INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ODE / PDE

Nm5ÑsObÑwÉ DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN 'JlÑb

ÑNmsÑsOYWTsÉJ7Ñry ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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ÑNn75ÑsOYÑbÉÑOO PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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✗ → y= fix ] → y

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ORDER / DEGREE

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18 w7uÑNmsiÑooyw%ÉÑ7ÑNÑoiÉw LINEAR ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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 FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

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EXPLICIT FORM = fix ,y ]
d✗

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IMPLICIT FORM f- ( ✗ ,
Y y ] = 0
,

DIFFERENTIAL FORM MIX , 9) DX -1 NIX , 9) dy = 0

58ms uniforms in'oÑw oiéorio n°6

t 70 SEPARABLE VARIABLE EQUATIONS ÑWmsuonÑ0nUs7Ñ

20 HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS Owns / OnÑwÉ

t 30 EXACT EQUATIONS ÑNm5llÑWM5o

40 INTEGRATING FACTORS ÑoU5:nouiw%n7SÉwÑinsM

So LINEAR EQUATIONS ÑNmSlÑolÉw

Go BERNOULLI EQUATIONS Forms / lusisun }

* SEPARABLE VARIABLE EQUATIONS ÑNmsuonÑ0nUs7Ñ →

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dy = FIX ,y )

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dy = fix )gcy )
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HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS Owns / OnÑwÉ

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flax ,XY ) = Ñfc✗,y ) ( lines ✗ GYO DX

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nix ,y ) ÑwÑoÑÉbionwTsÉÑnÉiÑwñw
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7. 96° y=V✗ 65% ✗ =vy

180min60 -75572 lion 'unionosiÑon9ñÑ liberation nwdnuÑoñoñw7Ñ ✗ ly unison ✗ =vy

y /✗ unison Y=VX

Zo oiobiis dy=vd✗ + ✗ dv uÉO dX=VdY + ydx

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Jo Ilhwa'79wÑO7 110 : 2007096021 Montini → SEPARABLE EQUATIONS 1157250585 7

to 11hrs27 ✓ = Y 65% V= ✗
✗ y
t EXACT EQUATIONS ÑNm5llÑwM5o 028

Mix , g) 0×-1 NIX ,Y)dy= 0 ÑwJNmsn2iwMSolÑÉ OMIX ,y ) = ONCX ,y )

Oy DX
riisoroisnnsnñntarmsnaiisonso

TOTAL DIFFERENTIAL OFCX ,y ) =

OF DX + Of dy
ox dy

EXACT EQUATION MIX ,Y)d✗ + NCX Ysdy

,
= O

v v

STEP 7 FIX ,y ) = C ÑwÑ Mountains

STEP 2 67 fcx ,y ) 07h OF = MCX ,y )

ox

f- IX. 9) = JMCX ,
9) DX + CCY )

STEP } 67 CCY ) 07h Of = NCX ,y ,

Oy

0 ( JMCX ,
9) DX + CCY ) ] = NIX ,Y )
dy

JMCX C' (g)

goy 9) DX +
,
= Nix ,y )

'
C ly ) = NCX ,y ) -
d) MIX ,
9) DX
dy
C. (9) = Sc 'cY ) dy

0%559 wmsiirintwmsiiaiworsorfonnso-onnn.tw ( GROUPING ) → his :biÑne5uÑoÑJwwyb7N 030

mxm-lyndxwoono-vonuoitvviuiovviriniooinsn-woy.in
dcxmyn ) nxmyn
'
-

= dy +

INTEGRATING FACTORS Ñ0U5:noUlW%n7SÉwÑinsM ( lofo ) 033

north mix , g) 0×-1 NIX , 9) dy = 0 not OMIX ,Y ) =/ ONCX ,y )

Oy DX
NÉow9ñÑw EXTACT
toitincumshenoionursieanvsiu
MIX , 9) DX -1 NIX , 9) dy = 0 µL MIX , 9) DX -1 NIX , 9) dy 1=0
→

OMIX ,y ) =/ ONCX ,y ) OUMIX.gl = OµNcX,y )

Oy DX Oy DX

ÑwoMObmSU7 µ Mc mix , 9) 0×-1 NIX , 9) dy 1=0

lofo h%i9éÑWmsÑw EXTACT 6772079

01µm ) = 0 CUN )
oy ox

mom + mom = now + Now

dy dy ox ox

µ= FCX ON
ASSUME ) ONLY → = O
dy

mom = now + Now

dy ox ox

µ ( om -
ON 1 = Now
dy ox ox
INTEGRATING FACTORS Ñ0U5:noUlW%n7SÉwÑinsM ( lofo ) 033

north MCX , g) DX -1 NIX , 9) dy = 0 not OMIX ,Y ) =/ ONCX ,y )

Oy DX
NÉuw9ñÑw EXTACT
toitincumshenoionurs µ NWSL

MCX , 9) DX -1 NIX , 9) dy = 0 MC MIX , 9) 0×-1 NIX , 9) dy 1=0

→

OMIX ,y ) =/ ONCX ,y ) OUMIX.gl = OµNc×,y )

Oy DX Oy DX

ÑwoMOb 567 µ Mc mix , 9) 0×-1 NIX , 9) dy 1=0

lofo h%i9éÑWmsÑb EXTACT UTÑñn

01µm ) = 0 CUN )
oy ox

mom + mom = now + Now

dy dy ox ox

µ= FCX ON
ASSUME ) ONLY → = O
dy

mom = now + Now

dy ox ox

µ com -
ON 1 = Now
dy ox ox

5 I 1dm -
ON ) DX = 5 1
du
N dy ox u

J 1 ( om -
ON ) DX = IN till
N dy ox

' ox
% '%
-

µ = E FOR PURE ✗

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fu § ?
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off
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FOR PURE ✗ µ = e.

e- Sh 81
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toy
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µ 0503156 PURE ✗ OR PURE Y in 'nÉw

LINEAR EQUATIONS OF ORDER 7 ÑNmsÑslÉwJwÑuÑuÑÉ 038

mix ,y)d✗ + Nexis > dy = O o :ÑwtNmsÑoÑw5wÑun 12%0 nhovnsno-ntoifwq.ir

dy + PCX )y = 0-1×1
dx
O7ÑU5É INTEGRATING FACTOR
MIX ,Y ) NCX ,
Y )

07h 7 dy + PCX )y^= QCXI 0 :7Ñ ( PIX ) y -

QCX ) ) DX + 7 OY = 0
dx
0M = PIX ) ON = O
dy ox

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ON 1 = PIX )
N dy ox I

onldx
%' %
-

DX
lofo = @

SPH )d×
= @

yes yes
°×
0×0×-1
✗' ✗'
BY GROUPING METHOD ✗ ( , = sQ( ✗ c

e- sPl✗10✗[ Sawyer 0×0×-1

✗'

y = c)

SPIX )dx "'✗

yes "d×d×
'☐ "
e-
✗
lofo = e y = [ sQ( ✗ + c ]

BERNOULLI EQUATIONS Forms / lusisun } 042

ÑNmsÑoOYW_wÉ9w§U dog
+ PCXIY = Qcx )yh

)yh
CASE =/ 0,1
dog PCXIY QCX
n + =

5h
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n
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DX

h " n
9Ñv=y
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-

o dv = ( I -

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I dv
DX DX ox I -
n DX

it n ¥
+ PIX )V= QCX )

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¥+11 Pixar
-
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HEAT PROBLEMS ON ,U7lÑuoÑuno7W5ow PSO

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dtct ) = KCTCT ) -
TSURR ] K > 0
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dt
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,
✗ ( t ) Uoianrsuoontis no ion t 9am ( ÑubiooÑwÑubin )

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✗

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=
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oonst
OR / NARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF ORDE -

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day On '
an -11×109 61×1
-

aolx ) + a ,
( X ) y + ooo + + an / ✗ 19 =

"
dx dxn -1 dx
exo 2 day -1 dy +39=0
0×2 DX
NOTE to do / X ) =/ 0
"

Zo ailx ] , azcx ) ,
ooo
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anlxl LINUS :ÉnÉ ) 0 :ÑwÑoÑJwuo ] ✗ us%ainsrÉn7Ñ
30 rein 61×3=0 0 :lÉwnÑNmSw% ÑNn7SlOnWwÉl HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION )

day On '
an -11×109
-

aolx ) + a ,
( X ) y + ooo + + an / ✗ 19 = 0
"
dx dxn -1 dx

Ñn9MOUn% yc=fc✗ ) 15%57 ÑTSMOUUS :nOU I COMPLEMETARY SOLUTION )

monitor 01×1+-0 ÉunÑNmsÉÉ7 ÑNm57ÑiOnwTsÉ ( NON -

HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION )

day On '
an -11×109 61×1
-

201×1 + a ,
( X ) y + ooo + + an / ✗ 19 =

"
dx dxn -1 dx

TÑd7OOnN7Ñw yp lÉunJ7 Ñ7MOUlhW7:SN ( PARTICULAR SOLUTION ] no :ÑÑ7MOun% y=Yc -1

Yp

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cmsiirihtovmsaiionwiso's

STEP I urioironouus :nou , Yc ovhtovmsionw-wdfowrinewnrdo.cn )=o

STEP 2 U7Ñ7MOUlDW7 :
, Yp O7ÑOnÑcbc✗ ] =/ 01

STEP 3 ÑISMOUUO ]ÑNms ( TOTAL SOLUTION ) n°0 Y total = Yctyp

NOTE 5ÉhÑÑNn75 HOMOGENOUS -

TRIAL SOLUTION METHOD

5ÉnÑwm5 NON -

HOMOGENOUS -

OPERATOR METHOD

SHORT METHOD

lndountovus:ÉnÉ
'

-
nvswisiniionos
 rimouuoontwmhonw.no'ÉÑovUs:ÉnÉÑbninorÉTno TRIAL SOLUTION 0115

dry da ly
-

Too + a ,
t ooo
-1
an -1 OY + any = 0

dxn dxn -1 dx

110 :Ñm5Ñ7Uwn OPERATOR D Tiwari informant :non9wmsn9wom

☐
"
☐ =
d^☐ ÉwÑO ☐ y=
dy
1
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'
°o°
,
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oxn ox 0×2 dxn

tints ÑOU D OPERATOR 0 :7ÑÉi 1200^+2,0^-1 + ooo -1 an -

, D +
an ] 9=0

ÑNNÑ9ÑÑiMOuuooÑwmsÉÑo AVG.n5vfnndoi~oiws.is :L
"
ON TRIAL SOLUTION METHOD 91×1 = y = e

"
del
" " "
'
Idu Me
-

( ao D + a ,D + ooo
-1
an -
, ☐ + ante = 0 = Dog =

ox

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' " -
' "
I aor +
air + ooo + an - if + an ] e = 0 D

Ñwo7ai7ñ ☐?y=ié×
"

ÑNmsnmÑnvrÉ ,
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION i doit a ,r 't ooo
-1
an - if + an = 0

forums nririnsmouuioin r alien )onsn8 Gnosis -17N ,sano5s+rÉ,SnÑoÑow+7aiÑ,snÑoÑow+nÉ

nsrsind 7 Shoots no :YÑrÉÑw ( DISTINCT REAL ROOTS I ÑL r,

, rz ,
ooo
, rn

"×
0116 nYMoun% y=c,e"× -1 Czé "
+ • ☐ ☐
+ Cne

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ahtnansno-ununnu.si )

UnÑÉwÉNñn -1-1 no : -1-2 Ñwu5n

nsÑÑ2 Gnosis 1in : nÉ7Ñw 1 REPEATED REAL ROOTS ) n°10 r

,
r
,
ooo
,
r

n°7 Mound 'o

"
Pha y = cc ,
-1 czx-iooo-c.net 's e

nsÑÉ3 omnivorous no :7ÑÑÑw 1 DISTINCT COMPLEX ROOTS I Ño r=a±bi a ÑoÉwOÉo,bÑoÉowÉwmmw

PIZZ ÑnMouÑo y=e°×l Cicosbxtczsinbxl rinnsndzoioirisnonnmsororiinsor 2h55
NOTE risrsriiirunoious:nou7ai1Ñños9J5É QUADRATIC

2×2+6×+0=0 ✗ =
-
GI V62 -
fac if 02 -
fac so ÑwÑwwoÉo
za

or G- fac co ÑwJiwowÑoÑow

:Ñ7
'

nothin 4 57h18] -006 110 ( REPEATED COMPLEX ROOTS ) n°10 r ,=rz= a -101°

ÑTSMOUÑL AKXK-tlcosbx-CBI-BZX-ooo-BK.lk 1) Slnbx

✗
ed
-

0124 Y = CIA ,
-1 Azx + ooo
-1 ]

ed
✗
exo Y = [ lcitczxlcosbxtlcztcexlsinbx ]
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rdodny da ly
-

+ a ,
t ooo
-1
an -
toy + any = 61×1
dxn dxn -1 dx

n7SU7Ñ7MOUlbW7= 1 PARTICULAR SOLUTION , Yp ) Ñ7N7SnÑ -065607055°

OPERATOR METHOD 5ÉÑoÑnÑbms 0126

07hr02m7s FI DI Y = 61×1

rineworoiooihibibmswnw.br UTJUOJÑ 2h75

INVERSE
?☐ i QmÑ7 2
1 OPERATOR )
p ,

7 FI DI Y 7 61×1
=

F- ( D ) F- (D)
7 61×7
ooo Yp =

F- (D)

Too 7

F- (D)
iniooiznsnsi
n°0,3 no :

D- a
n

Ño7Sm7n07NUN7Wuoo 7 iooaoiovuano dy ÑoÉryÑnorsi Dy

☐ DX

J☐d✗
fg If
☐ = = 61×1 DY -61×1
-

dy = 01×10 ✗

Yp = 561×1 OX =
yp= 761×1
D

uioisrsnoraneanouvoo ^ iÉono7NUN7o dy -

ay ÑoEryJnors ( D- a) y
D- a DX

I D- a) 9=6 ( X )

f n ☐ =
eat / e-
☐✗
☐ dx soy -
ay^= 01×1
D- a DX

LINEAR EQ

lfo =
es '✗'
d✗= efad× = e-
ax

yes
" "°×
d( , = Q( ✗ yes A)
°×d×

sdcye→×, = Son ,éa×

y=e?×5b( ✗ > e-
"
dx =
yp=
☐
7. gblxl
ไปดู P23
"

NOTE 7 ea×= ✗ e
"

,
K ÑwJiwowiÑwwn
K
K
[ D- a) !

PARTIAL FRACTION METHOD EEIionidu-nfowjootaiiaooonv-ontoviio-ou-sn-u9558.it

SHORT METHOD 86561 0132 lÑbm5U7Ñ7MOUUOoÑNm5 F- (D) 9=61×1

oiioiin-an%bcxioioioooq.tw 5
quinn
ñoÑ
ooj9wq.ve
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To 61×1

Zo 61×1 O§9w§U Sinlax -1-61 65% cosiax -1-6 )

'9w§U
^
30 61×1
Oy ✗

to 61×1
OYYWE.ve?XVcx ,

so 01×1 O§9wIU VIX ✗ )

ÑuMS7 01×1 O&9w§U e

"
i F- (D) Y = e
"
Pl32 ค่าคงที่เฉยๆ = ค่าคงที่(e^0x)
n°,MOuÑO yp=
7
e
"
i flat =/ O l link D= a 1 จากอาจารย์ เมื่อส่วนเป็น 0
Flat

NOTE 7 ea×= ✗ Keat

K
K
( D- a) !
NOTE nsrindr-iai-ov-7aio.in )sn9JInsnn7ñ
unturned ligneous :nouÉn99Ñ f- (a) = 0 00h27 OnÉwu7ÑmouinONéonÑ70éow5ÉÑoÑnÑwms OPERATOR METHOD

ÑMSZ 61×1 OWj9w§U costal -1-01,51712×-1-61 8 F- (D) y = coscax -1-0 ) 65% FID ]y= Slnlax -1-0 ) Pi35

7
201 F- (D) Y = COS 12×1=6 ] → yp = COS 12×1=61
FIDZ ,
จากอาจารย์ เมื่อส่วนเป็น 0
ñnMOUÑ6 yp=
1
costal -1-61 ? Fc -

a } # 0 limb 132=-221
Fl -
a }

7
202 FIDIY = Sincax -1-61 → yp= sin tax -16 )
FIDZ ,

Ñ7MOuÑo yp=
^
sinlax -1-61 i Fi -

a } =/ 0 limb 132=-221 P48 น่าไปดู

Fl -
a }

Ions 3 01×1
0&9b§U xm 8 FIDIY =
Xm → Yrs =

fi, ,bcx ) m ÑowymwrÉÑwninoÑ 0137

lwsi-WU.MN
ÑWIÉ Uno
:nñoÑw 0

rirnsmsooiwiouin.no 1
0137 nYÑwe×us% sin , cos ÑwoJ7oÑ7aio 95615007£72
FCD )

censors →
Obinssnobiwoi A วิธีอาจารย์
7 = do -1 a ,
☐ + azDZt ooo + and
m
+ ooo ตัวตั้งเรียงกำลังจากมากไปน้อย
FIDI
ตัวหารเรียงกำลังจากน้อยไปมาก
to
laotaiD-azDZ-ooo-amDM-ooolb.cl
yp =
oหารจนจบที่ 0 ก็ได้คำตอบเลยนะ )

ÑSMOUÑO -12213261×1
ดูที่ชีท 8 P29
yp = 2061×1+2,1361×1 + oootamrmtooo

NOTE
iswinnmsunsoiotnuritoiriiisuoodinin-uriw-sf.sn?auoo ocx , iii. regains

lÉooñnn95vooDÑÉo?aÑw diff 11500 :7Ño

Atoms 4 61×1
Ouj9wIU éd×Vcx , i F- (D) y =
e' ✗ Vix ) → y=
7 ea×V / ✗ I 0140
u
RFID )

ngv§msiÉowoioÑnÑwms shift e
"
no :nnw Doin ☐+ a

70 FIDI [ ed×VcX ) ] = ea×FlD + a) VIX )

ed
✗ "
Zo 7 ( 7 VIX )
✓ 1×1 ] = e
FID ] FID -121

ñnÑw95 short method oioonaro

;ms 7. 2,3 7ñmiwUnÑ

IMS 5 61×1 O§9w§U ✗ VIX ) 8 FIDIY = ✗ VIX ) P143

ñnMOun% yp =
7 ✗ VIX )
FIDI

7
VIX ) F' ID ) VIX )
= ✗ -

FIDI [ F / D) 32
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bonobo Sun Yano :

Yo Tno5Éin%uÉ2N5:ÉnÉ Pires →
Voynich 's Pi 46,198 , # 50

67 Yc

lo un ycoinnisñne word 61×1=10 [ 90-nonwsiisdiosriiorouuoontwmsionw-woiriijavr.tn Éiuroninsnd ]

67 Yp

Zo Union Uc on 61×1 Tournament innit 000'N7Ñn9wiVM7Ñ ÑovÉ s , , 52 ,

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dry on
-

-11×10,9×-1 61×1
aolx ) + a ,
(✗ , y +000 +
an an 1×19 =

,
dxn gym

STEP I 67 Yc OhÑWm5iOnwTsÉ 101×1=0 ) Tao9wÑÉ OWN ,ÑjnO&9wsU

Yc = C ,Y ,
-1
Czyz + ooo
+
CnYn
"

STEP 2 lUÉuwÑiaoÑ C
, , Cz ,
ooo
, Cn 9W yc9ÑÑbW75nÑiMOÉ V, IX ) , Vzlxi ,
ooo
, Vnixl M7NÑ7Ñu

11 Ñoñnebarérinorouuosyp ÑwaJÉ
+ -1
Yp = V19 , -1
Vzyz ooo
Vnyn

STEP 3 u7Ñ0W757ÑiMOÉ v. ex ]
, Vzlx )
,
ooo
, vncxi 07ns :uuÑNmsÑO7UÑ ( ÑnÑÑoNsFÑJJiwowJwmsmwÑb )

FORM ☐V 't ☐ V2
'
+
ooo =
, W

V ,
'T ,
-1 Vzlyz -1 ooo
-1 Vlnyn = 0

viyi-vzyz-o.co -1
vhYh = 0

viy
" "
,
+ visit ooo
+
Vriyn = 0

vhyii
""
vziyz
' '

ussn-nrfnniuotwinin-uoiisiooonns-uuntwmstwi.ro
'

yin
' '
61×1
- -

-1 -1
v. 1- . . . =

ao ,× ,

Moroni 's Ñws uuntwmsioointwiwosoionusxiuwn.in nd ) ñobiis

: > his :ñIuYiniei

V , 1×1 , V21 ✗ I
,
ooo
, Vnlxl Thoms HUNTS :UUÑWm5Ñb MATRIX FORM O7nÉw9Ñ CRAMER 'S RULE 10h

viy , + vjyz = 0

viyitvzyz =
01×1

201×1

Oran Sandown'NmsÑoiÉwñ www.oifnumsiniinmt-TRIX > form ÑsÑ

t.i.it 1%1=1%1 :*
y , Yz

do / X )

rioiosms
check list unison ✗ nnoris qmn-woino-uiuwntwmsioi.sn
07h CRAMER 'S RULE 07257
0 yz y 0

1759511 ñoarmsiaiiontavvs:EnÉÑwñonus ,
,

61×1 " 61×1

a. ☐ ( X ) YZ Y
/
a☐ (X )
v2
' ,

v. = =

y , Yz Y , Yz

'
yzl
' '
y , yz y ,

onw-isowriinsmrviox.vn line Svz'd ✗ = V2

STEP 4 linn v , , v2 ,
ooo .vn ritoioinv-isnobri.info n5viiYU9wSnms9wu=bMOwÑz To :7Ññ > Mou yo oonovi

EXAMPLE 3130 Piste NSnÑu7Un0bW0nn75Ñ5mJÉo Noon V00 METRIX 110 : DET

NOTE detlkal = 1 KAI = KHAI ldet pull on a row )

K = n' 7ns nd n = ME TRIX HUU n ✗ n

msvsqnointwmsi fooyw-nohtiw-N.0-woiuzpis8JN.com
sina.iobriiuos.sn?riirinuoiuOUsJ
FREE BODY DIAGRAM ON NEWTON 'S 2nd LAW

^ EF ma m
029
Fr
= =

Fs ^ 01-2

rineisoinñmo +
✓

\
'
ohsnrinmonnsin } writ Fits +
Fp
-

Fs -

Fr = Md }
01-2

Fp V Fits
✓

Trond Fits nsonnoison no 1007 t 9am

Fp =
Mg
11501810007 nÑUbin
Fs = K IS -191 lissoiibvoontv Is

A Fr COY 1150057 woman 51800mW 1115311MW W'

lot
=

noianso

NOTE rink riihio-mqiniiowriiufs-odaiuu.sn ,

ni criihe-o-mqiniiowriiisosniouo.sn