ALGEBRA

Word Problems
*
Logarithms and Exponents *

""
P
exponent work ( diff . rates )

zY=x
logz
( equation )
✗
y
¥) flexible by changing
=

+ is
T = I
the ratios in LHS
base accordingly
base 10 time it takes for finish the job
logarithm A
common : =
A to alone

Natural logarithm : base e B- - time it takes for B to finish the

job alone

Naperian logarithm
: base Ye 1- =
time it takes for both A & B to finish the job
laws : work ( same rate)
commonly confused
toga ✗ t
logay =
logalxy ) W , T,
=
Wztz (# of workers )( time spent )
toga ✗ -

logay =
toga (g) Ji Ja job done

toga XP =

plogax Distance

logax =

109€ D= rt

10g ,
a coin

Pennies / Cents : I ¢
* Quadratic Equations
ax
-
+ bx to =
0 Nickels i
5¢

✗ =
b± b
'
-
4ac →
discriminant Dimes :
10¢
2A Quarters : 25¢
'
b 4ac < 0 roots clock
complex conjugate
-

b '
- 4ac =
0 two real
equal roots 6×-0.5 ✗ =
( desired 4) + (initial 4 going CW )
b- -
4ac > 0 two real distinct roots Ex .
What time after 3:00 will the hands meet ?

Suppose r, and rz are the roots: 6×-0.5 ✗ = 0° + 90° →

^

I
1
B-
"
r, +
"

rz =
-
hands meet

A
✗ = 16.36

Addition . . . minus ba ? : . 3:16 36 .

*
r r,
,
=
C- Progressions
A
↳
sequences with formulas

* Binomial Theorem
"

( atb) sequences progressions

" " -1

(1 ) an yr
- -

rth term : ,

K
(1) pkqn
-

From
prob stat ,
.

Note that k→r -1

q→a , p→b ,
.

Arithmetic

: an =
a, 1- ( n 1) d -

Finding r

consider (3×2+9)? Find the term

containing × ? Sn =
12 ( a. + an )
" '
" '
" sum
4
of terms
(31×2) constants Recall that sum #
average
= ✗

Ignore
=
. . . ✗ . . .
=
. .
.
average # of terms

( )
a"

[
"
the
'

4 =
217 -
Cr -
1 )) Focus on exponents Sn = n
.
If all else fails ,
use E in

calculator ,
r = 6 plugging in an .

:
Checking '""
Geometric

(67-1) ( 3×47
-

"'
l
rn
-

6th term =
y an =
a.
"
(1 )
(F) (3×2)%5
a r solve the limit
for
¥r
-

Sn
,
= = i s =

of
-
1- r Sn as n→o

189×4,5 Harmonic

if either orb is constant

sum of coefficients → a
reciprocals form an arithmetic progression
" "

( coeff of t coeff b) constant specific to inductive SGI

general :
reasoning
=
a -

For the previous given : (3+1)+-07=16384 * General to

specific : deductive
reasoning
 ALGEBRA
For two numbers : the
Getting remainder

9¥
9833
A. M = Ex 2
Rewrite exponent to be factorable
. .

G. M .
=
Fb 7

GMZ of terms
29830 23 29830 (2101983 g Factor
#
µ µ = = .
.
g .

of reciprocals
.

AM sum
= = arbitrarily .

Numbers 7 7- 7
*
Imaginary 10
2
i :
F1 Focus on
z
. Get remainder .

it -1 these
cyclic just get 210 base

¥
= '
are Use as new
146
,
=

remainder from 4
is = -
i y

i
"
= 1 Get remainder of term left out ( i.e .
¥ =

1¥ )
983
*
Getting the remainder of a
polynomial (2) .
1

Divisor is linear 7

Remainder Theorem : Repeat until exponent is

manageable .

I ,
R =
Pcc ) 2980.23
=
(210198 .g
,
298.1
=
(21417
,
47
7 y 7 7 7
Divisor is not linear

EX .
✗ 3+4×2 -3×+8 47
.
: = 2340.571429
7
✗
'
+ ✗ -
2 ↳ ✗ 7 = 4

By inspection ,
Ris 1st
degree ,
R=AxtB .

Getting the number of digits

Factor denominator .

No , of digits of ✗ =
log ✗ t 1
✗
It 4×2-3×+8
In
10g ( )
+
No of of
,
digits ✗ ! : n

(✗ 1-
:|
2) ( x -
1) → ✗ =
{ -2,1 }

Get two equations using R= Ax + B : Fibonacci sequence

" "
R = A- ✗ 1- B R :
AXTB a -
b 1+5 1-
Fn = where a :
,
b. =
5

2
numerator
/ ,
= Al 2) -
+ B numerator / = A- (1) + B 5
2

✗ = ✗ =L

Lucas
22 = -2A 1- B 10 =
At B sequence
"
Ln
"
! b
solving =
a +

R= -4×1-14 Ln =
2Fn+ , -

Fn
If 2nd Ax 't Bxtc
R is
degree R and
=

,
so on .
,

*
Rational Roots Theorem

If is the leading coefficient and is the constant

p q
term
,
then the possible roots are
±
Ip .

* Ratio

antecedent -
a :b >
consequent
means

a :b = c :D
g- =
'd
extremes

third Proportional ,
c

E. ? =

Fourth Proportional ,
d

§
c-
=

d
 DISCRETE MATH
declarative sentence true false No of Possible Proper Subsets
* Proposition -

that is either or * ,

"

Tautology -
all true P = 2 -
l

contradiction -
all false * Every set is a subset of the universal set .

Contingency of & 0 subset of

mix T F * The mill set is
any set
-

a .

Negation : ( flips truth value ) set operations

- or ~
*

conjunction : ^
( true if both true )
✓ ( true if true)
Disjunction :
any is
Exclusive or : ① ( true if is true) p⑦q= poi +59
only one

Implication : →
equivalent to up
✓
q

p q npvq
→
q p
T T T F T T

T F F F F F

F T T T T
T

F F T T T F

consider :
p →
q

converse : Power sets

q→p *

the set of A, PCA ) the set of all its subsets

shoes power is
think of flipped Converse . ,

including itself and the empty set

(2 subsets)
"

I P (A) I
"
= 2 -1 if all
proper
↳ set itself

* Cartesian Product
p →
q q →
p
A ✗ B =
{ ( a. b) / a EA and be B }
Inverse : -
p
→ -

q
these are ordered pairs .
Each ordered pair (a. b) is

: relation Rb
contrapositive > a a
Tp
→
q ,
.

"
"
↳ related to b
↳ converse of inverse a is

Bi conditional * Relation Properties

p
- Reflexive
p q q
T T T Tx ,
✗ Rx

T F F
symmetric
F T F titty ,
✗
Ry →
yRx
F F T Transitive

* set
theory titty VZ ,
✗
Ry n
y Rz
→
✗ Rz

A lrreflexive
Equality : = B

A and B have the elements FX (× ) ¢ R R should have ( a. a) pairs

exactly same
,
,
x
,
no .

cardinali ties 1A / =/ BI Antisymmetric

/ are
equal
/ elements must be the if there is ( a. b) without
unique any pair its pair
same

lb , a) then the whole relation

subset : A c- B
,
is
antisymmetric .

All elements of A are elements of B

Asymmetric
proper subset A CB
pairs ( a. b) not have their
: do
if all
corresponding
B contains at least I element not in A (b a) then the whole relation
, ,
is
asymmetric .

* A relation is an
equivalence relation if it is
B
A reflexive ,
symmetric ,
and transitive .

If A CB , n (A) < n (B) . If AEB ,

n (A) In (B) .
 DISCRETE MATH
Consider :

A =
{ 1,2 3,4 } ,

We define some relation R in A st :

R ,
= { ( 1,17 11,2) 12,2 ) (2. 3) ( 3,31
,
,
, , ,
( 4. 4) }

R, is reflexive because it contains all of 11,17 , 12,2 ) ,

13,31 and (4,4 ) .

,

If ALL of II. 1) ,
( 2,2) ,
( 3,3 ) ,
and ( 4,4) were not in R,
,

then R, would be irreflexive ( e. g. R ,

=
{ 11,21 12,3 ) } )
,

R, is not
symmetric since ( 1,2) does not have 12,1 ) .

same with 12,31 .

Consider Rz
=
{ ( 1. 1) ,
( 1,21 , ( 2. 1) , ( 2. 2) }

R2 is symmetric .

Consider Rs = { 12,1) ,
13 1),
,
13,2) ( 4,4 ) } ,

Looking at ( 3. 2) (2. 1) , ,
and ( 3 1) ,
,

Rs is transitive .

* Functions

f : A → B

domain -

set of all inputs

codomain -
set of all
possible outputs
range
-
set of all actual outputs
one -
to -

one / Injective
every input must have a
unique output
-

↳ if a =/ b , then f- (a) =/ f- (b)

Onto / Surjective
-

set of codomain =
set of range

Bijective
-
both one
-

to -

one and onto

* Inverse Functions
'
f- must be one to - -
one for f- to

also be a function

Alternative of thinking about it !

way
Consider : f- (x ) : ✗ 2+1
2
. + 1
2
✗ > ✗ 7
✗ 2+1

Do reverse :

F -
I
✗
✗ -
I < ✗ -
1 <

: . f- (x )
'
: if

* Composition of a Function

(f o
g) (x) =
f- Cgcx))
 PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
* Fundamental Principle of counting the Poisson 's distribution is an
approximation of Binomial

distribution where ✗ and 100

Rule of sum :
ways if either
?
=
n
mtn up .

Rule of Product : mxn

ways
if one after the other * conditional Probability
* Permutation P( BI A) = P ( BA A)
↳ ordered PIA)
arrangement
Combination consider the tree :
* following
↳ working
grouping arrangement regardless of order ,
% A s%
defective
P( defective / B) =
(" ° " )( " 35 )

" "
"

B working (0.05×0.2571-10.04) (0.357+(0.4/10.02)

* Cyclic Permutation "%
defective
↳ 40% working
=
40.58%
e.
g. round table c
2%
defective
# of ways =
( n 1) !
-

of this the in Mathematical

think
arranging people row
Expectation
as n a *
as same ,
m

son !
ways ,
but the start 4 end are the same chair EIX ] =
E. Pnxn
n = I
"

go (n -
1) ! var [ ✗ ] = E [✗
2
] -

E[ ✗ ]
P (A)
* Permutation of Identical Elements * Odds :
'
MA )
'
Remember P( A) + PCA ) =/
p( Ac ,
N = n ! Odds against :
p( A)

! !
p! q the bell
r
For probabilities involving curve :

foft p.q fcx ) .

1- r
&(
✗
-

identical elements
→
# =

* Permutation with Partitions 0 21T

n ! Use STAT : Pt ) QC ) .
and RC ) .

µ
,
= ,

n. ! na ! ns !

hi →
size of partitions
* Probability
P (A) =
successful outcomes
total outcomes
possible
'
P( A) = 1 -
PCA )

A
B A B

Mutually Exclusive Non -

mutually Exclusive

P( AUB ) =P (A) + PCB) PCAU B) = PCA )tP( B) - PCAAB)

" " t
↳ union or
,
intersection ,

"
and
"

* Independent Events
↳ one event has no effect on the other

Plan B) =
P (A) PCB )

* Binomial Distribution
k
(1) pkqn
-

P =

↳ 1 -

* Poisson 's Distribution

t

zk
-

P = e

k!

Alam Ko , ba 't ka ! ?
nangengeelam
 TRIGONOMETRY
* Triangles A =
Sls a) ( s b) (s c)
- -
-

a b
a+bz (semi perimeter )
s=
point . . . is the intersection of . ..
Part

circumcenter perpendicular bisectors

C
A :
tzabsinct =
tzbh
Ortho center altitudes
to the
get height :
bisectors
in center
angle (base )h
=
Sls a) ( s b) (s c)
- -
-

Centroid medians 2

CPB 0A
h =
2 Sls a) ( s b) (s c)
- -
-

IAB : I am beautiful CM base

↳ set as a. b. or c
depending
* Inscribed Triangle on
figure
> inside If base :c : b: If base a :
If base
=
=

i
circumcircle
✓ a b a + b a b
h h
h
• <
7
C C C

( circumcenter

circum radius
* Median of a General Triangle

' '
a b za 't 2b
'
circumscribed triangle
c
z
-

* m :

↳ ↳ ↳ side being bisected

outside yz % length of median

→ in circle

General
•
-
incenter
* Angle Bisector of a
triangle
4C bisected
> is
being
1
0¥
inradius
a b t =
ab
( (¥12 )
I -

t
*
Right triangles
c
SOH CAH Abisa Cabcab
TOA
-
-
-

02--92+62

*
Oblique triangles * Inscribed circumscribed ,
an described triangles
,

Law of sines

abc circle hinati

a-
s¥B since b A ang big
=
= = a ,
sin A
•
R 412 saapatna regions

Law of Cosines c

2abcosC
'
a 't
'
c = b -
r = 2A o

atbtc
Ars
a
b
n

r
r ( at btc ) = 2A, also holds true for
S A quadrilaterals
(
at btc
A,
° r
=
2
C 7

As = rs
T C

In QI ,
All are positive .
b
a
r
Ao=r( s a) -

Arsa

'
↳
touching
In QI ,
sine is
positive .
side
:

In QII
If equilateral
, tangent is
positive .

In QII ,
cosine is
positive .
r = ants
6
R=a¥ r

denominator should be smaller

R is expected to be larger so .

:
If right triangle
ab
r= R= hypotenuse
atbtc 2 r r
 TRIGONOMETRY
* Spherical Triangle
Great circle
largest possible circle
-

small circle other circle

any
-

propositions of spherical triangle

0° < at bt C L 360°

180°C ✗ +
pt 8 < 540°

Law of sines

sin a sin b since

= =

sin ✗ sin 8
sing

Law of cosines

cos a =
cosbcosctsinbsinc cos ✗

Area

'
A = IT R E

180°

180°
E
tpt 8
=
✗ -

↳
spherical excess in
degrees
terrestrial sphere
15° per hour ( 360° per 24 hours )

places more
easterly are ahead of time
 PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY
Unit One Revolution Quadrilaterals
Trapezium
Degree 360
Parallelogram
Radian ( SI ) 21T

Isosceles
Gon / Gradian 400 Trapezoid Rhombus
trapezoid Rectangle Square

Mil 6400

complementary
-
90°

supplementary -
180° Area
b,

360°
Explementany -

1 di ith
I

di __2(a- + by
'
a
th da d. +
"
vertical Coteminal #
Angles Angles b
bz

' ,

①
-2lb tbz )h
7
r
B A- = bh = absino A = ,

A A ,

c
B e d

° °
"
" d , a a

Polygon -

many angles di

b
A- =L did , Sino

# ( a' to
" =

" -
b2 d2 ) tana
-

salient Reentrant
) )
smaller
angle a2tcZ > bZtd
"

angle angle s . -1 .

°
d
Convex D
concave c

A- =
( s a) ( s b) ( s c) (s d) abcdcosÉ
- -
-
-
-

"
B
No of Diagonals
atbtctdo.AZ#=BtzDb S
,
:

A 2

Igfn 3)
=
-

Cyclic Quadrilaterals
Regular Polygons d
d
dz
interior 4s = 180° ( n 2)
-

, ,

" a
Exterior 4s = 360°
b d,
b

(¥ )
-
a
A =
Ina cot

P =
na A= ( s a) ( s b) (s c) (s d)
- -
- -
actbd-d.dz

÷, nanakotangtagapagtanggol Bramagupta 's Formula Ptolemy 's Theorem

¥n° Quadrilaterals circumscribing a circle

A =
rs =
abcd

Note R > r .
Recall Ars from

similar
Figures
circle :
Polygon circumscribing a

I K
( %)
=
=

A = nrtdtan b
A
' b.
A,
c. b ↳
scale factor
a

naritoang tango ngtagapagtanggol

, 2

A-
⑦
a
= =
K2
P= 2hr tan ) A ,

tuner
ngtangongtagapagtanggol Circles

Polygon inscribed :
in a circle

( 211¥ ) )
nR2
sin
A- =
2-
R> r so mnemonics

naritoangkalahatingkasalanan with Ris

longer
ngdalawangtagapagtanggol
P= 2nRsin( ¥ )
tuner
ngkasalananngtagapagtanggol
 PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY
* Area of a
segment prisms cylinders
tzi (o since ) of
area
A = -

base
9 formula
tr Sino
}
-
same
tzro
,
Bh
-
=
v :

base area differs

1. d hSA.ph
d
area of area of
perimeter
sector
triangle

slant
Circle Theories If oblique : /
*
area

slant
°
°
✓ ~

a
of y
, K
V. Ke →

heioht
Note : TSA = LSA 1- Abases
o
d ✓ LSA =
Pe
p , the

20 c b
perimeter of K

ab=cd
Truncated Prisms Prisms
Special
c
t

triangular
" "

d
✓ =
Bhave prism
:
wedge
hy
a
a
h3 L rectangular " "

: cuboid
b b h'
n , th , th , th , parallelepiped
he
4

alatb ) -
-
clad ) t2=a( atb)

outside ( total ),= Outside ( Total ) cone

, Pyramid
* Ellipse -
-

A =
Iab
l
:} Bh
&
> h
P= 21T a tbh V h
2
=¥Pl
'
LSA
a
.

-
* Polyhedron same formula
for either from B
Average of volume , ,

Euler 's Formula : V -

Et F =2 Bz ,
and their geometric mean

Bih 132h BiBzh

Frustum
Remember as 2+E= Ftv (it rhymes and is alphabetical ) .
r z
+
g
+

/ | )
Vertices B2
Polyhedron Faces Volume shape of Face Surface Area
v=§( B. + Bat B. Bz

tetra -
4 4 Is '
v55 g h
Pi + P2
12
LGA l
/
:

Hexa - 6 8 s3 6s
'
I 2

Bi
y
Octa -

8 6
¥53 253s
'
average
perimeter
Dodeca -
12 20 7.6653 20.6552

553s
"
'
Kosa -
20 12 2.18s prismatoids ( aka prismoid) 7
Az
h
Prismoidal formula Am I
V= ? ( Ait Az 1- 4AM )
A,
!
G. weighted average

Ratio of Volumes
>

¥ ,
=
( ¥) ,
= 1<3

* sphere

:*
.
.

SA = 41hr2
 PLANE AND SOLID GEOMETRY
spherical segment a
paraboloid
T
[h h ✓
paraboloid
=
d- V cylinder
b
I

2- : SA : 21T rh
r

G spherical zone torus

)
'
✓ = 211-12 ( Ir
'
: 211-2 Rr
N t ↳ area of circle
)
'
✓ =
§ñh2(3r -
h) V =
Ith ( 3a2t3b
't h r
circumference being rotated
"
of big circle
along 211-12
211Th ( derivative wrth )
"

SA = 2- =

↳ this 5. A. is called the spherical zone derivative wrtr

spherical sector survival : ✓

Derive ratio and : A 411-2 Rr

1h using proportion
=

✓sector ✗ h sector
Ellipsoid

t
r

V sector ✓
entire circle

&
=

h sector h
entire circle

>
Generally ,

✓ =
G- Mph =
Jr Z V sector
=
¥11T ✓ =

¥ abc
h 2r oblate Prolate

'
( minor) ( major
V sector
3- h
4¥ ab
= tr '

v : 4Ia2b V :

Spherical Pyramid Spherical Polygon

" "
" "
ii. .
ii. :

V * RSE * ME
derivative wrt R A
=
> s =

180
540

Recall :

E is the
spherical excess .
For
spherical triangles :
E =
spherical Is
-
180°

general for :
any spherical
In ,
polygon
.

E =
spherical Is
-

( n 2) -
180

spherical wedge spherical Lune

E E

>
V :
TR ctdeg > derivative wrt R s
A =
* R%deg
270° 90°

Survival :

Derive ratio and :

using proportion

✓ ✗ ②
wedge wedge
✓ ✓
wedge =
entire circle

⑤ ①
wedge entire circle

}
✓
wedge
g- or

0 360°

IT v30
✓
wedge
=
270°
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
2D coordinate system Division of a Line segment
Polar start to
Rectangular desired I
? ^r•(r defiled
y
-
• 4. y ) ,
-0 )
\ •B( ×,
,y , )
start to
:
10 desired
<
> <
, c end r =
✗
start to
.
( × ,y ,
u v A (× y ,) end
, , \
2 '
r= ✗ +
y y=rsinO- start

( ¥)
'
roose
tan ✗
start to
-
=
• =

I end
Distance between two Points Also applicable if desired point
if outside AI
(xz-x.tt ( ya y )
"
D= solve C:
-

, for
Pol
rbx
Pot ( ox .by ) get and ✗ ✗ it
=
shift + + : to r 0

Calculating Multiple Things at once y= y ,

t
rlly
Ex . Point equidistant from three points given choices Area by coordinates
ALPHA → f☐
(× , , y,)
f) (✗ a. 92)

A'
(x-x.pt/y-y.Y:(x-xz)2tly-yI:(x-xz)2tly-y)2 Az

( ✗ a ,Y4 )
(✗ 3,431
-
- -
-

CALC =
y?
=
× ? =

I ✗, Y I
choices
✗, y ,
,

three results must be

the same
A, =
tz Xz yz 1
A2 =
£ Xz y} 1

inclination of Line ✗ 1
Slope and a
-
✗3
Y} 1
,
-
4 Yy ,

MODE 6
m=0y_ tano =
m → Wrt horizontal
☐×

Area =
0.5 Abs ( det ( Mata ) ) to .5Abs(detCMatB ))
Line Equations

y
-

y ,
= mlx -
× , ) centroid

✗ it ✗ t ✗3
mxtb
z

y =
×, =
3 →
% centroid -
intersection of
42 Y
medians ( (M)
'
(x ) Y 92 y
-

+ 1-
Hay #
' }
×,
y y
-

= •
yc
-
, =

✗z -
X, z =

It
¥
1
=L
9
average

Ax +
By =C (standard ) lncenter
(× , , y,)
C--0 ( general ) d. ✗ it
dzxztdsyz
Ax 1-
By 1-
×; =
Xx lncenter intersection of
ditdztds
-

dz
bisectors
d. Y , dzyztdzyz angle
|
+

Equation of a Line that

passes through points y; :

d. + d. + d,
II. Yi ) dz (I am beautiful )
¥
MODE 5-11 : * center of
weighted average ( ✗ a.
yz ) di
*
incirde
(✗ 3,93 )
1
×, y , ✗ = A :B
y
=

of conic
✗2
ya 1
.
Ways Determining a section

Ax
By 1
i. + =

Equation of a plane that passes through points

12
- -

✗, Zi
Y ,

A y=B
=
✗2
Yz Zz ✗ =
z=C

-
✗
3 Y3 £3 -

CZ 1
i. Ax +
By + =

D- = ✗ 0=00 D- < ✗ a > a

: M
Parallel Lines = Mz
> 1
,
e- -
1 e- o -
ELL e

Perpendicular Lines : m, =
-

tmz Eccentricity
Distance between Point and Line ↳
a a
measure of uncircleness

D=
Ax ,
+
By ,
+ C
e: f -
=
c-
d a
172+132

Distance between Parallel Lines

1C ,
-

Cal
D=

11-2+132
both lines !
↳ make sure H and B are
equal for
 ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
General Equation of a Conic Section Ellipse
Ax 't
Bxy +
Cy 't DX 1-
Ey + F :O sum
of distance from foci is constant

If B = 0 :( orthogonal )

/
b
either A or C is Zero a2=b2+c2
✗ N l b !
L gone of 2
c
a >
always
✓ latera recta

Parabola A=C ?
Length of LR :

262
y N 1 a

< a
,

2
circle
A and C have ( x b)
-

( K)
'

y
-

+ = 1
like
signs a-z bz
Y N
r ✓ :
For an ellipse
c-
Ellipse Hyperbola First
eccentricity :
e =
a

c-
second
eccentricity :
e :b

C
H B -1-0 :( oblique ) third
eccentricity i e :
a. + b.

Get discriminant : D
'
: B2 -417C Flatness :
g
= I -

I
D. < o :
if A = C : circle Hyperbola
if Atc :
Ellipse difference of distance from foci is constant
'

Parabola
'

D = O .

c2=a2tb2
conjugate :
Asymptotes
'

> 0 :
D
Hyperbola axis

y
-
K = tmcx h )
circle
-

I
b
Ax't
Ay 't DX 0
.
1-
Ey t F =

transverse 1- or
§
axis
1
(x (y
-
-
h) 't -
K) = F check rise over

run in
resulting
center of the circle : graph

c. ( Ya-

,
-

Eze ) also applicable for ellipses Length of LR :

and
hyperbolas 262
eto C b : semi minor axis a
dito A ,

' '
Radius of the circle :
(x -
h)
ly -
K)
/
'
=

r= hat K2 -

¥ a2 bz

↳ the denominator of
Parabola always (t ) term ,

may be a > b or a < b.

locus of points equidistant from a focus and directrix

Cartesian Cylindrical Spherical ,

Coordinates
,

Focal length ,
a

focus to vertex ,

4A to vertex
i ,
also
equal
to directrix

of Length of latus
notum :
of 4A
Note: LR always goes
h )2=±4a(
through focus
(x -

y
-
K)

↳ if
y is squared opens left ,
or
right

: ( × y ,z)
Rectangular ,

cylindrical : ( r , a. z )

spherical : ( p ,
o
, ¢)
 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Notations Indeterminate Forms

Newton Leibniz Lagrange % J ,

,
N -
o
,
O -
O
,
0° ,
1° ,
ooo
dot fit) d
j dt least intuitive ,

%¥ f- (t )
simply accept
"

if
some derivatives critical Points
"
logan →
%e ↳
defined as
greatest and least values in the set
,

"
Ina
"
exist
a → a when
they
@

sinx → cosx cscx →

-
cscxcotx

cosx → -
sinx secx → secxtanx

tanx → secix cotx → - secix First derivative second derivative

normal °
( )
For
trigonometric functions : -

maximum point
derivative is
negative if given starts with a minimum
point 0 (t)

For
hyperbolic
: Inflection point Depends 0

sech cschx cothx survival :

, ,
are
negative
Note : Use MODE 7 : table to
find min and max

Sec
"
✗ =/ cos¥ Time Rates

( ¥)
"

see ✗ = cos
"
survival :

survival : MODE 3- 3

Caltech for 1st derivative ( set to radians )

Height Area Note 3-3 is used
because area is second
( appropriate value w/ decimal )
'

1) Let 1.1

}
✗ or some

*Ñ%¥
=

"" "
order .

ii ) Differentiate given
:
If
being asked is ,

)/
A
¥( given = STO t) multiply ?^y
with dh_
dt
'

✗ = 1.1
Maclaurin series Taylor series

" "
a)
° °
"" (× '"
iii. Substitute to choices and find : ×
-

✗ fix )= f (o) f- G) =
f- (a)
K! K!
/ k=o 1<=0
choices it
?
✗
1
=
=

A cosx sin ✗
↳ even
↳ odd
Caltech for 2nd derivative

:} ;÷;÷÷;
member that

i.
Assign two values for ✗ • s×=
1- E. ¥ +
.
- .

coslx) is an even function and

✗
,
= 1.1 sin ✗ = ✗ -

¥ ¥ +
.
-
. . .

✗z = 1. I t 1×10-5 ex = It ✗ +2¥ +3¥

small
very
value

ii. store ( given ) / × . ×,

to A

and (given ) / ✗ = ×,
to B.

iii. The second derivative will be :

"
B- A
y =

1×10-5

↳ store to C and use this to compare w/ choices

Caltech for Limits

9999 tim and

Use ✗ =
for ✗ → •

✗ = -9999 for lim

→
✗ →

limit 1×10-5 Note :

any other
For ,
use ± .

time f- Cx ) =
Iim f-Cx ) = Iim f-Cx)
✗→ at ✗ → a- ✗ →a

must be
left hand and-

right
-
hand limits equal !
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
5 I <3 about the
Ex : SA obtained by rotating yt 5 ✗

fflx)dx
✗ =
,

Fcx ) C
.

=
+

l t y-axis → r=x

integrand integral 2
1-5 -5
✗
y y ✗
= =

dy_
Definite integral d×=
2X
b

faflx)dx f- (b) Fla) SA S 21T r

-

= = -

3
Integration by Parts

/ ( 2x)
'
=
ZITX It dx

fudv = UV -

fvdu us

survival : ( set to radians ) 67.45 units

sq
=
.

:
For indefinite integrals Volume

i. Substitute an appropriate value of ✗ to the

given integrand .
L , from 2nd proposition of Pappus of Alexandria
ii. Differentiate choices at ×
✓ ÷ Area .

Circumference =
A. Zitr
.

iii. Compare .
Washer Method Shell Method
is 1- to axis strip 11 to axis
strip
For definite integrals :
21T
shell → parallel →

( rhyming )
i. Use 18hAM .
Replace limits with ± 1×10-5 if indeterminate .

For double /
triple integrals
:
/
i. Check if :

☒ All limits are real numbers .

Each variable
☒ can be factored out from each other .

f"2ñr
"

( y ? y ;)
( ya ya )dx
f
dx v.
Area ✓
-

=
# -

✗2
✗
✗i i

I f
^

( ya
>

A =
-

ya )dx

g. IT "
,
Remember only use an
appropriate
¥
' '
, ×, functions ✗z
r distance of
f ( ro )
,

of ✗
V :
21T r -
ri dx centroid from axis .

%
(o 2)
^ × '

A =

f § redo ,
{ ①

QI
'
Area bounded -2=0
'
a 1 Ex : by ✗ =

8g , y ,
and y-axis in .

igj , • > o
function
of 0 Revolved about y -
2=0

for ( 7) for
* y-axis ay
-
¥ 2=8 ¥
table
visualizing MODE
polar, degrees y
=
Use a ,
use .
✗
y →
-

Length of
✗2
the Arc
2- / • >
y
= 2

( 2+2%-7
I

s
=/ it
(¥ ) ,
'
dx ( in terms of )
x -
¥0
Ey . +
y,
I Notice that r : 2-
✗ , 2 I
1 I / I 1 I 1 7
42 0
4
=/ ( ddg )
-
s It dy ( in terms of y) "

Yi
v =
f ait r ( ro -
ri ) DX
0-2
-

f ( %-)
X,
S =
r
-
+ do 1in terms of 0-1
4

f ( { (2T¥ ) ) ( 2- ¥ ) dx
Q,
21T 2-
Y8
=
ta =

1 parametric )
s=
f 1%+5+1%+12 dt o

t .
Moment

surface Area 4 of region to rotate about

tendency ✗ -
and
y-axis
↳
from 1st proposition of Pappus of Alexandria For vertical
strip :

"

! tzlyu yi )d×
'
day for
SA =
Length of Arc .

Circumference
=
S '
211T Mx =
-

Interchange ✗

, horizontal strip
✗2

My f ( ) DX
yn y
=
✗
-

✗i

'
r

' '
r r
Remember only use an
appropriate
✗
iryz d distance of

f
,

r : distance from centroid to axis of rotation M =

DA -

d centroid from axis .

✗
ory ✗ or
y-axis
choose appropriate r ! × , or
y,

↳ if about x-axis r=y

,

Is really just the same as the one

for volume without
if about y-axis , r :X ,

other line would be y± 9 or ✗ ± a the 21T constant ( DA =

Yu
-

Yu :
ro r ;)
any
-
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS
centroid work in
Pumping in a
Liquid

( )
My Mx
II. 5)
-

=
'
Area Area level of
h
Wi fpghdv
discharge ,

A V
I g- or
n * -

b-
Rectangle 2 hg bh h *

>
b
n Work in stretching a
spring
b- b-
Triangle g 3 b¥ n
To
W -
-

fkxdx
>
b ↳ f- = KX
n

th should be relative to
b limits of integration
spandrel 4- %h J h
*
un stretched length
,

2×2 n
b
work done in
hitting a
weight with a chain of Rope
3- b
Parabola
g ¥ h 2- bh
3
h
*
W :
f(Wwad 1-
Wrope -

wy) dy
b
> d t d
n weight weight weight decreases as
41 rope is lifted up
semi circle
- o
31T
{ ITF
< ,
r i
Mean Value Theorem
n
9
4b
Semi -

ellipse 0
IT
{Tab -

b
f- (c) =
b- a fflxldx
± b
>
l a 1
Rolle 's theorem
^

Hemisphere 0
g-
3
R { (4-31142) if :
< ,

^
1. f is cont . on [ a. b ]
1
Cone 0
4 ↳ Bh To
h 2.
f- is differentiable on ( a. b)
< > -

B 3 . f- (a) =
f- (b)
The parabola is drawn as arc
( a. b) st f' (c)
.

Then there exists c in .

= 0
3 8 2 5 2 3
2

g- b g-
h
3- bh
Moment of Inertia

↳ measures the resistance of an object to rotate

Remember only use an

appropriate
d distance of
=/
2

I×ory DA
dxory
'
,

-
axis centroid from axis .

Use
strip 11 to rotational axis .

Radius of gyration
Im
Z

r =
→ from I = mr

L, A
m
Pa
'
:

↳ 1 if not given
assume
pa
=

Hydrostatic Pressure

↳ pressure exerted fluid at rest

on a
submerged body by a

p=pgh =
8h
↳ centroid to surface
kg / m3
,

/pure 1000
=

not height of object

Pseawater = 1030 kg / m3

F =
fpgh DA
11 to surface level
use
strip
?⃝
?⃝
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
"

)dx=2×'y"dy )
d
equal ( *
'

Homogeneous DE

day /
2=0 highest n in an of exponents per term
(
→ is +

d¥£
2nd order → sum y
-
3 2 1-
1st degree highest exponent of
' '
→ ✗ +
y G-
City )dx Zxydy
'
Ex =
=

d×
highest 2×y
.

> " i. Test if

homogeneous : ✗ → 2x ; y Xy
(dd¥ ) ( d¥)
→
2nd order
.
t 7- =
zsinx
3rd
degree
(4×121-44) )d× 217×1 Ay )dy
'
=

D. E. of Family of curves 72 ( it y )d× '

= 72 ( Zxydy )
Ex :
^
i y'=4ax 4a=É Alternatively , 72 [ +
y4dx= Zxydy ] →
homogeneous w/
degree 2
↳ ZYY
'
YZ
arbitrary '=d¥=u+×%×
> ' ✗ -

zyy ya ii. substrate udxtxdu OR

y=u× ; dy y
=
o=
-

constants
.

2
< > ✗

¥ -5=0
'
iii.
'
>
zyy
=
Zxyy Solve
using variable
separation .

> D. E. of family '

Y
( it u2x2)dx /ux ) (udxtxdu)
' '

Zxyy →
of y ,

2x
y
=
u , curves zx =

i.
Try reducing # of
arbitrary constants in
equation .

Ñd×tu2xfd× = 2u2xTd×t 2u¥dw

ii. Isolate arbitrary constants .

dx + idx =
2u2d× + ZUXDU

Get derivative and substitute constants

iii.
arbitrary .
dx + idx - Zuidx = 2uxd.li
solution to Differential Equation (I - uh dx = Zuxdu

Variable -

Separable DE flx>
dxtgly )dy=O ftcxdxtfglyldy -0
-

dx : Rudy
lnx = In (1-42) + Inc
IF
-
-

Homogeneous DE F( xx ,iy)=IF(×,y) ✗

21 fMd×tfNdy=C
Exact DE
Mlxiyldx +
N(x,y)dy=o
""
;
¥1 y×
i duplicates only
once
1m, =
In
(
C
) ✗ =
C- but y=ux
Linear DE y
'
+ Plx)y= QQ ) ; yes =
games
""
)d× + c
, -
uz
l -

uz
" ""
(1-4×2-2)
' -
" " -
"
" Pd×=
-
" ✗

/ one
"
Bernoulli 's DE y
't Pcx
)y=QGDy ; y e ( tn ) + C
× = C- ✗ =c

Higher -
Order DE 1- I '
↳ use Caltech for
×
y implicit
Exact DE
Examples :

Variable -

Separable DE 1×2 + ✗y
y
'
)dx -
+
(1-2×2 2xy)dy - = 0

M
(2y ¥ ¥ c)
N

¥,=×¥y 12 g) dy = ( ✗ + Ddx = + ✗ + 2
- -

}yM_ 3¥
ON
= x2 + y
'
+ 2x -

4y + C = 0 = ✗
-2g = ✗ -

2g 3¥ I

Caltech : ( for eqns where

y is not isolated ,
isolate C instead ) solve for f Mdx t
fNdy=C
implicit
'
Isolate
f (x2 )d× f( Ix Zxy ) dy
i. C ' = C
t -

+ ✗
y y
-

2) ¥ ¥y ya
'

ii.
Assign appropriate values for andy ( x ¥y
-1.1 2. C
✗ y =
t ✗
y + =
-

✗
- -

iii. solve for ¥ ,

9 DI
dy
using choices .

Write duplicates once .

¥ ¥y
-
C

/
store to + xy
-
=

( ✗ tuft 2×-49 ) ,,
'
CALC = A
✗ =×
¥É ✗ =

2.2
'"
If not exact :

y
=

:
Go back ,
interchange x day Multiply DE by integrating factor

Mdx
Ndy
/
store to + = 0
(y It 2g -4×7
'
+ CALC =
B

)=°¥y -3¥ 3¥ °÷
✗ = ×
2.2
✗ =
plx
-

→
make sure
or
1. I
y interchange !
=
to
Ordering in calcu N M
% ¥
-

iv. solve for ,

=
.
Store to C. will be
flipped choose whichever is
easier to integrate
v. Check :
espcxldx
fpcx )dx
C ? pyefpcxldx + Ne = 0 →
exact !
= 1

dY_d× / ✗ = 1. I
Linear DE

1 g- 2.2
't QCX)
given
y PCx7y =

Caltech : ( for eqns where

y is isolated )
Integrating factor : efPl×)d×
explicit
i. Assume values for ✗ and C (✗ 1.1 C =
any value )
'

2g
4×2 =

y +
=
,
.
✗

ii. Solve for y and

y
'
,

y
'
+ ¥y = 4x

f¥d×
eµ×2=
21m
Substitute espcxldx
a
and
'
iii. ×
y to
,
, y given . ,
e , e , ✗

4
f4×.×2d× yx 2=41×3
'
'
dx + c
yx
=
yx :
✗

¥,
'

✗ +
g-
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Bernoulli 's DE "
2×2
Ex Find
ypcx ) of
y y
= X 3
-
-
. -

d¥ 2¥
-
n 2 I n = - I
Xy
= -

sinx
+ =

yp = A×2+ B. ✗ 1- C → -
A =
2 -13=-1 2A C =-3
-

QQ) Jinx
PCH =
¥ = ✗ '
217×+13 A =
-2¢ B I C l
yp = = = -

" "

yl-ne.SU
) Pdx n)Pd×
nyfo.eu
-
n -

"
( 1. 2A
yp
= =

eY×?
21h ✗
eS¥d× e-
-2
=
= ✗ 2A -
( A×2+B× + c) = 2×2 -
x
-
3- : .
Yplt) =
-2×2 1- X -
l
,,

y
-1×-2 = -

fxfsinx.IT -
Ax
'
-
Bx + ( 2A -
c) = 2×2 -

X -
3

f- ¥ .
= cosx + C
survival :

ty = ✗
'
( cosx + c) i. Differentiate choices .

I
"
ii. Substitute
'

Y
=
y y etc
xaccosx + C) y , ,
y ,
.

Check if LHS ± RHS

Higher -
Order DE iii. .

( Rcx) ) expression at right Ex

" '
2x
Homogeneous 4g
= o →
terms
= cos
hand side w/o y
-

y
.

case 1 : roots real and distinct and ma Aws 2x t Bsin 2x

m
yp
=
are ,
,

"
Gem
"
C. em
'
-2A sin 2x t 2.Boos 2x
yp
=
+
y
=

4138in 2x
"

yp
=
-4A cos 2x
roots
repeated
-

case 2 : are ,
m mut .
2
,

"

y :(at Csx ) em -4A cos 2×-413sin 2×-18 Asin 2×-8 Boos 2x = ws2×

a ± bi -4A -813=1 8A -413=0

Case 3 complex
:
,

(C ) Yao -40
"
cos bit Czsinbx A
-

B.
y
= =
e ,
=

-12-0 cos 2x
To sin 2x
" '

8y +16g 0 Yp
=
*
-
=
y t

D- t 8D + 16=0 Caltech :

D= { -4 ,
-4 } i. Find
auxiliary equation → denominator
"✗

y
= (c. + czx ) e- " y -4g
"
'
→ m2 -4m → ✗ 2- 4X

'" ' " "

Ily 15g 0 ii. For RCX ) Ae
"
sinbxt Be
=
*
y -5g + -
=
cosbx : At Bi
}
( MODE 4)
D -5132+1113-15=0 5-
cosy × : 0 + Ii → numerator

D= { 3 ,
It 2i } case I & 3
Note i is with cosine here .

(
"
)
✗

C. Ca ↳ sin 2x Calculate :
e t e cos 2x + iii.
y
=

Non -

homogeneous (121×7--10) At Bi

General solution : auxiliary eq .

① from e
"
b from coslbx) or sincbx)
✗= atbi → .

ylx ) =

yccx) +
yplx )
¥× to toi
CALC ✗ =ot2i →
t
-
-

I
complementary particular
solution
solution L ,
-

lysin2x
-

Locos 20
Method of Undetermined Coefficients
Real for sin ,
For particular solutions :

imaginary for cos

6)
RCX )
yptx ) If math derive auxiliary equation leg 2m Proceed
-

iv. error ,
. .

"" " " "

"
Cnx + Cn ,X .
t . . . + Co AX t BX t . . .
t Z as usual .

"
where of
Ex : ✗ 2+2×-1 Ax 't Bxtc v.
Multiply answer by × n is # times

3- 4 >
Bx 't Cx derivative ( )
✗ Ax + + D
taking or # of times of math errors

"" "
ce Ae
"
Ex : g- e µe3×
✗
2é×
-

Ae

Coos (bx) or Csinlbx) Acosbxt Bsinbx

Ex : 40053×-5sin 2x Acos3×tBsin3x + Ccos2✗tDsin2x

Ceaisinlbx) he"cosbx Be"sinbx

"

Ce coslbx) or +

Ex : 2e×ws2x + 3e×sin2× Ae×cos2× + Bessin 2x

 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Growth
Getting the complementary solution Natural

d¥
' "

dy
"
Ex :
y
- -

l2y= e a y

complementary : ( homogeneous ) Poekt

For
population problems / :
Plt)=

m2 -
4m -12=0 decay problems ↳ Caltech : MODE 3-5 ( ex )
6 , -2
m= Newton 's Law of Cooling
•✗ "
T
Yc =
C. e. + Czé
p surroundings hotter

( using Caltech ) objects

particular :
d¥ ✗ ft Ts ) -

"
12 ↳ Ts
m2 -
4m - =
e object colder

↳ Ae "t 1- objects
sinbx + Be"cosbX Tct )= Tst ( To -
Ts ) e-

At Bi =
It Oi = 1

at bi =
61-0 i = 6 ↳ Caltech : MODE 3-5 ( ex )
T ( choose )
I t y =T Ts or
y Ts (t)
:
-

! 1
Ig
-

→ Math error ✗ =
→
→

✗
2- 4×-12 × 2×-4 /
✗ = 6
"

f-
"t
✗ e
: .

yp
=
Note : 1- (f) =
Tst ( To -
Ts ) e-
)
"

If not Caltech :
↳ still have to add Ts (e.g T : Ts t (t ) y
using
.

"

yp Axe Problems
Mixing
=

↳ must
multiply by ✗ because " "

of conflict with yo
→
Yo = C, e t Czé a- =
input concentration (1%91)
volume flow rate ( 9911min )
"

Proceed
'
and Ri input
by getting
=

yp yp .

solution :
D
f- e6×
"

ylx) =
C, e6× + c. e- +
✗

"
Q = amount of substance ( lbs )
orthogonal trajectories
¥ = m
① co
Ro
,

dy
dx
=
-

mt %¥ =
Rici -
Roco

do Q
=
Rici -
R . → memorize !
It Vo 1- ( Ri Ro)t
-

of the family of dQ limits Qo to Qf

Ex . Find the
orthogonal trajectories curves
y=c×
I
Integrate over .

Isolate constant Limited Exponential Growth

i. .

family of straight
through origin
ddtf
lines
¥ = C =
KIM -
P) p : M -
ce
- Kt

Differentiate rate is proportional to difference between and value

ii. .
max present

xy# = 0
survival :

2
check between :
✗
choices
equality
b

to dP_ if
'
✗
y
-

y
= 0
kdf
Use this for learning curves

M P -
a

d¥¥ ↳ after solving for K

answer for DE of
↳ Growth
family of curves Logistic
iii. Get
negative reciprocal and
integrate , d¥ =
kP( M -
P)
M
a p =
much easier to use
Mkt
d¥
± dp
=
It ( e- and integrate
y d-,

✗ DX of and allowable additional

ydy = -

< 7
rate is proportional to
present value P

( } y % +
c) 2
-

= value of P
2 2
+ C
y ✗ Survival :
= -

v
Z

Zty C check between : or

conveniently :
equality
more
✗
- = 0 →
circles centered
,
at
origin
'h°"
choices "dP_
b
g Pa
fop(dP_ ) I f kdt PIM P ) ± 1
-

desired
M P
kfdt
-
a

for K
↳ after solving
 ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
complex Numbers ( i=j) trigonometric
i IT is i ( ✗ + jy ) sink ) cosh ( y ) t
jcos( ) sinh ( y )
}
sin

}
x
allowed
= ' =
i }
i i and i
Cyclic only
-

, , , " d" "

in calcu mode
it = -
l it = I
For negative exponents : coscxtjy) :
cos G) cosh ( )
y
-

jsinlx) sinh ( y )
i2
Notations i "=
¥8 .
=
-1=-1 Ex : cot ( 0.94 +
g- 0.43 )
✓
d
(× y ) 12-1 Laws of
10.94 tj 0.43)
' '
Ordered pairs : 2- ;
=
✗ Make denominator
+
y
=
,
Exponents =
cos
1

( 0.94 tj 0.437
Rectangular yi
: sin
2- = ✗ +
Im
a

(¥ )
'
3+4 "
10.94 )cosh( 0.437
-

polar : z=rLO- ; o- tan 10.94 ) sinh (0.43)

join
= -
•
cos
=
r

rcjsct 10.94/ cosh 10.43) 10.94) sinh (0.43)

Trigonometric
: 2- =

<
10 > Re
sin +
jus
= r ( cos-0-tjs.int) = 0.56 -

j 0.57

sina.ee#
joy
#
cost = e +e- -
e v
Matrix

2J Note :
Order of matrix : mxn ( rows ✗ Cols )
in
°
et
°
et Sum / Difference : must be same order
-

2
cosho = te sinha =
-

e- i= e

2 2 12
Multiplication : fax b) ✗
( bxc ) =
( a ✗
c)
Inm
et coso-tjsino-e-jo-coso-jsi.no ¥
"
i
= : Division : =
AB

# not allowed in caku !

> Re
( press ×
-1

Exponential : 2- re
= →

change to v20

Minor
Operations
"
* ( rho ) =
t "Ln0- 1<=0,1 ,
. . .
,n -1 the minor Mij is
formed by removing ith row and jth column
,

( :( )
* nrl -0 =
Irl "n< 0-+1 360° )
and
getting the determinant

5 6

2 2 3 ? ?
ga

of 3 5 6 M ? ? ?
Find the roots 2- =3 -8 →
Ex . A =
=

from complex number I 8 9 ? ? ?

> SHIFT 2
, gets 0

(
↳ cofactor
arg ( 8)
-
1- 360 ✗
1- 81 <
↳
3 signed minor
,
convention :

✗ =
1<=0 , 1,2 t -
t
just start with +

t then alternate
Bi root
-

It
principal
-

At 1<=0 : →

t t
log (4+51)
-

1<=1 : -2

1<=2 : I -
Tsi
e.
radians Transpose
'°
* In (z ) = In ( red ) : Inr +
jo → use In C)
only
↳ rows to columns and columns to rows

store complex number to A. Get 1h11AM targ (A) ✗ i

symmetric Matrix ! A = AT
AT
109.2+4 ( 5 Ki ) Matrix A
:
Ex Evaluate skew
symmetric
- = -

;
for real numbers
* for matrices with *

=
In (5-121) → stone to A Adjoint ,
A-
complex numbers Adjugate ,
A-
only
In 1-21-4 i )→ store to B L,
complex conjugate of transpose of A ↳
transpose of cofactor matrix

=
In / At +
i×ar9( A) ( in radians ! ) µ ,
I + i A→AT→A* of Ai a.k.a classical adjoint
IBI tixarg (B)
2-3 " Ct
In or adjunct A- → C →

=
0.227 -
1.094 i A* =
[i - i 2+3 i ] For
square matrices
:

" " "

Evaluate (31-41) . Hermitian matrix : A=A* A* = det (A) ✗ A

" "
z :(3t4i ) skew hermitian matrix : A= -
A* to
operations in

Zi ) /n ( 3t4i ) caku
( and
"

lnz : (5 -
×

SHIFT + 4)
=
( 5- 2i ) ( / In 3t4i / +
i×arg(3t4i ) ) Determinant

In 2- If
swapped determinant
9.902 t 1.418 i corresponding rows or columns are around ,
-

" " ↳ ↳ ↳ c'

unchanged (
9. 902 t 1.418 i
is =

2- =
e
'

{8 )
9.902 1.418C
= e @
-
If all elements in a row or column are zero , then det is zero (e.g.
" 418 "

z
:
19970 @ ( z= rest = rLo ) .
If two rows or columns are identical / scalar multiples det ,
is zero (e. g. 12
24 )
 ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
Rank Laplace Transform
•

↳
largest square matrix where determinant is not zero Fls) =L [ flt ) ] =/ f- (f) e- stdt
0 I
kernel
Ex 3 6 9
.

function

A =
7 8 I
f- ( t) FCS)

I 2 3 1 ÷
±
1A / = O t
sz

Take 3 6 n !
→ det is -18 =/ 0
th
7- g gn.tl

: rank is 2 k
sinkt to remember the numerator :
# of
-
K2
of A rank (A) s +
Nullity =
sinkt sink → Titanic
Jack
-

→
→
columns
coskt → cost →
$ → s
K
If each element of a column or row in A is
multiplied by ,
coskt s

SZ + KZ
the determinant is multiplied by K .

3 6 9 3 6171 9 K
sinhkt

A = 7 3 I B = 7 317 ) I sz -
K2

2 2 4 2 2171 4 s
cosh kt
sa KZ
1131 7 / A/
-

' =
.
.

Eigenvalue If eat is multiplied to f- (t ) , replaces with s -

a.

A - IX = 0 AV = XV Ex .

A transformation matrix 1-
eat
→

Eigenvector Eigenvector
1 -

v→ s -
a

[A -
It ]u=T -
"
✗2

: -
✗ →
Eigenvalue
t .

eat
1-
(s a) 2 -

Caltech : n n !
t.e.at
? Y
"t'
Ex .
Find the eigenvector given
and 7=6 .
( s a) -

K
compare : sinkt .
eat
-

AV XV (s a)2+1<2
Alternatively
-

3- 6 15 ? O ,

choices =

÷
l 1-6 0
[? Y ][ choices
] / choices 't
] Some Properties

Getting the determinant for 4×4 ( or

bigger ) matrices Lletatflt) ] →
Fls _+a )
"
nd
consider : A L It"fCt) ] → ( 1)- Fcs) ( nth derivative )
- B ( column) dsn
y as

[ ttflt) ] /
-

L
-

I 2 3 →
Fcs)ds
} valuable
0 -

s <
→
integral

store whole
A =
2 0 2 1 L
/ jiff )dt ] → § Fcs)
thing as c : 10 3 O l Caltech :
N

=/ f- (f) e- stdt
C
Crow) O -2 4 6
- Recall : f- (s )
pivot element ↳ pivot
i. Choose a non zero-

pivot element i. Assume appropriate value of s ( e.g .

s =3 )

matrices :
ii. store
highlighted t t
ii. calculate :
8 st
- -

t t

pivot f flt) to A
- -

iii. Identify sign of

-
+
-
-

t
+
-
-

t -

0
e dt → store

iv. Calculate :
Check :
iii.

IAI :( I Pivot )
element
det
/ A -
BC

I
) choices / s= ouosens
=
?
1

A
don't
forget
division by
Matrix pivot element !
Inverse of a iv. Some modifications :

f. f- (E) de multiply f- integrand

'

A- =
A* .
Given is → factor to

IAI . Given includes ult a) -

or Ua ,
lower limit becomes a

A* = A- pal
'
→ same formula in adjugate ! •
Given includes 8ft a) -

,
no need to
integrate simply ,
substitute
St
t=a to f- (f) e-
↳ useful in getting adjugate in calcu .

"

using Mata ✗ det (A)

 ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
IT "*

Fourier series few) :

f cos Cst ) dt
it

)
" "✗ L is the
-

"" ✗

?(
,
+ basin hat :¥ period
9oz
an 005
ffx) rlwsotjsino)
-

=
+ L L z = re =
+,
n

t
t
cosines sines
t
f cos ( 3T ) ( cos fast ) tjsinc-0.5T) ) dt

µ IT
DC level
-

IT

f cos (A) wsfo.s-tldttjfcoststlsinfo.SI) at

-1T
-
IT
Fourier coefficients I d
A B
ao =
f f f- G) DX Use specified limits . If
limits L to L

( / dx
no use

If
- .

" ,

f- Chaos calculate :
an =
f- (w ) = A + JB →
store to C

If ( )d×
"
bn = f- G) sin iv. Compare :
The 2 only appears
↳ period I choices
in the
formula
=

Half sine series 2 2

once w = 0.5
± 1
range
-

h to C
ntx

( )
2

If %
"

bn = f- G) sin dx
f(× ) : t bn sin
L
some modifications :
0 or
n =/
↳ Period 't
Half cosine series anas . Given includes ult a) -
or ya lower limit becomes a
range
-

f- [ flx) ( NY ) dx
Limits from 0 to L
an =
cos Z -

transform
0

(n ) ✗ (z )
signal plane representation
↳ for discrete-time
Determine the Fourier coefficients at ✗ →
complex
Example: n=2 of the periodic waveform
-

flx)
2 a
"
=
0 < < 21T
✗( z )
✗ ✗
, =
✗ In )z
21T

foflx) (
"

) dx n= a
-

cos
an =

21T O
{ }
-

[ =
= IT EX ✗ ( n) = 1. 2. 5,7 ,
0
,
I
2
.

21T

( 211¥ ) ¥ ¥ ¥ Is
21T

¥1 :# f.
'

a, = Zoos
✗ dx bz ✗ sin / 2x )d× ✗( z ) : It + + +

92 = 1
,,
bz : -29T
,, Region of convergence
a. = I fflxldx ↳ set of values for z which attains a
finite value

For half look only

range
E- ¥
21T
-

,
1- ✗ (7) + ROC : entire 2-
f.
Ex
plane except
'
dx at bn Solve = → -
2=0
I an
.
= ✗ or .

bn setting -7
-

for an or n

go =
26.32
,
then compare with choices . ✗ (2) =
z
't £-2 →
ROC : entire 2- -

plane except 2=0 and z → •

Fourier Transform ✗ n ( ) ✗ ( Z) Roc

↳ with 81h1 1
assumes that a non -

periodic function is a
periodic function
1
an infinite period anulnl -
i 12-1 > a
, -
az
1
Non -

unitary Unitary - an ul -
n -
1) -
i
lzl < a
, .az
N N

! f- (f) e- Jwtdt Jwtdt

1
/
"

Ftw) = Ftw) = f- (f) e- EX . ✗ (n) =

( 0.5) ucnl
21T -
✗
1
kernel Caltech :
still similar but uses and
function •
" has added restrictions when
f- ( t) f- ( )
w
i. Recall ✗(z) = ✗ (n ) Z value of
choosing a z

n=o

1 211-8 ( w)
ii. If uln ) :
set limits as 0 to 25

ul n ) : set limits as -25 to 0

Slt)
-

1
Oleg ul 3) 3=0 =-3 )
equate argument
n
to → n n
- -

: →
- -

Else .

ejat 2*8 ( w a) -

iii. Set appropriate value of z:

cos ( at ) ñ8( w a) -

+ +8 ( wt a) If n is (t) to (f) → 2- > 1 ( Assume 2- = 5)

sin ( at ) a) jñ8( wta) f) to ( t )

jitscw z=l
→
-
-
+

etat
I
f) to f) → OL 2- < I (2--0.3)
a
_+jw
Ex .
f- [ cos 13T ) ] ,
-
IT < t< It iv. solve :

25 "

Caltech :
similar to laplace but
0.5^155 → store to A
with 5-
jw 0

tdt
go
"
i. Recall Flw)= f f- A) e- v. Compare :
-
a

ii. Assume appropriate value for w .

/ jw choices
z = chosen 2- ?
= 1
A
w = 0.5
jw = 0.5

↳ avoids decomposition to
cosotjsino
iii. Solve : Quick recap :

IT "*

f- (w) :
f cos Cst ) dt
Laplace : Fcs) = f f- ( t ) e- stat → 0 to 8

IT

ff (f) e-Jwtdt
-

d
Fourier : f- ( w ) = → -8 to 8
2- = re =
rlcosotjsino)
"

2- : ✗ (z ) = ✗ (n) z → 0 to 25 or -25 to 0
 REFRESHER iii.
0-1 It
6m

0-1

become
Ol
IF
1
>
d l
The 0s equal 253
because the sun is far
away
.

h 6th
M
'

You internet from tano tano 253h thx 6 ✗ thx

d-
= =

campus zpg d
=
.
can access .
+

N : You are a comsci

major .
b-
D= grztd
6th =
2¥
S : You are a freshman .
Tano =
2%
0 =
60°
Nuns >
M

8
a 1300 2
2402
2
240m Floor : ✗ + d
h
=

Police ,
Horror
35
§ )
60° f
D= 2402 + ✗
2

25
35 20

15
tan 60° =
n
g
tan 300=1 =

d 2402 1- ✗
2
15
10 I
80
2s go
75 ✗ =
tan 60° h =
146.97 in

20

60
10
Romance
150
If exponent is 1:41 6: . . . 41 2789
I
= 557
g- 5
2 : . . . 81

3: . . . 21

A B 4 : . . . .
61

5 : . . .
.
01

sec At tana
=p Recall : Alternatively ,

seix tan
>
l For #s with 1 units
(seca A) digit
✗
seca tana
-

+ tan -
-
as
,
=P
seen .
-
tana
-

unit digit is 1

1 .

tens digit is units digit of product of base tens digit

=p
see A- tana
and exponent units
digit
1
4 9 36
f
✗
A tana
=
sec =
-

see At tana
=p 61
-

: .

-
2tanA= tp p -

tan A =
£ ( p tp )-

>
0.7601
Numbers w/ 3,9 ,
and 7 as last digit
laws of exponents
Apply
-

" "
(33 )
"
( 1185921 )
=

↳ 2×2 =
4
with ✗ = 1.1 , = 0.7601

i. 41
 REFRESHER

:
Special even # s

choose 2 #s choose the 8 cards cannot be

any integer
( paired
suits of the
digits (
is used since they are
76 > last 2 always 76
(
as
pairs 2 pairs choose any
,
odd # from remaining
24 > last 2 digits is
always 24 ( 13C 2) (4Cz)(4C2)( 44C 1)
"" #
=
0.04754
52C 5
24 > last 2 digits is
always 76

56283 : 62586 :
→ KK 555
w -

pair + trio

56,36 , 16,96 76 ,
. . .
62,44 ,
28
, 36,32
,

283=56
s
} NIA
43C 2) ( 4C 2) ( 4C3 ) 0.00144
2x =

i. 16 1 52C 5
if KKK 55
2,4 6 , and 8 :
Numbers
ending in ,
or 555kt

5628° 563 62586 @ 1.21586

:
= =
.

:(565/56.563 =
3,586 2586 .

=
( 550731776156.563 =
( G1 ) ( 210158.26
( 1024758.26
}
:( . .
-76)( 56 ) =
81

=
. . .
16 =
81.76.26 P( D) =
% p( RAD )= ?

=
. . .
84 P( KID ) :
I
=
PCRAD )
PCRID )
PCD )

PCRAD )
43 =

215
(F) (0.521%0.48)
'
= 0.183958

I
PCRAD ) =

G 2
15
5 females = males

0.7 0.4
Heart : 13 out of 52
a.) PCA / B) = PCAAB) 0.3

out of
0.4 0.3 " I
p( B)
=

0.4
=

£4
Red King : 2 52

Both : 1 out of 52
PCBIA ) = 0.3
: 3-
14

P( red king U heart ) :

¥2 +
¥2 £2 -
:
52
0.7 7

14
p( neither heart ) I -5J b.) P( A) PCB) PIAAB ) PCAUB)
red
king nor t
= - =

19
=
-26 P(A) t 0.3 -
0.3 =
0.7

PLA) : 0.7

PCA / B) 0.3 PCB / A) 0.3

¥
=
=
=/ "

0.3 0.7
5-21-211--10 -9 33
=

52 51.50.49
-

.gg 16660

OR

( 401 )( 1305 ) 33
=

52C 5 16660
 REFRESHER

I 2 3 4 5 6 P 1
1st die is 6 / is 7
=

¥ ¥ % ¥
sum
tired
p= I 2 3 45 6 7
6
4g
+
2
green =

red green
2 3 45 6 7 8

5 6 78
34 9

4 56 7 8 9 10

5 6 78 9 10 11

b- heads i
already means 5 tails 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

( ¥ ) ( 0.57=10.575--0.2461
5 white
7- black

1-

3 white
12 black
10
✗ 2
(100×110.5)×10.5110
-

✗ =6
=¥÷ É "" "

ya heads
black
Ptails / whitebait =
(2) ( %)
" "
b. tails
# white

black
(E) (E) (E)(8) +

Fn =
a -
b
where a :
11-55 and b : 1- Fb =
12
2 2 37
5

1=26 :
926 626 -

= 121393
F-
"
"
Also : Ln = a + b

2 f- (xn )
Ln =
Fn ,
+ Fnt , flx ) : ( x 2)
-
- l ✗ = ✗n
nti
-

fyxn )
-

F , 1-01=22 '
21×-2 )
<
f- (x ) =

(x -

2)
2
- I
↳ ✗ -

Fo :O

(1×-272-1)
d
✗ ,
=
5.7332
d-✗
"
bn
" ✗ =×
a -
Xz : 4.000539
=
46367 CALC ✗ = 9.33 ,
5
no ✗ = 3.25020
3 ✗ =
Ans . . .

✗ = 3.02503
4
Fo = 2

Ln = Ln it Ln
-
2
F. =/ 2 , 1,3 , 4,7 ✗
g-
=
3.0003

Ah
"
Ln :
1- B ✗ 6=3.000000047

135--20633239

14
" " Uses : 5 →
Fcs) =
0.2667=4-5
A- t B =
2178
n -6
.

Ptwo girls = 0.25

Pat least I girl

=
0.51-0.25=0.75

"
f- (t ) f- (f) 51=6)tsF(s )
cospt
t = = s

° -

Ptwo girls / atleast Ptwo girl

Recall : L{ f'Ctl } =
sfcs )
_f#
s +
p2
tis a
girl =
girls hat least I

sff'µ°
s
Pat least I girl L { f- (t ) }
"
= s
'
Fcs) ⑤ 1- 1) Fcs ) =

sztpz
-

1st BB G G
44 l
Yg
:

2nd BG BG = Fcs ) = s

314 52+1 sZtp2

 REFRESHER

- s 2s
f- ( s) =
e + e-
S

L { ult ) }
-
n
Recall : I ✗ (z) (n ) z
=
=
✗

s n :O

Assume z
=
5 ( sina.CH to (1-1) ,
a =3

25 n
"
3
=
5- → math error !
> 0.5187 .

n ,
,
✗ = 0
to
"
" ↳
non -

unitary : Ftw) :
f f- (f) e- dt change to 2 →
0.5497
-
to
Assume 2- =5
unitary : Ftw) -

¥ If (f) e- Jwtdt "

- "

choices .
g-
l
jwt n :O

¥f
-

Flw)=
4- ✗ 2) e dt
,

-
I

Assume 0.5
=
w .

'5ty
' °
I
G- ✗ 2) ,
=

e
20

#
Recall : re =
r(wso- +
jsino )
I

÷ jf( ) use ratio test :

sit )dt
=

( 1- ✗ 2) cos @ -
+ 1- ✗2) sin fast )dt
" " "
- l -
l UNH Un ( 1) -

x
L lim
=
=

-11
A B n -
roo
un 2h

"" + "
¥ ( Atj B)
"

0.5187 If L 1 C- 1)
diverges
= →
> ✗
,
um , =

nt 2
L< 1 y
, converges
1=1 ,
test fails

NWDE TABLE

Assume FL
:| "u
✗ = -

text
↳
depends on choices

For inverse Fourier : Use start = 25 end = 100 step -5

-

, ,
•

fcx) =
1- f f-(w ) e+Jw×dw ✗

25
ftx)
1
21T go L= 1
-
30 1
i. ;

Assume ✗ =
0.5 (w is the variable now
)
100 1 : test fails

( i( )
' If test fails !
i. (
'
- cos
( 0.5W )dw +
j f sin 0.5W )dw
9tw7(4tw
'
) ( 9+01141-04 -1

(
L> 1
g L Iim converges
-

g um ,
-

=
✗ ,
,
,
✗
0
→ •
A B → un
LL 1
-
-
, diverges
¥ ( Atj B)
, A 1=1 ,
test fails

L=fC×) becomes 0 for ✗ = -

V2 →

diverges !
L :
f- (x) becomes 0 for ✗ : FL →
diverges !
:fz< ✗ < K

h does not include endpoints

?⃝
 REFRESHER

A -
B =
/ ALIBI cost

(
B
)
'
coefficient Matrix : A
-

0
-

=
cos

10 3 10 IAIIBI
9
8 -2
0 =
84.32°
8 I -10
,

classical adjoint / adjugatei . Cofactor :

III. ¥ ]
* "
↳
A- =
det( A) A signed minor
-

*
-

A =
11 40 47 (real)
adjugale
-

transpose of cofactor

152 -180 -
to komplex) adjoint →
transpose of complex
conjugate
24 14 -44
-
c- -

(A*)T Radius of curvature

- -

In terms (t ) and :
11 152 24 In terms of flx) : of ✗
yct )
% 3/2
2)
'

✗
'
14 (✗ 2)
' '
C 40 -180 +
y +
y
:

µ ,
µ ,

/ /
" '

y'
' '
"
47 ✗ + ✗
y
-10 -44 ,
y

In terms of polar :
312
(r 't 2)
'

r
R =

/ r2t2r ?rr
' "
r

""
✗ =
'

✗ cost -

Y' Sino ✗ = aotasino

y
: a- acoso
R=
( ( atacoso )'t Casino)
'
)%
Ilatacoso )(awso) fasino-kac.int ) /
i
e-
'
,

y
= X' Sino ty 'cos0 ✗
=
at a cost
y
'
: asina
-

"
!
'
AI ✗
"

asino
"
:
acoso Cause Caltech
cot 20 y
= -

=
, ,

< B

GAY
'

'
, Bxy Cy,

=L
xy
cot 20=0-0 = 0

, b. use table or :

1- = 0
f' ( x ) :
2×-6 70

tan 20 2×76

fan 20 = to → tan 90° -10 ✗ > 3

. :O = 45°

E- E- y
'

y' sin 45°

' '

✗ =
✗ cos 45° -
= × -

¥× 't EY
'
'

sin 45° +
y' 45° f' 1×1=1×-2)e× e×
: :

y cos
✗ +

✗
1×-2)e×te×te×= ( x 2) e. +20=0
"
I f- 1×1 :
✗
y
-

(E- )( E- )
'

Ey ( -2/-2)
'
xe×=0
' '
× -

✗ +
Ey
'
=L =
e' x =

"
' '
0
G-
✗
2-4 y
=
'
= I
× -

i. (0 ,
-
2)
12 '
'

✗
-
y =/

y y
 REFRESHER

wronskianofflxl.GG/),hCx) ,
. . . 4s t Lar = 3 A = s
'
t ITRZ

f- 1×1 gcxl hlx) 45=3 -

2ñr =
(¥ -

£1T# + IF

21¥ tzitr )( £1T )

'
W=
f- Cx )
'

g. Cx ) h'(x ) 4 A = -
-
1- Qtr =O

" 3- 20h
f- (x) "(× ) h'' 1×7 s = r 0.21
g
=
4

XZCOSX
i.
2Ir =
1.3197ft
✗ Zsinx
d=rt

W-XZcosxtzxsinx-XZsinxt2xcosxp.mg 0.5km
300 kph
,

s
9£
↳ use Caltech 0.5km

An >
An
zookph ✗

s2 =
✗ 2+500

Xs%=X×¥
✗ =f y= ¥ ¥=±s
ds_
¥
I 70
1- =
¥ y = =
at
=

a
(300-200)
1T¥
For vertical asymptotes :
= 13.86 kph

1-1--0 ( denominator )
¥ by
✗
8 =

✗ = -1 .
vertical asymptote §

For horizontal asymptotes : ?

i b=
Izh
Arrange terms from highest to lowest degree :
✓ =
tzbhl tzbhcsl -
-

±
V -
-
4th =
4(¥h)h = 10h2
I
✗ t
↳ 1. 2m
dv = 204dL
It dt

top < bottom 6=2011.2 )d_h

:

degree H.A. is
y=o dt
bottom dh
top H.A.is ratio of both leading terms
:
degree
-
=

It
=
0.25 Mls

bottom
In # =/
"
: 4
top > degree No H.A. , .
= → d=h
.

•
y = X
'

= I 4
"
v :
'g( 1T¥)h
,
✗
✓ =
¥43
h2dh_
- :
✗ =
-1 and y
=L
du
-

ddtf =

dt
-0.5
cu d¥
= '
-0.5 = (2)
↳ find dh_ "
dh
in
"

12in when D= 2 or hi 2 = -0.1592

6ft ×
at It
1ft

C C2 =
and + b
'
flx) -
.
I
+ (a) =
¥
3¥
24%7=24%9-+216%7 3×3+4×+8
✓
C
f b

-1g fts
>
10%7=61%1-81--4 ) f' G) =
-

(9×21-4) '
f- (a) =
-

¥0
A B '
a
dc
2in Td
= ftls (3×3+4×+8)
↳
c. = 62+82 =
10
lqftls f- (x) = -
( x 2)
-

f- (b) =
- ( b- 2)
 REFRESHER

"
f- Cx)= ( ttx ) I

"
'
f- G) ( ttx) I '
'

3 cost =-3 Sint

-

= -

× :
y
-3 21T
"
f- (x) 211 + ) 2
f
= x S=
( 3 cost )2+f3sint ) dt
'

0
Third term :

2
2 2 S = 61T
✗ = ✗

2 !

Let a =L

3
✗
y=

f- (x ) = In / I -
X )
l
j?
3
-13×3
-

'

f- G) =

I -
X
✗ =

G Caltech to
get
'"
f- (X) : coefficient is -1-3
3.5631 <

ls = -2

SA = 2ñr . S
I

f 21T¥
'
=
1+(3×2) DX

↳ sinx → odd ! 0

¥
>

¥
7
f- (x ) = ✗ -

§:X + -
✗ =
3.5631

Fourth term :

7
-

-
Conic : Ax't
Bxyt Cy + Dxt
EytF=o
z=ei° r=1 and 0=0 DE : ANU Biu COI D EZU
?§
→

+ + + + + F=o

Iz / =
r > 1
2×2 2×2y 2yZ Ty
ill
e.
i
ei
'T
fdz = Z = -
e 132 -

4AC < 0 :
ellipse >
O
'
-4111111=-4
i%
e. = 1- LIT -

12¥ =O :
parabola
i
hyperbola
=
-
I -

>0 :

i i
2--1 ,
Iti )t ziddz
-

2- = -
It ( = =

-
I Z
-
l - l - l

Zo = -
I
= - l - l
-

i
:-# i
-
l
=L = i
,

= -
Iti

22h 024 where 20

21T
t
y to -549=0 y
yyz
Yrms ffltsint )Ñt zyz
to
=

211--0 negative !
ro
=

2
?⃝
 REFRESHER

( Rez ) )

anµCZ
) same value as

dd¥ = 6×2-3×2
y region
B D( 2.33 ) =
0.9901
pA a 1
2-

get ¥
to Zo
Assume ✗ = 1.1 and 0=3 calc
get y
, ,

compare with given ¥ .

Substitute must =o
,

a) It i mul 2 . ✗

^
b) - I ± i mul 2 .

c) Hi I ± i
114,2
-

,
12 16
✗
=
14.2
d) -
ti ,
-2 ± i µ
✗ probability 0=2.3

m
"
+4ms +8m 't 8m +4=0 bpfx > 16 ) t P( ✗ < 12 )
3) Plz < 122k¥)
16-14.2
case 1 ! m
,
=/ Mrs =p ( z > 2.
+

't
Pf -33 )
"
y
= c. em + Gem =

R( ¥ ) +

case 2 : m, = me = m
=
0.38633

y
= emt ( c. + cat )
case 3 :
m =
a ± bi

y
: eat ( c. cosbttczsinbt )

m5 - 3m
"
+ 3ms m2 -
= 0

A. 0 mill 2 .
-
I mul 3 . ✗
,

B. 0mn12 I 2 mud .
2 ✗
, ,

C. 0, I mul 3 .
2 ✗
,

D. 0 Mul . 2 I mul 3 .

" =/ A of > 2- = RCZ ) →

right side
max

A of < 2- =
Plz ) → left side
region

I
A of ( 2- to Zo ) =
Qcz)
Z Z
↳
-

z,
mean
'

:( %)
to'z e- ,
dx
or MODE -
STAT -
Ac

plz ) plz)

}
-

RC Z) - -
pfz)
same
thing
Qlz) + QC -

z )

: 0.995 or 99.5%