IDA JEAN ORLANDO (NURSING PROCESS THEORY)

 BORN IN 1926
 NURSING PROCESS
 NURSING DIPLOMA- NEW YORK MEDICAL COLLEGE
 BSC IN PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING- ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY, NY,
 MA IN MENTAL HEALTH NURSING- COLUMMBIA UNIVERSITY, NY.
 ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AT YALE SCHOOL OF NURSING AND DIRECTOR OF THE GRADUATE
PROGRAMM IN MENNTAL HEALTH PSYCHIATRIC NURSING.
 PROJECT INVESTIGATOR OF A NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENNTAL HEALTH ENTITLED:
INTEGRATION OF MENTAL HEALTH CONCEPTS IN A BASIC NURSING CURRICULUM.

INTRODUCTION TO THEORY

 THE ROLE OF THE NURSE IS TO FIND OUT AND MMEET THE ATIENT’S IMMEDIATE NEED FOR
HELP.
 THE PATIENT’S PRESENTING BEHAVIOR MAY BE A APPEAL FOR HELP; HOWEVER, THE HELP
NEEDED MMAY NNOT BE WHAT IT APPEARS TO BE.
 THEREFORE, NURSES NEED TO USE THEIR PERCEPTION, THOUGHTS ABOUT THE PERCEPTION, OR
THE FEELING ENGENDERED FROMM THEIR THOUGHTS TO EXPLORE WITH PATIENTS THE
MEANING OF THER BEHAVIOR.
 THIS PROCESS HELPS NURSES FIND OUT THE NATURW OF THE DESTRESS AND WHAT THE
PATIENT NEEDS.

Terms

Distress – is the experience of a patient whose need has not been met.

Nursing role – is to discover and meet the patient’s immmediate need for help.

 Patient’s behavior may not represent the true need.

 The nurse validates his/her understanding of the neeed with the patient

Nursing actions – directly or indirectly provide for the patient’s immediate need.

An outcome – is a change in the behavior of the patient either a relief from distress or unmet need.

 Observable verbally and nonverbally

Assumptions

When patients cannot cope with their needs without help, they bacome distressed with
feelinngs of helplessness.
 Patients are unique and individual in theeir responses.
 Nursing deals with people, environment and health.
 Patient need help in communicating needs, they are uncomfortable and undecided about
dependenncy needs.
 Human beings are able to be secretive or expliccit about their needs, perceptions, thoughts and
feelings.
 The nurse- patient situation is dynammic , actions annd reactions are influenced by both nurse
and patient.
 Nurses concerned with needs that patients cannnot meet their own.
Nursing Diagnosis

 Product of analysis
 Leads to identify of the need for help.

Planning phase

 Writing goals and objectives and deciding about appropriate action.

Implementation

 Final selection and carrying out planned action.

Evaluation

 Nurse need to evaluate the process to know that the action taken by her is appropriate for the
patient or not.
IMOGENE KING (GOAL ATTAINMENT THEORY)
METAPARAGDIGM OF NURSING

 Person – exist an open system as a spiritual and rational thinker who makes choices, selects
alternative courses of action.
 Health – “the dynamic life experience of a human being” and not simply in the context of bodily
processes. She recognizes the ability of a person to “continuously adjust to internal and external
stressors” by maximizing available resources to achieve “maximum potential for daily living”.
 Environment – process of balance involving internal and external interactions inside the social
system.
 Nursing – act wherein the nurse interacts and communicate with the client.

Internal System Framework

Personal System

 Perception
 Self
 Growth and development
 Body image
 Time
 Space
 Learning

Interpersonal System

 Interaction
 Communication
 Transaction
 Role
 Stress
 Coping

Social System

 Organization
 Authority
 Power
 Status
 Decision making
 Control
Personal System

Perception – one’s image of the reality, and influences one’s behavior.

Self- a composite of thoughts and feelings that constitute a person’s awareness of individual existence,
of who and what he or she is.

Growth and development – behavioral changes in human beings that help individuals move toward
maturity.

Body image – a person’s perception of his or her body.

Time – the duration between the occurrence of one event and the occurrence of another event.

Space – the physical area called territory that exists in all directions.

Learning – gaining knowledge.

Interpersonal system

Interactions – the acts of two or more persons in mutual presence; a sequence of verbal and nonverbal
behaviors that are goal directed.

Communication – the vehicle by which human relations are developed and maintained; encompasses
intrapersonal, interpersonal, verbal, and nonverbal communication.

Transaction - a process of interaction in which human beings communicate with the environment to
achieve goals that are valued; goal-directed human behaviors.

Role – a set of behaviors expected of a person occupying a position in a social system.

Stress – a dynamic state whereby a human being interacts with the environment to maintain balance for
growth, development, and performance, involving an exchange of energy and information between the
person and the environment for regulation and control stressors.

Coping – a way of dealing with the stress.

Social System

Organization – composed of human beings with prescribed roles and positions who use resources to
accomplish personal and organizational goals.

Authority – a transactional process characterized by active, reciprocal relations in which members’

values, backgrounds, and perceptions play a role in defining, validating, and accepting the authority of
individuals within an organization.

Power – the process whereby one or more persons influence other persons in a situation.

Status – the position of an individual in a group or a group in relation to other groups in an organization.
Decision making – a dynamic and systematic process by which goal-directed choice of perceived
alternatives in made and acted upon by the individuals or groups to answer a question and attain goal.

Control – being in charge.

Goal Attainment Theory

 The theory of Imogene Kings starts with a person who has health need which can be classified
into three:
1. Need for health information which is usable
2. Need for care that seeks to prevent illness
3. Need for care when human beings are unable to help themselves.

 The basic assumption of the theory – is that nurses and clients communicate information, set
goals mutually, and then act to attain goals.
JOYCE TRAVELBEE (Human To Human Relationship Model)
Martha E. Rogers (A Science of Unitary Human Beings)
Dorothy Johnsons (Behavioral system Model)