CHAPTER 4-

STOICHIOMETRY
Jemimah Joy I. Guarin
 Stoichiometry
■ Is the study of quantitative relationships between amounts
of reactants used and products formed by a chemical
reaction.
■ It is based on the law of conservation of mass.
– States that matter is neither created nor destroyed.
– Thus, in a chemical reaction,
the mass of the reactants= mass of the products

■ Master the ff. chemistry concepts to solve stoichiometry problems:

– Balancing equations
– Converting between grams and moles
– Calculating molar mass
– Calculating mole ratios
 Example:
■ Look at the balanced chemical equation for the formation of table salt (NaCl).

■ You could use stoichiometry to answer the ff. questions about the chemical
reaction.
– How much sodium is needed to produce a certain amount of table salt?
– How much chlorine is needed to produce a certain amount of table salt?
– Given a certain amount of sodium or chlorine, how much table salt can be
produced?
■ Mole Ratio- is a ratio between the numbers of moles of any 2 substances
in a balanced chemical equation.

What mole ratios can be written for the following chemical equation?
The general approach for solving stoichiometry problems:
■ Mole method- the stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical equation
can be interpreted as the number of moles of each substance.
Mole-mole calculation  mole ratio
How many moles of oxygen react with hydrogen to produce 27.6 mol of
𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂?

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑂𝑂2
27.6 mol 𝐻𝐻2 𝑂𝑂 x = 13.8 mol 𝑶𝑶𝟐𝟐
2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
Mass-mass calculation
■ How many grams of hydrogen gas are needed to react completely with
54.0 g of oxygen gas, given the ff. Chemical equation?

Solution:
g O2  mol O2  mol H2  g H2

1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻 2.016 𝑔𝑔 𝐻𝐻𝐻

54 g 𝑂𝑂2 x 𝑥𝑥 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 3.402 g H2
32 𝑔𝑔𝑂𝑂2 2
Mass-mole calculation
■ How many moles of Hydrogen fluoride is required to react
completely with 75 g of tin?

Sn + 2HF  𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 + 𝐻𝐻2

Solution:
g Sn  mol Sn  mol HF

1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

75 g Sn x 𝑥𝑥
118.69 𝑔𝑔 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯
Limiting Reagents

■ Limiting reagents- reactant used up first in a reaction.

■ Excess reagents- the reactants present in quantities

greater than necessary to react with the quantity of
the limiting reagent.
■ Example/s:

Limiting
Reactant
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 1𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4
■ 40.0 g NaOH x 40.0 𝑔𝑔 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑥𝑥 = 0.5 mol 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4
2 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
Excess
Reactant
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4
■ 60.0 g 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4 x 98.09 𝑔𝑔𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4 𝑥𝑥 = 0.61 mol 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4
2 4 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝐻2 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆4
A.

Limiting
Reactant

Excess
Reactant
B.
C.
Reaction Yield

■ Theoretical yield- the amount of product that would result if all the limiting
reagents reacted.
– The maximum obtainable yield., predicted by the balanced equation.
■ Actual yield- the amount of product actually obtained from a reaction.
– Is always less than the theoretical yield.
■ Percent yield- the proportion of the actual yield to the theoretical yield.