n

"

functionaries
tchonaGmpCG) : IMPORTANT
Oaigmapmucnds :

I .

oxygen containing organic compounds

Carboxylic acids
• & derivatives
•
Aldehydes & ketones

• Alcohols
• Ethers

I )
.
Halogen ( F ,
Cl
,
Br, I
containing org .
compds .

HI .

Nitrogen containing org .

compds .

• Amines
•
cyanide s & Iso -

cyanide s
• Nitro & Nitrites compounds
 GoH(
0

Carboxylic Acids : -
COOH )
9
(family) functional group

vs : R
T
-

G ← an
org
.
compd
an alkyl O
group
Hydrocarbon → ( parent chain ) * R - I -

OH
part An acid .

• H - K -

OH : formic Acid
TNI common
names
• CHS -
COOH : Acetic Acid TN

•
CHzCHz -
COOH : Propionic Acid TN

contd . - -
 R -
COOH : R E H : HC00
Gt3 : CH3C00HJ
↳ Hs :
CH3Atzcoo
CH3CHzCHzCI
'

• n - Pr = n -

Butyric acid

Lissome:#njoeaaoiidtn
>n

•
isopr
ooh
±

other

takes
a . Acid Chlorides
b . Acid Amides
c .
Acid Anhydrides
d . Esters
• Acid chlorides : G:-c##
*
Members : H -

c -
Cl : formyl chloride

Gt3
-

cool :
Acetyl chloride

Czltscocl :
Propionyl chloride

• Acid Amides : G:-c-N

%
Members : H -
c -

Nitz ? Form amide

CHS CONHZ : Acetamide
Cltzcltzco N Hz :
Propionamide
• Acid
Anhydride : G:-8-o-#

:÷÷ ¥ : an:* .

÷÷=*
O

÷::
- "

.
 O

11
Gt3
%
-
C
\
•

O =
Gt3 O
cHz I
← HzCo)z0
-
- -
-

←
Caz
-

11
Acetic
0
anhydride
* 9h
general : 420320 :
symmetric Anhydride
:
Orton
o
-
O
( R' FR )
symmetric Anhydride
° : un
11
\
•

o =
formic Acetic anhydride
IT or Acetic formic anhydride
O
 Esters :
G:_%-o ^
R't Parent chain

Havent chain

Members : Esters of Formic Acid

Q I festers )
'
H -
-0 -
R : Alkyl of formic Acid
,
.

.
/NkYlFormate
e. cuz
g !
-

→
Methyl formate
.

coo_czHg →
49 Ethyl formate

: I:p : 't.
"

format .

Utz
=
Isopropyl
formate
Esters of Acetic Acid : cHz-%-
o
ALkylacetate
Il
acetate
CHS -

c -
o -

CHS :
Methyl
CHS -

Coo -
Czlts :
Ethyl acetate

CHS Coo -
npr : n -

Propyl acetate

Cltzcoo -
iso Pr : isopropyl acetate
 G:-c
O

Aldehydes :

ketones :

G: 0

Aldehydes :

Pd
A -
-
H °

.
Formaldehyde
0
11
Gt3 c H Acetaldehyde
-
-

%
CHzCHz c H :
Propionatdehyde
- -

[CH3CHzCHz- CHO

city -9A
-

CHO !
n

iso
Butyraldehyde
-

Butyraldehyde
-
)
Gt3 isomeric to each other
 R R-E
O O

ketones :

Ketones Mixed ketone

Symm .

Di-alkyeALkylalkylKeto@1l.C
Hz
-
o

C -

CHz .
CH3C0CzH5
Dimethyl ketone
-1N Methyl ethyl ketone
(Acetone ) . CH3COCHzCHzCH3
• CH3CHzC0CHzCH3 Methyl n
-
-

propyl ketone

Diethyl ketone CH3 CO

GH CHS
-
.

• n -
Pr -
co -
n -
Pr =_ (n -
Pr)zC0 Utz
Di -
in -

propyl ketone Methyl isopropyl

-

ketone
Alcohols : G:-O-
Mono
' '
hydric Di
hydric '
Trihydric
'
' '

¥
I OH z OH 3 OH
group groups groups
- - -

R -
OH :
Alkyl alcohols CTN )
1- of R ( Alkyl groups)
Types
I Alcohols
me Et
go →
Primary
, 20
Secondary
,
→ 3)
npr -
iso Pr 30
Tertiary
-

, → →
etc - - - -
Types of R n

.
20 ,
I
,
30
°
Alcohols
1 To
20 :
Primary : R -

CHZ
-

Reitz
Primary Alcohols

20 :
Secondary : R -

c÷t -
R -

Init
R
I 30
secondary Alcohols
5 :
Tertiary : R
g
- -

R
R R -

4£
R

Tertiary Alcohols
Examples : R -
OH

-0ft alcohol 1° alcohol

• CH3 :
Methyl =

-0¥
• CHS Eltz :
Ethyl alcohol =3 alcohol
CH3CHzCHz OH Propyl alcohol ss

[
•
-

: n - =

at : Iso Propyl
atchafalaya
-

•
Cq Hq - OH ( Butyl alcohols) : visualise all possible
so
alcohols (4)
cHzCHzCHzCHz CHSCHZFH
20
-

Cn -

Butyl alcohol
10
) CHS Butyl alcohol)
20

cuz
-

GH -%Hz CHIE!
(Iso Butyl
City
alcohol ) -=L°
cH3 §Tertiary Butyl
alcohol )
Di Alcohols I '
Di ols
hydric : OH
groups
=
-
- -

1- OH
Gem unstable
Type : c c :
-
•

→H
2 I
( not interested)
'
of Cbl Type)
* Vicinal Type :
"
c -

'
GH
'
'
OH z -
Ott groups are

• Isolated :
placed on
adjacent
3 l
C -
atoms
z

( 1,3 ) C -
c -
C
( 1,2 type)
LH bit
← 2
3 2 I 4 3 I

4,3) C -
C -
C -
c C-C -
c - c ( 1,4)
bit bit bit bit
& etc . - . . . .
Vicinal Diols : -

z ,

J CL
-

( 1,2 type)
bit bit
Glycols
T
CTN)

• CHZ -

CHZ :
Ethylene Glycol family name

bit bit (anti -

freeze)

CH3qHCHz :
Propylene Glycol
OH bit
 Tri -

hydric Alcohols :
B'-0Hgwup€
( Hz -
OH

EH ( Glycerine)
OH
Glycerol
-

kHz -

OH

More
examples : ( diols) : dont visualise Gem

E-
(Vicinal) C -
c -
c -
c c- c- c-c c- e
'
bit bit bit bit bit OH

④ dated) c
c- c- c- c c- c- c- c c- d- a
,
bit bit bit OH GH GH
 Ethers : -

G:-
'
R -
o -
R R -
o -

symmetric ethers unsymmetn.cl/Nixed ethers

Di
alkyl ether Alkyl alkyl ether

•
Gt3 OCHS CH -50 -CHzCH3

Dimethyl ether Methyl ethyl ether

CH3CHz0 Utzcttz Cltz O cttzcftzcttz

-
-

Diethyl ether
Methyl -
n Propyl ether
-

•
Cn - Pr)z0 CHS -
O -

GH Gt3
-

Di propyl ether
-
n -

Utz
•
dsopr)z0 Methyl isopropyl -

ether
Di isopropyl
- ether