METABOLIC PATHWAYS FOR LIPIDS AND

AMINO ACIDS

 Digestion of triacylglycerols

WHAT IS THE MOVEMENT

FAT MOBILIZATION
 Break down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue
 Forms fatty acids and glycerol
 Hydrolyzes fatty acid initially from C1 or C3 of
the fat (CARBON 1 OR CARBON3)
DIGESTION OF FATS
(TRIACYLGLYCEROLS)
- In the digestion of fats (triacylglycerols)
- Bile salts break fat globules into smaller particles
called micelles in the small intestine
- Pancreatic lipases hydrolyze ester bonds to form
monoacylglycerols and fatty acids, which
recombine in the intestinal lining
- Fatty acids bind with proteins, forming
lipoproteins to transport triacylglycerols to the
cells of the heart, muscle, and adipose tissues.

REACTIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE

3 FATTY ACID THAT CONNECTED TO

GLYCEROL

METABOLISM OF GLYCEROL
 Glycerol from fat digestion
 Adds a phosphate from ATP to form
glycerol-3-phosphate
 Undergoes oxidation of the -OH group to
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
 Becomes an intermediate used in glycolysis
and gluconeogenesis

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In the Liver,
• Glycerol uses ATP to form glycerol-3-
phosphate
• The -OH is oxidized to form
dihydroxyacetone phosphate

In the matrix,
• The fatty acyl CoA recombines with CoA for
• The overall reaction for glycerol oxidation
oxidation is: • Carnitine moves back to the inner
mitochondrial membrane

• Fatty acid activation is complex, but it

regulates the degradation and synthesis of
fatty acids.
OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS

Carbonyl group that has coenzyme

A

Fatty acid activation

- Combines a fatty acid with CoA to yield
fatty acyl CoA.

In fatty acid transport

 The fatty acyl group combines with
carnitine
 The fatty acyl molecule moves across the
inner mitochondrial membrane into the
matrix for oxidation
BETA OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS:
REACTION 1
• Fatty acyl CoA undergoes beta oxidation in a
cycle of four reactions:
In reaction 1, oxidation
• Removes H atoms from the a and b carbons
• Forms a trans C=C bond
• Reduces FAD to FADH2

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 REACTION 4
In reaction 4 of B oxidation, acetyl CoA is cleaved
• by splitting the bond between the a and B
carbons
• To form a shortened fatty acyl CoA that
repeats steps 1-4 of B oxidation

REACTION 2
In reaction 2 of B oxidation, hydration
 Adds water across the trans C=C bond
 Forms a hydroxyl group (-OH) on the B EXAMPLE OF B OXIDATION FOR
carbon MYRISTIC (C14) ACID

REACTION 3
In reaction 3 of B oxidation, a second
oxidation
• Oxidizes the hydroxyl group
• Forms a keto group on the B carbon
• Reduces NAD+ to NADH + H+

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