BUNKERS AND SILOS

BINS : There are two main types of bins

( 1 ) Shallow bins or bunkers

( 2 ) Deep bins or silos

The important difference between the two bins is the behavior of stored materials

Classification of bunkers and bins :

( a ) By Dishinger & Soviet code :

H = Depth of vertical wall = 14 m

D=Diameter of the Bin = 6 m

A = Cross sectional area of bin = 28.27 m2

H > 1.5 x A

H> 1.5 x 28.2708

H> 7.98

Hence the bin is Silo or Deep bin

Volume of the silo = 380 m3

Ht reqd = 13.44 m

Height Prov is > than Ht reqd

( b ) By Plane of rupture

This method is based on the position of the plane of rupture

of the stored material.

If friction against the wall is neglected, then the coulomb plane of rupture
is midway between the angle of repose and vertical wall.

If the rupture plane intersects the top surface of the stored material,
the bin is a Shallow bin or Bunker ,
If it intersects the vertical wall, then it is a Deep bin or Silo
 BUNKER

angle of repose f

90 - f H
2 f

SILO

angle of repose f

Hh
90 - f q
2
f

Angle of repose f= 30 degree

Diameter or length of bin = 6 m

Angle of plane of rupture q= 90 - f

2

= 30

Intersect of plane of rupture h = 10.38 m

Hence the bin is Silo or Deep bin

 STEELSILO SUPPORTED BY RING BEAM
Given Data:

Bulk Density = 11.00 kN/m3

Angle of Repose = 30.00 Deg

λf = 0.50

λe = 1.00

Dia of the Silo = 5.50 m

Dia of Opening = 0.40 m

Height of Silo Cylindrical portion = 5.7 m

Height of Conical Portion = 4.4 m

ANALYSIS:

Mean Radius (R) = A/U

= 1.375

λf = 0.50 μf = 22.5 Deg = 0.4142

λe = 1.00 μe = 18 Deg = 0.3249

Pressure Components During Filling During Emptying

PW 15.13 kN/m2 15.13 kN/m2

Ph 36.51 kN/m2 46.55 kN/m2

Pv 73.03 kN/m2 46.55 kN/m2

Pv = 73.03 kN/m2

Ph = 46.55 kN/m2

PW = 15.13 kN/m2
 Zof = R/(μf x λf) = 6.64

Zoe = R/(μe x λe) = 4.23

During Filling:

Z Z/Zof (1-e(z/z0f)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.85 0.43 0.35 25.49 12.74 5.28
5.70 0.86 0.58 42.08 21.04 8.72
7.90 1.19 0.70 50.81 25.41 10.52
10.10 1.52 0.78 57.08 28.54 11.82

During Emptying:

Z Z/Zoe (1-e(z/z0e)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.85 0.67 0.49 22.81 22.81 7.41
5.70 1.35 0.74 34.45 34.45 11.19
7.90 1.87 0.85 39.35 39.35 12.79
10.10 2.39 0.91 42.27 42.27 13.73

45.00
42.27
39.35
40.00

34.45
35.00

30.00 28.54
25.41
25.00 22.81
26.19
21.04
5.7
20.00

15.00 12.74

10.00

4.4 5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
FIILING EMPTYING POINT
Linear (POINT) Linear (POINT)
Design Pressures:

Pv = 57.08 kN/m2

Ph = 26.19 kN/m2

PW = 13.73 kN/m2

Design of Vertical Portion:

1. Hoop Tension:

TH = Ph x D / 2

Ph = 26.19 kN/m2

D = 5.50 m

TH = 72.029 kN Per m Height

Since Silo is Supported at the Transition point the cylindrical wall shall be designed for the
Hopp tension alone. No Longitudional stresses shall be considered in the analysis.

As per Limit State Design:

TH = 1.5 x TH

THu = 108.04 kN Per m Height

Considered 8 mm Plate

Tension Capacity = 1818.18 kN Per m Height

SAFE
Check for Compressive Stress in the wall:

Total Load on the Bin Po = Area x Height x Density

= 1488.9 kN

Vertical Load Due to pressure Pv = 1003.8 kN

Po -Pv = 485.13 kN

Pμ = 485.13 kN

= 28.091 kN per m

= 3.5113 N/mm2

0.6 x fy = 165 N/mm2

SAFE

Conical Hopper:

Conical Hopper shall be subjected to both Hoop Tension as well as Meridional Tensions.

Pn = Pv Cos2θ + Ph Sin2θ + Ws Cosθ

Pt = Pv - Ph CosθSinθ + Ws Sinθ

θ = 1.05 rad

θ = 59.91 Deg

Pn = 14.35 + 21.36 + 0.3149

Pn = 36.03 kN/m2

Pt = 13.40 + 0.54

Pt = 13.94 kN/m2
Hoop Tension:

HT = 114.52 kN/m

Meridional Tension:

MT = Wt x Cosecθ
2 x 3.14 x R

Wt = Total Vertical load.

= 2110 kN

MT = 141.21 kN/m

Tension Capacity of 10 mm plate

= 2272.7 kN/m

SAFE

RING BEAM:

The Ring beam shall be designed for the Bending moment , Shear and Torsion.

No of Supports: = 4 Nos

Radius = 2.75 m

Moment at Support = 0.03415 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at mid-span = 0.01762 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Torsional moment = 0.0053 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at Support = 198.16 kN-m

Moment at mid-span = 102.24 kN-m

Torsional moment = 30.753 kN-m

Column Load = 527.5 kN

 STEEL SILO SUPPORTED BY RING BEAM
Given Data:

Bulk Density = 11.00 kN/m3

Angle of Repose = 30.00 Deg

λf = 0.50

λe = 1.00

Dia of the Silo = 6.00 m

Dia of Opening = 0.40 m

Height of Silo Cylindrical portion = 6.5 m

Height of Conical Portion = 4.8 m

ANALYSIS:

Mean Radius (R) = A/U

= 1.5

λf = 0.50 μf = 22.5 Deg = 0.4142

λe = 1.00 μe = 18 Deg = 0.3249

Pressure Components During Filling During Emptying

PW 16.50 kN/m2 16.50 kN/m2

Ph 39.83 kN/m2 50.78 kN/m2

Pv 79.67 kN/m2 50.78 kN/m2

Pv = 79.67 kN/m2

Ph = 50.78 kN/m2

PW = 16.50 kN/m2
 Zof = R/(μf x λf) = 7.24

Zoe = R/(μe x λe) = 4.62

During Filling:

Z Z/Zof (1-e(z/z0f)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.25 0.45 0.36 28.81 14.40 5.97
6.50 0.90 0.59 47.20 23.60 9.77
8.90 1.23 0.71 56.36 28.18 11.67
11.30 1.56 0.79 62.93 31.47 13.03

During Emptying:

Z Z/Zoe (1-e(z/z0e)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3.25 0.70 0.51 25.66 25.66 8.34
6.50 1.41 0.76 38.36 38.36 12.46
8.90 1.93 0.85 43.40 43.40 14.10
11.30 2.45 0.91 46.39 46.39 15.07

50.00
46.39
45.00 43.40

40.00 38.36

35.00
31.47
30.00 28.18
25.6629.89
25.00 23.60
6.5
20.00
14.40
15.00

10.00

4.8 5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
FIILING EMPTYING POINT
Linear (POINT) Linear (POINT)
Design Pressures:

Pv = 62.93 kN/m2

Ph = 29.89 kN/m2

PW = 15.07 kN/m2

Design of Vertical Portion:

1. Hoop Tension:

TH = Ph x D / 2

Ph = 29.89 kN/m2

D = 6.00 m

TH = 89.666 kN Per m Height

Since Silo is Supported at the Transition point the cylindrical wall shall be designed for the
Hopp tension alone. No Longitudional stresses shall be considered in the analysis.

As per Limit State Design:

TH = 1.5 x TH

THu = 134.5 kN Per m Height

Considered 6 mm Plate

Tension Capacity = 1363.64 kN Per m Height

SAFE
Check for Compressive Stress in the wall:

Total Load on the Bin Po = Area x Height x Density

= 2020.6 kN

Vertical Load Due to pressure Pv = 1311 kN

Po -Pv = 709.62 kN

Pμ = 709.62 kN

= 37.665 kN per m

= 6.2776 N/mm2

0.6 x fy = 165 N/mm2

SAFE

Conical Hopper:

Conical Hopper shall be subjected to both Hoop Tension as well as Meridional Tensions.

Pn = Pv Cos2θ + Ph Sin2θ + Ws Cosθ

Pt = Pv - Ph CosθSinθ + Ws Sinθ

θ = 1.04 rad

θ = 59.74 Deg

Pn = 15.98 + 23.48 + 0.3164

Pn = 39.77 kN/m2

Pt = 14.38 + 0.54

Pt = 14.92 kN/m2
Hoop Tension:

HT = 138.13 kN/m

Meridional Tension:

MT = Wt x Cosecθ
2 x 3.14 x R

Wt = Total Vertical load.

= 2930 kN

MT = 180 kN/m

Tension Capacity of 6 mm plate

= 1364 kN/m

SAFE

RING BEAM:

The Ring beam shall be designed for the Bending moment , Shear and Torsion.

No of Supports: = 4 Nos

Radius = 3 m

Moment at Support = 0.03415 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at mid-span = 0.01762 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Torsional moment = 0.0053 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at Support = 300.18 kN-m

Moment at mid-span = 154.88 kN-m

Torsional moment = 46.587 kN-m

Column Load = 732.5 kN

 STEEL SILO SUPPORTED ABOVE THE WAIST
Given Data:

Bulk Density = 8.80 kN/m3

Angle of Repose = 30.00 Deg

λf (Pressure ratio during filling) = 0.50

λe (Pressure ratio during emptying) = 1.00

Dia of the Silo = 6.00 m

Dia of Opening = 0.50 m

Height of Silo Cylindrical portion = 12.08 m

Height of Conical Portion = 2m

ANALYSIS:

Mean Radius (R) = A/U

= 1.5

λf = 0.50 μf = 22.5 Deg = 0.4142

λe = 1.00 μe = 18 Deg = 0.3249

Pressure Components During Filling During Emptying

PW 13.20 kN/m2 13.20 kN/m2

Ph 31.87 kN/m2 40.63 kN/m2

Pv 63.74 kN/m2 40.63 kN/m2

Pv = 63.74 kN/m2

Ph = 40.63 kN/m2

PW = 13.20 kN/m2

Zof = R/(μf x λf) = 7.24

Zoe = R/(μe x λe) = 4.62

During Filling:

Z Z/Zof (1-e(z/z0f)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.00 0.55 0.42 27.05 13.52 5.60
8.00 1.10 0.67 42.62 21.31 8.83
12.00 1.66 0.81 51.58 25.79 10.68
14.00 1.93 0.86 54.51 27.26 11.29

During Emptying:

Z Z/Zoe (1-e(z/z0e)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4.00 0.87 0.58 23.54 23.54 7.65
8.00 1.73 0.82 33.44 33.44 10.87
12.00 2.60 0.93 37.61 37.61 12.22
14.00 3.03 0.95 38.67 38.67 12.56

6.00
45.00

40.00 38.67
37.61

35.00 33.44

30.00 31.90
27.26
25.79
25.00 23.54
21.31
12.08
20.00

15.00 13.52

10.00

2 5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00
FIILING EMPTYING POINT
Linear (POINT) Linear (POINT)

Design Pressures:

Pv = 54.51 kN/m2

Ph = 31.90 kN/m2

PW = 12.56 kN/m2
Design of Vertical Portion:

1. Hoop Tension:

TH = Ph x D / 2

Ph = 31.90 kN/m2

D = 6.00 m

TH = 95.695 kN Per m Height

As per Limit State Design:

TH = 1.5 x TH

THu = 143.54 kN Per m Height

Considered 6 mm Plate

Tension Capacity = 1363.64 kN Per m Height

SAFE

2. Longitudional Tension:

Since the Silo is supported at a 2.0m from the Bottom of the Silo the Vertical wall shall be for
Hoop Tension as well as Longitudional Tension

TL = Wd /π x D

Wd = 3400 kN

TL = 180.47 kN/m

Longitudional Stress = 30.08 N/mm2 (Tension)

Tensile Stress = 30.08 N/mm2

SAFE
Check for Compressive Stress in the wall:

Total Load on the Bin Po = Area x Height x Density

= 3004.2 kN

Vertical Load Due to pressure Pv = 1092.7 kN

Po -Pv = 1911.4 kN

Pμ = 1911.4 kN

= 101.45 kN per m

Compressive Stress in the wall = 16.909 N/mm2

0.6 x fy = 165 N/mm2

SAFE

Net Stress in the Wall = 13.17 N/mm2 ( Tension)

Conical Hopper:

Conical Hopper shall be subjected to both Hoop Tension as well as Meridional Tensions.

Pn = Pv Cos2θ + Ph Sin2θ + Ws Cosθ

Pt = Pv - Ph CosθSinθ + Ws Sinθ

θ = 0.63 rad

θ = 36.03 Deg

Pn = 35.65 + 9.43 + 0.5079

Pn = 45.59 kN/m2

Pt = 10.76 + 0.37

Pt = 11.13 kN/m2
Hoop Tension:

HT = 232.54 kN/m

Meridional Tension:

MT = Wt x Cosecθ
2 x 3.14 x R

Wt = Total Vertical load.

= 3400 kN

MT = 306.83 kN/m

Tension Capacity of 6 mm plate

= 1363.6 kN/m

SAFE

RING BEAM:

The Ring beam shall be designed for the Bending moment , Shear and Torsion.

No of Supports: = 4 Nos

Radius = 3 m

Moment at Support = 0.03415 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at mid-span = 0.01762 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Torsional moment = 0.0053 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at Support = 348.33 kN-m

Moment at mid-span = 179.72 kN-m

Torsional moment = 54.06 kN-m

Column Load = 850 kN

 R.C.C SILO SUPPORTED BY RING BEAM (Inverted Conical Hopper)
Given Data:

Bulk Density = 14.00 kN/m3

Angle of Repose = 25.00 Deg

λf = 0.50

λe = 1.00

Dia of the Silo = 14.00 m

Dia of Opening = 0.80 m

Height of Silo Cylindrical portion = 33 m

Height of Conical Portion = 10.65 m

ANALYSIS:

Mean Radius (R) = A/U

= 3.5

λf = 0.50 μf = 18.75 Deg = 0.3395

λe = 1.00 μe = 15 Deg = 0.2679

Pressure Components During Filling During Emptying

PW 49.00 kN/m2 49.00 kN/m2

Ph 144.35 kN/m2 182.87 kN/m2

Pv 288.70 kN/m2 182.87 kN/m2

Pv = 288.70 kN/m2

Ph = 182.87 kN/m2

PW = 49.00 kN/m2
 Zof = R/(μf x λf) = 20.62

Zoe = R/(μe x λe) = 13.06

During Filling:

Z Z/Zof (1-e(z/z0f)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.00 0.24 0.22 62.16 31.08 10.55
10.00 0.48 0.38 110.94 55.47 18.83
20.00 0.97 0.62 179.24 89.62 30.42
25.00 1.21 0.70 202.81 101.41 34.42
33.60 1.63 0.80 232.10 116.05 39.39

During Emptying:

Z Z/Zoe (1-e(z/z0e)) Pv Ph PW
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5.00 0.38 0.32 58.16 58.16 15.58
10.00 0.77 0.53 97.82 97.82 26.21
20.00 1.53 0.78 143.32 143.32 38.40
25.00 1.91 0.85 155.90 155.90 41.77
33.60 2.57 0.92 168.91 168.91 45.26

180.00
168.91

160.00 155.90
143.32
140.00

132.34 116.05
120.00
101.41
97.82
100.00
89.62
33
80.00

58.16 55.47
60.00

40.00 31.08

10.65 20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00
FIILING EMPTYING POINT
Linear (POINT) Linear (POINT)
Design Pressures:

Pv = 232.10 kN/m2

Ph = 132.34 kN/m2

PW = 45.26 kN/m2

Design of Vertical Portion:

1. Hoop Tension:

TH = Ph x D / 2

Ph = 132.34 kN/m2

D = 14.00 m

TH = 926.36 kN Per m Height

Since Silo is Supported at the Transition point the cylindrical wall shall be designed for the
Hopp tension alone. No Longitudional stresses shall be considered in the analysis.

As per Limit State Design:

TH = 1.5 x TH

THu = 1389.5 kN Per m Height

Considered 25 mm Dia Bar 8 Nos

Tension Capacity = 1552.16 kN Per m Height

SAFE
Check for Compressive Stress in the wall:

Total Load on the Bin Po = Area x Height x Density

= 71083 kN

Vertical Load Due to pressure Pv = 23986 kN

Po -Pv = 47097 kN

Pμ = 47097 kN

= 1071.4 kN per m

= 42.854 N/mm2

0.6 x fy = 165 N/mm2

SAFE

Conical Hopper:

Conical Hopper shall be subjected to both Hoop Tension as well as Meridional Tensions.

Pn = Pv Cos2θ + Ph Sin2θ + Ws Cosθ

Pt = Pv - Ph CosθSinθ + Ws Sinθ

θ = 1.02 rad

θ = 58.21 Deg

Pn = 56.28 + 73.27 + 0.3308

Pn = 129.87 kN/m2

Pt = 44.67 + 0.53

Pt = 45.20 kN/m2
Hoop Tension:

HT = 1069.5 kN/m

Meridional Tension:

MT = Wt x Cosecθ
2 x 3.14 x R

Wt = Total Vertical load.

= 2110 kN

MT = 56.468 kN/m

Tension Capacity of 10 mm plate

= 2272.7 kN/m

SAFE

RING BEAM:

The Ring beam shall be designed for the Bending moment , Shear and Torsion.

No of Supports: = 4 Nos

Radius = 7 m

Moment at Support = 0.03415 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at mid-span = 0.01762 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Torsional moment = 0.0053 x Wd x R (I.S 9178 Part 2 )

Moment at Support = 504.4 kN-m

Moment at mid-span = 260.25 kN-m

Torsional moment = 78.281 kN-m

Column Load = 527.5 kN