Digital Logic and Design

Lecture 37: Design of Sequential Circuits

Dated : 09 Dec 2022, Fall 2022

BEE-13AB

By Nasir Mahmood
nasir.mahmood@seecs.edu.pk, nasirm15@gmail.com

 Design'Statement'
In laser based distance measurement, a laser is aimed at the object of interest. The 
laser is briefly turned on, and a timer is started. The laser light, traveling at the 
speed of light, travels to the object and reflects back. A sensor detects the reflection 
of the laser light, causing the timer to stop.  
Laser based distance measurement is illustrated in figure below 

After the reflection is detected the system should use the amount of time passed 
since the laser was pulsed to compute the distance to the object of interest. The 
system should then return to waiting for the user to press the button so that a new 
measurement can be taken.  
 

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 Design'Statement'Contd..'
Design a processor to control the laser and the timer and to compute distances up to 
2000 meters. A block diagram is shown below 
 
 
 
L  to laser 
  Laser 
B  from button  based 
 
  distance 
  measurer 
  D  to display  S  from sensor 
   ( 16 Bits) 
 
 
 
The system has a bit input B, which equals 1 when the user presses a button to start 
the measurement. Another bit input S comes from the sensor, and is 1 when the 
reflected laser is detected. The bit L controls the laser, turning the laser on when L is 
1. Finally  N‐bit output D indicate the distance in binary, in units of meters. Let us 
make D 16 bits. The system uses 300 MHz clock (every cycle corresponds to 1 m) 
and active low reset signal. 
 
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 Design'Specifica-ons'
•  We'can'describe'the'overall'control'of'the'system'using'a'high;level'state'
machine.'To'facilitate'the'crea-on'of'the'State'machine,'we'enumerate'the'
sequence'of'events'underlying'the'measurement'system:''
''
–  The'system'powers'on.''Ini-ally.'the'system's'laser'is'off'and'the'system'outputs'a'
distance'of'0'meters.'
–  The'system'should'then'wait'for'the'user'to'ini-ate'measurement'by'pressing'a'buFon'
B.''
–  AIer'the'buFon'is'pressed'the'system'should'tum'the'laser'on.'We'll'choose'to'leave'
the'laser'on'for'one'clock'cycle.''
–  AIer'the'laser'is'pulsed,'the'system'should'wait'for'the'sensor'S'to'detect'the'laser's'
reflec-on.'Meanwhile'the'system'should'count'how'much'-me'passes'from'the'-me'
the'laser'was'pulsed'un-l'the'reflec-on'is'sensed.''
–  AIer'the'reflec-on'is'detected'the'system'should'use'the'amount'of'-me'passed'since'
the'laser'was'pulsed'to'compute'the'distance'to'the'object'of'interest''
–  The'system'should'then'return'to'wai-ng'for'the'user'to'press'the'buFon'so'that'a'
new'measurement'can'be'taken.''

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State diagram of the system

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 Design of Counters
Design a three bit binary counter

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 Design Problem no 2
• Design a three bit binary counter
– When a button is pressed it counts in the odd binary
number sequence and repeat
– When the button is released it counts the even binary
number sequence and repeat

State Diagram

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Final State Diagram for Problem 2

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 Present State Input Next State Flip Flop Inputs
A B C X A B C TA TB TC
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1

State 0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0

Table 1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

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Simplification of Flip Flop Inputs

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Logic Diagram

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• State Reduction
• Flip Flop Conversion Procedure

State Table
Reduced State Table
THE END

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