22.16 FIGURE 22.25 Contours of equal vertical stress. (Adapted from Ref 22.16) PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 749 length £,, according to ACI Code 21.2.3. These reductions are especially relevant if concentrated loads are applied between the beam end and the end of the development length. ANCHORAGE ZONE DESIGN In prestressed concrete beams, the prestressing force is introduced as a load concen- tration acting over a relatively small fraction of the total member depth. For post- tensioned beams with mechanical anchorage, the load is applied atthe end face, while for pretensioned beams it is introduced somewhat more gradually over the transfer length. In either case, the compressive stress distribution in the concrete becomes linear. conforming to that dictated by the overall eccentricity of the applied forces, only after a distance from the end roughly equal to the depth of the beam. This transition of longitudinal compressive stress, from concentrated to linearly distributed, produces transverse (vertical) tensile stresses that may lead to Tongitidi- nal cracking of the member. [Theipaltejlandinia@nituderof theyCOncretySIresss [GHUORS. Numerous studies have been made using the methods of classical elasticity, photoelasticity, and finite element analysis, and typical results are given in Fig. 22.25. Here the beam is loaded uniformly over a height equal to h/8 at an eccentticity of 3h/8. Contour lines are drawn through points of equal vertical tension, with coeffi- cients expressing the ratio of vertical stress to average longitudinal compression. ‘Typically, there are high bursting stresses along the axis of the load a short distance inside the end zone and high spalling stresses at the loaded face. Spaliing Bursting DZ rensite str zone ee 03 Coetticient of Be730 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 22 FIGURE 22.26 Post-tensioned I beam with rectangular end block. _~ End anchorages ‘rectangular ‘end block fendons In many post-tensioned prestressed I beams, solid end blocks are provided, as shown in Fig. 22.26. While these are often necessary to accommodate end-anchorage hardware and supplemental reinforcement, they are of little use in reducing transverse tension or avoiding cracking. Steel reinforcement for end-zone stresses may be in the form of vertical bars of relatively small diameter and close spacing and should be well anchored at the top and bottom of the member. Closed stirrups are commonly used, with auxiliary horizontal bars inside the 90° bends. Rational design of the reinforcement for end zones must recognize that hori- zontal cracking is likely. If adequate reinforcement is provided, so that the cracks are restricted to a few inches in length and to 0.01 in. or less in width, these cracks are not detrimental to the performance of the beam either at service load or at the factored load stage. Information on control of cracking of thin webs in pretensioned girders is found in Ref, 22.21. It should be noted that end-zone stresses in preten- sioned and bonded post-tensioned beams do not increase in proportion to loads. The failure stress f, in the tendon at beam failure is attained only at the maximum, ‘moment section. For pretensioned members, based on tests reported in Ref. 22.21, a simple equation has been proposed for the design of end-zone reinforcement: 4,= 000 2 22.55) Te total cross-sectional area of stirrups necessary, in” P, = initial prestress force, Ib h = total member depth, in, 4f,= allowable stress in stirrups, psi 4,= transfer length, in. An allowable stress f, = 20,000 psi has been found in tests to produce acceptably small crack widths. The required reinforcement having total area A, should be dis- tributed over a length equal to fi/5 measured from the end face of the beam, and for most efficient crack control the first stirrup should be placed as close to the end face as practical, It is recommended in Ref. 22.21 that vertical reinforcement according to Eq, (22.55) be provided for all pretensioned members, unless tests or experience indicates that cracking does not occur at service or overload stages. ‘i@BerIeral, as shown in Fig. 22.27a. The local zone is a rectangular prism imme- diately surrounding the anchorage device and any confining reinforcement around the device. The general zone consists of a region that is approximately one structaral ‘dep rome endo therbeamandrineludesitheslocalzone. For internal anchors,FIGURE 22.27 Post-iensioned end block: (a) local and ‘general zone and (@) strut-and-tie model PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 71 Local zone , jursting A , _ one z Anchor - | p 2 \ General zone \ concrete centroid (@) to) such as used in slabs, the general zone extends a distance h ahead of and behind the anchorage hardware, Stresses in the local zone are determined based on tests. The post-tensioning supplier specifies the reinforcement details for the local zone. Stress variations in the general zone are nonlinear and are characterized by a transition from the local zone to an assumed uniform stress gradient a distance h from the anchor. Reinforcement in the general zone may be designed by one of three methods. These methods include equilibrium-based plasticity models, such as the strut-and-tie model. Tinear stress analysis such as finite element analysis. and sim- DlifiEMRSLASGCHYTSOIULIONS similar to the photoelastic model shown graphically in Fig. 22.25 or elasticity analyses described in Ref. 22.22. Simplified equations are not permitted for nonrectangular cross sections, where multiple anchorages are used (unless closely spaced), or where discontinuities disrupt the force flow path. Strut-and-tie design approaches for highway girder anchorages are detailed in the AASHTO LRED Bridge Design Specifications (Refs. 22.18 and 22.22). An abbre- viated version of the AASHTO Specifications is incorporated in ACI Commentary 25.9.4, ACI Code 25.9.3 requires that complex, multistrand anchorage systems con- form to the full AASHTO Specifications For the common case of a rectangular end block and simple anchorage (Fig. 22.27h), ACI Commentary 25.9.4 offers simplified equations based on test results and strut-and-tie modeling. The magnitude of the bursting force Trey and the location of its centroid distance from the front of the anchor dix may be calculated as 22.56) n. conser. (1 - lise Tog = O25%P (1 — ) and ass = 0.500 — 26.) 22.57) where ZP,, = sum of total factored post-tensioning force eye = absolute value of eccentricity of anchorage device to centroid of con- crete section = depth of cross section JIigg = depth of anchorage device The use of the factored post-tensioning force P,, recognizes that the tendon force is, acting as a load. Hence, the maximum jacking stress 0.80f,, is multiplied by a load factor of 1.2 to calculate P, Pru = 1.20. 80f Ags = O.96fApn 22.58)752 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 22 ‘Transverse reinforcement with total area A, = Tyus/f; is added in a region that is centered on the location day: to carry the bursting force. In cases where the simplified equations do not apply, a strut-and-tie model (Chapter 17) or finite element analysis may be required to design the bursting zone. EXAMPLE 22.7 FIGURE 22.28 Design of post-tensioned anchor zone: (a) section at end anchors and (b) end zone reinforcement, Design of end-zone reinforcement for post-tensioned beam. End-zone reinforcement is to be designed for the rectangular postensioned beam shown in Fig, 22.28, The initial pre- stress force P, of 250 kips is applied by two closely spaced tendons having a combined eccentricity of 8.0 in, Material properties are /”, = 4250 psi and f, = 60,000 psi SouTion. ‘The rectangular section and the closely spaced anchorage devices allow the use of the simplified ACI equations. oy = O.5(H 2e,e) = 0.5(30 — 2X 8) = 7 in, ‘The initial prestressing force is 250 kips, which corresponds to a tendon stress level of 0.82%, ‘The maximum jacking stress level in the tendons is 0.944, oF 0.80f,. In this example, only the initial prestress is provided. Hence, the factored tendon force is calculated as, 038) cp ho 12 228) a0 = ae for which Pra 6 = 025s, (1-2) = — 5) = 688 hips run = 02522, (1 ~ Me!) = 025 x 344(1 ~ 5) = 68.8 kip ‘he area of steel needed 0 fst Fes A, — 888 _ 1.35 int Tas xo Using No. 4 (No. 13) closed stirrups with an area of 2 x 0.20 in’ gives 135 7x00 out No, 4 (No, 13) closed stirups are selected, The ist stirrup is placed 24 n, from the anchor plat, andthe other thee straps are placed 3 in. on center, as shown in Fig. 22.28b, centering the stirrups a distance dy {fom the anchor plate, The closed stirrups ensure that anchorage requitements ae satisfied. Details ofthe reinforcement in the local zone are not shown, = 3.4 stirrups mes 2] FEET dane aie 9 itl ised strane Hib 30" ~ ~ rrert hhh ic | w @FIGURE 22.29 ‘Monostrand anchor reinforcement PRESTRESSED CONCRETE 783 —Haoin Backer bari Backer bar <4" see nes" havin 3h to nid \ | Pr Sa -L+ Ancor = qa a spacing, s No.4 (No. 13) of lager backer bar parallel to slab face m4 No. 3 (No. 1) or larger hairpin |-— Ege of tl)» 4( bartoaneho rT 22.17 Anchors for monostrand tendons are designed to transfer the jacking force directly to the concrete. Stresses under the anchor plates are acceptable providing the ACI Code stressing limits are observed. Cracking is controlled by the placement of reinforcement backer bars within 4 in. of the anchors. Hairpin bars are placed between anchors when the anchor spacing is 12 in, or less and a longitudinal bar is used to secure the hairpin bars, The ACI Code differentiates details between mem- bers 8 in. or less deep and those greater than 8 in deep (Fig. 22.29) DEFLECTION Deflection of the slender, relatively flexible beams that ate made possible by prestress- ing must be predicted with care. Many members, satisfactory in all other respects, have proved to be unserviceable because of excessive deformation, In some cases, the absolute amount of deflection is excessive. Often, it is the differential deforma- tion between adjacent members (for example, precast roof-deck units) that causes problems. More often than not, any difficulties that occur are associated with upward deflection due to the sustained prestress load. Such difficulties are easily avoided by proper consideration in design. When the prestress force is first applied, a beam will normally camber upward. With the passage of time, concrete shrinkage and creep will cause a gradual reduction of prestress force. In spite of this, the upward deflection usually increases, due to the differential creep, affecting the highly stressed bottom fibers, more than the top. With the application of superimposed dead and live loads, this, upward deflection is partially or completely overcome, and zero or downward deflection obtained. Clearly, in computing deformation, careful attention must be paid to both the age of the concrete at the time of load application and the dura- tion of the loading.