, current from
supply and voltage drop across resistor 90Ω in the
diagram as below
2Ω 4Ω

22Ω
90Ω = 24.5Ω
R TANSWER
50V
I ANSWER
= 2.041A
8Ω 8Ω

= 45.92V
V90 ANSWER
 LEARNING OUTCOME
1.10 Understand Delta–Star transformation.
1.10.1 Express formula required to transform from Delta to Star
and Star to Delta
1.10.2 Illustrate circuits to show star and delta connections.
1.10.3 Explain steps to solve problems involving Star-Delta
transformation.
1.11 Apply the concept of Delta–Star transformation.
1.11.1 Construct circuits to show star and delta connections.
1.11.2 Solve problems involving Star-Delta transformation.
1.12 Understand electrical power and energy.
1.12.1 Explain electrical power and energy.
1.12.2 Express electrical power formula from Ohm’s Law and the
unit.
1.12.3 Calculate the electrical power and energy in a circuit.
Delta-Star Transformation

 Standard 3-phase circuits or networks take on two

major forms with names that represent the way in
which the resistances are connected, a Star connected
network which has the symbol of the letter, Υ (wye) and
a Delta connected network which has the symbol of a
triangle, Δ (delta).
Delta-Star Transformation
a

Ra
R1 R3

Rb Rc

b
R2

𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∗𝑅𝑅𝑅
Ra = 𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∗𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅
Rb =
𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅𝑅 ∗𝑅𝑅𝑅
Rc =
𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅+𝑅𝑅𝑅
 Star-Delta Transformation
a

Ra
R1 R3

Rb Rc

b
R2

(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)+(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)+(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
R1 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)+(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)+(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
R2 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)+(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)+(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅∗𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅)
R3 =
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
 Delta-Star (Example)
Example 1.15
Calculate the total resistance, Rxy of the circuit
below.

4Ω 12Ω

x y
6Ω

8Ω 10Ω

Rxy
 Delta-Star (Example)

4Ω 12Ω
Rc
x Ra y
6Ω
Rb
8Ω 10Ω

Convert --- Y
4x8 8x6
Ra = = 1.78Ω Rb = = 2.67Ω
4+8+6 4+8+6
4x6
Rc = = 1.33Ω
4+8+6
 Delta-Star (Example)

Rd
12Ω
1.33Ω
x 1.78Ω y

2.67Ω
Re
10Ω

Rd = 1.33 + 12= 13.33 Ω

Re = 2.67 + 10= 12.67 Ω

 Delta-Star (Example)
13.33Ω
Rd
12Ω
1.33Ω
x 1.78Ω y

2.67Ω
Re
10Ω
12.67Ω

Rd = 1.33 + 12= 13.33 Ω

Re = 2.67 + 10= 12.67 Ω
 Delta-Star (Example)
Rf 13.33Ω

x 1.78Ω y

12.67Ω

13.33∗12.67
Rf = = 6.5Ω
13.33+12.67
 Delta-Star (Example)
13.33Ω

x 1.78Ω 6.5Ω y

12.67Ω

Rf =
Rxy
13.33∗12.67 = 1.78
= 6.5Ω
+ 6.5 = 8.28Ω
13.33+12.67
Electrical Power & Energy
 ELECTRICAL POWER is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is
transferred by an electric circuit.
 The SI unit of power is Watt.
 Equation:

Power, P = VI Equ. 1

V – voltage measured in Volts (V)

I – current measured in Ampere (A)
Electrical Power & Energy
 From Ohm’s Law;
I = V/R and V = I*R

V2
Hence Power, P = Equ.2
𝑅𝑅

P = I2R Equ.3
Electrical Power & Energy

 ENERGY can be defined as capacity to do work

 The unit of energy is Joule
 Equation :
Energy/Work Done, W = Pt

P – power measured in Watt (W)

t – time measured in seconds (s)
Electrical Power & Energy
Example 1.16
By referring to the circuit below, calculate:
i) Power that’s supplied by the battery
ii) Power that’s absorbed by 25Ω resistor
iii) Energy supplied by the battery after 30s
iv) Energy absorbed by the 15Ω resistor after 2 hours
15Ω

20V 25Ω
 Electrical Power & Energy
RT 15Ω i) Power that’s supplied by the battery, Ps

IT
RT = 15 + 25 = 40Ω
20V 25Ω

𝐸𝐸 20
IT = = = 0.5A
𝑅𝑅 40

Use Equ. 1:

Power, Ps = V*I = 20 x 0.5 = 10W

 Electrical Power & Energy
15Ω ii) Power that’s absorbed by 25Ω resistor PL

0.5A

20V 25Ω

Use Equ. 3:

Power, PL = I2*R = 0.52 x 25 = 6.25W

 Electrical Power & Energy
15Ω iii) Energy supplied by the battery after 30s

0.5A

20V 25Ω

Energy, W = P*t = 10 x 30 = 300 J

 Electrical Power & Energy
15Ω iv) Energy absorbed by the 15Ω resistor after 2
hours
0.5A

20V 25Ω

Energy,

W = P*t = I2*R*t = 0.52 x 15 x 2 x 60 x 60 = 27 kJ

 SELF-EXERCISE
i) Diagrams below show a delta connection circuit
with its equivalent star connection circuit. If
R1=20kΩ, R2=40kΩ and R3 =80kΩ, calculate
Ra, Rb and Rc

ANSWER
11.43kΩ

5.71kΩ
ANSWER ANSWER
22.86kΩ
 SELF-EXERCISE
ii) With refer to the diagram as below, calculate
power that supplied by the battery and power
dissipation at resistor 40kΩ.

PsANSWER
= 4.8mW

PL40 = 1.6mW
ANSWER
RECAP
 Cell and battery are sources of DC type of
electricity.
 Voltage, current and resistance are recognized
as three basic elements of electrical circuit
which contribute in Ohm’s Law.
 Electrical circuit can be constructed in series,
parallel and combination of series-parallel
connection.
 Star-Delta transformation technique is required
to analyze network that involve Star/Delta
connection.
 Power and Energy is the product of voltage and
current elements of a circuit.
 REFERENCES

Main:
John Bird (2010). Electrical Circuit Theory & Technology.
Fourth Edition. Newness. (ISBN: 978-0-08-089056-2)

Additional:
1. Allan R. Hambley (2011). Electrical Engineering,
Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition. Prentice
Hall. (ISBN-13: 978-0-13-213006-6)
2. B.L. Theraja (2010).Textbook of Electrical Technology
.S Chand & Co Ltd. (ISBN: 978-8121924900)
 REFERENCES
3. Darren Ashby (2011). Electrical Engineering 101, (3rd
Ed ) [Paperback] Elsevier Inc. (ISBN: 978-0123860019)
4. John Bird. (2010). Electrical And Electronic Principles
And Technology. Fourth Edition. Newness. (ISBN: 978-
1-85617-770-2)
5. Meizhong Wang. (2010). Understandable Electric
Circuits First edition © 2005 Higher Education Press,
China, English translation ©2010 The Institution of
Engineering and Technology. (ISBN 978-0-86341-
952-2)
6. V. K. Mehta (2010). Principles of Electrical
Engineering and Electrical [Paperback] S Chand & Co
Ltd. (ISBN: 978-8121927291)