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Lecture III 2022
Lecture III 2022
Lecture III 2022
Lec # 3
Protozoa III
Parasitology -2021
Case I
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Case I
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Case II
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Case II
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Sporzoans
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Blood sporozoa
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In
Disease
Egypt
• Plasmodium species cause malaria.
• The four principal species are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.
ovale and P. malariae
P. falciparum is the main cause of severe malaria and
death.
• The parasites are insect-borne; the vector being is the
female Anopheles mosquito that inhabits stagnant water.
Infected pregnant women may have a dead baby or a baby
born early (P. falciparum)
Parasitology -2021
Malaria (Plasmodium)
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Parasitology -2021
Plasmodium spp.
Life cycle
The life cycle involves three stages in two hosts:
• Two stages in human (Asexual):
- Exoerythrocytic schizogony (liver phase).
- Erythrocytic schizogony (blood phases).
Parasitology 2021
Malaria (Plasmodium)
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Malaria (Plasmodium)
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Malaria (Plasmodium)
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Clinical symptoms
They are 3 stages known as malarial paroxysm:
a. first stage, cold stage: shivering and cold feeling (15-60
min).
b. second stage, hot or febrile stage, intense headache
and fever (with flushed face, dry skin, nausea) due to
release of merozoites from RBCs.
c. third stage, sweat stage fever drops rapidly.
• Malarial paroxysm relapses periodically.
• Anemia results due to disruption of RBCs.
Parasitology 2021
Malaria (Plasmodium)
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Malaria (Plasmodium)
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Laboratory diagnosis:
• Microscopic examination blood smears showing different
stages of the parasite within RBCs.
• Antibody detection for past (not necessarily active)
infection.
Treatment
• Chloroquine is the drug of choice
• Primaquine to reduce the liver stages
• Resistant strains are treated with sulfadoxine and
pyrimethamine (Fansidar); Fansidar resistant strains are
treated with mefloquine.
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Babesia sp
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Babesia parasite invades the red blood cells and can destroy them.
The disease is known as babesiosis or redwater fever due to
presence of hemoglobin in urine.
Babesia is insect-borne; introduced in human by hard tick’s bite,
which inoculate sporozoites (hence the disease is also referred to as
tick’s fever)
Morphology and life cycle are probably like those of plasmodia.
The infection closely resembles malaria in the invasion of RBCs,
which are then burst, producing close symptoms.
Diagnosis is similar as in case of malaria.
Disease is usually curable. The treatment of choice is clindamycin
plus quinine.
Toxoplasma gondii
Geographic Distribution
Worldwide, common in warm climates
Disease
• Toxoplasmosis (acquired or a congenital disease).
Epidemiology
• The parasite infects most warm-blooded animals,
including humans.
• Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan
parasite.
Parasitology 2021
Toxoplasma gondii
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With sporozoites
Sporozoites Tachyzoites and invade body tissues
burst
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cyst
Toxoplasmosis
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Toxoplasmosis
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b. Parenteral route:
1) Transplacentally, leading to stillbirth or severe birth
defects.
2) Transplantation of infected organ
3) Blood transfusions from an infected donor.
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Toxoplasmosis
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Habitat:
a. in definitive host (cat): the habitat is the intestinal
epithelium
b. in intermediate host: the habitat is cells of different
tissues as lung, heart, lymphoid organs, CNS and eye
Symptoms
• Most Toxoplasma infections are asymptomatic or mild.
• Complications are limited to pregnant women and
immunodeficient hosts.
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Toxoplasmosis
Acquired toxoplasmosis: 25
Congenital toxoplasmosis:
The severity of fetal damage is higher when infection occurs
early in pregnancy.
The possible effects on fetus are:
a) Stillbirths and spontaneous abortions.
b) CNS affection and mental retardation as complication.
c) Eye affection: the babies will have visual handicaps.
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Toxoplasmosis
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Diagnosis
• Isolation and microscopic examination of the organism
(cyst) from tonsil or lymph gland biopsy.
• X-ray
• Serology
Treatment
Acute infections: pyrimethamine or sulphadiazine.
Spiramycin is a successful alternative.
Parasitology 2021
In your opinion, why the frequency of pyrexia
(elevation of body temp.) differ from one
specie to another in plasmodium spp.
infection???????
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Protozoa Infecting Brain and Meninges
Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba spp.
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N. fowleri produces an acute, and usually lethal CNS disease called
primary amoebic meingoencephalitis (PAM) involving convulsions
and death.
Acanthamoeba spp. causes chronic brain disturbances, possibly
focal granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) in individuals with
compromised immune systems, ocular infections (conjunctivitis)
which can destroy the eye.
Diagnosis
History of swimming in public swimming pools or polluted canal
water.
Examination of CSF, where mobile amoeba are often found.
Treatment
N. fowleri: Amphotericin B and clotrimazole.
Acanthamoeba spp.: Sulfadiazine has been used successfully.
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