Soil particle size divided into 4
Occurs faster in presence of - Keuntungan:
categories: a. Gravel ( 2 – 60 mm) b.
Sand ( 0.06 – 2 mm) c. Silt ( 0.06 –
0.006 mm) d. Clays ( < 0.002 mm)
Water in Soil
- Water is nutrient transport media
from soil to plant’s root to plant’s
leave, then it vaporize to
atmosphere (transpiration).
- Nutrient in water depends on
gradient concentration and
gradient electric potential. Water
fills porosity in soil and soil
particle binds molecules strongly.
For soil rich in organic compound,
maybe will bind water hardly from
common soil. Firmly attached to
clay particle since ratio of surface
area to clay particle volume is high
- May decrease pE value by organic
matter that is decomposed by
microorganism; redox reaction in
soil will reduce. Decreased in pE
since Fe and Mn reduced to
dissolved Fe (II) and Mn (II).
Air in Soil
- 35% of soil pore is air. Air contains
21% O2 and 0.03% CO2
- High CO2 causes pH to decrease
Inorganic Compound in Soil
- Inorganic colloidal: mineral and
rocks weathering result, act as a
water storage and nutrient, absorbs
toxic compound
- Common minerals: Quart,
orthoclase, albite, geothite, etc
Organic Matter in Soil
- Approx. only 5%, food source to
microorganism, Some of fungi can
decompose organic matter to form
citric acid, as complexing
compounds that react with silicate
minerals and release potassium
from the soil.
- Major classes of organic
compounds: humus (result of plant
decomposition, solubility in base,
high molecular weight), fats,
saccharide, n-organic, p-organic,
PAH
Geochemistry
Chemical Process Weathering
- Precipitation, acid-base reaction,
complex reaction, hydrolysis,
redox.
Meningkatkan
water. kualitas tanaman, waktu reaksi
- Rock Weathering Reaction: yang singkat, meningkatkan hasil
Hydrate/dehydrate reaction, produksi
dissolution, oxidation, acid - Kerugian: Bahan kimia dapat
hydrolysis, complex reaction mencemari tanah, menurunkan
Soil Solution populasi serangga termasuk yang
- Part of soil in the form of non hama, menyebabkan
liquid/solution that contains a lot resistensi pada hama apabila
of dissolved materials that results digunakan terus menerus
from chem/biochem reaction and Akumulasi pestisida: terjadi
exchange from atmosphere and melalui proses absorbsi terhadap
hydrosphere. pestisida oleh organisme, dimana
- A media that transports chem pestisida di tanah memengaruhi
species from and to rocks, nutrient tumbuhan kemudian masuk rantai
transport media for plants makanan dan terjadilah akumulasi.
- Common mineral in soil solution: Akumulasi pestisida terjadi di tubuh
Cation (H+, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, makhluk hidup yang saling
Mn, Al), Anion (HCO3, CO3, memakan.
SO4, Cl, F) Dampak yang dapat ditimbulkan
Acid-Base Reaction & Ion pestisida:
Exchange Pestisida yang terserap dapat
- Soil has the ability to exchange menyebabkan polusi tanah dan
cation on a process called Cation tercemarnya air tanah di dalamnya,
Exchangeable Capacity (CEC): apabila air ini mengalir ke sumber air
(meq cation/ 100 gram soil (dry)) maka akan timbu pencemaran air
- Cation exchange reaction in soil is baku. Zat-zat berbahaya yang
caused by negative charge in terdapat dalam pestisida akan
mineral soil, organic compound mengancam ekosistem perairan dan
(humic acid) contains carboxylate menurunkan kadar oksigen terlarut
groups and other negatively charge pada perairan.
groups. CEC: Cations are positively charged
- Compost soil has CEC = 300-400 ions such as calcium (Ca2+),
meq/100g, Common soil has CEC magnesium (Mg2+), and potassium
= 10 -30 meq/100 g (K+), sodium (Na+) hydrogen (H+
- Oxidation of pyrite will react as ),aluminum (Al3+), iron (Fe2+),
sulfuric acid, FeS + 7/2 O2 + H2O manganese (Mn2+), zinc (Zn 2+)
→ Fe + 2H + 2 SO4, may occur in and copper (Cu 2+).
mining as mine acid water (pH <3)
Soil Acidity Control
- Needs neutral pH soil for acid soil
to be neutralized by CaCO3. In low
rainfall area, soil will be base
Contaminants in Soil
- SO2 and NOx as atmosphere, CO
converts to CO2, Pb-particulate
fall down to earth, Leachate from
TPA, Pesticide for agriculture,
From sector industry, etc. This
results in groundwater pollution
Pesticide Degradation in Soil CEC: milikuivalen (me)/100g soil
Chem, photochem and biochemical
Pestisida→Bahan yang digunakan
untuk mencegah, menghancurkan,
menolak, atau mengendalikan
serangga yang dapat merugikan
khususnya pada pertanian
1.Inorganic→Tidak mengandung
elemen karbon dalam
komposisinya
2. Synthetic Organic→Terbentuk
dari proses kimia, contohnya
DDT
3. Organic→Bahannya dari sumber
alami seperti mineral