SN DESCRIPTION PAGE

O NO
01 INTRODUCTION
02 OBJECTIVES OF THE THE PROJECT
03 PROPOSED SYSTEM
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical
element with flat, polished surfaces that refracts
light. The exact angles between the surfaces
depend on the application. The traditional
geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with
a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in
colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type.
Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the
shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent to the
wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical
materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism
can be used to break light up into its constituent
spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms
can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into
components with different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that
white light was colorless, and that the prism itself
produced the color. Newton’s experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in
the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that
“corpuscles” (particles) of light were fanned out
5.
Straight lines R
1
Q
1
,R
2
Q
2
,R
3
Q
3
and R
4
Q
4
were
drawn making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰
respectively with the normals.
6.
One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the
observations.
7.
Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX’ and point Q
1
was put in the middle of
AB.
8.
The boundary of the prism was marked.
9.
Two pins P
1
and P
2
were fixed vertically on the
line R
1
Q
1
and the distance between the pins
were about 2cm.
10.
The images of points P
1
and P
2
were looked
through face AC.
11.
Left eye was closed and right eye was
opened and was brought in line with the two
images.
12.
Two pins P
3
and P
4
were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye
sees pins P
4
and P
3
as images of P
2
and P
1
in
one straight line.
13.
Pins P
1
,P
2
,P
3
and P
4
were removed and their
pricks on the paper were encircled.
14.
Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with
points Q
2
,Q
3
and Q
4
for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15.
Straight lines through points P
4
and P
3
were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S
1
T
1
,S
2
T
2
,S
3
T
3
and S
4
T
4
.
16.
T
1
S
1
,T
2
S
2
,T
3
S
3
and T
4
S
4
were produced inward
in the boundary of the prism to meet produced
incident rays R
1
Q
1
,R
2
Q
2
,R
3
Q
3
and R
4
Q
4
at points
F
1
,F
2
,F
3
and F
4
.
17.
Angles K
1
F
1
S
1
,K
2
F
2
S
2
,K
3
F
3
S
3
and K
4
F
4
S
4
were
measured. These angles give angle of
deviation D
1
,D
2
,D
3
and D
4
.
18.
Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
19.
Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of
the prism. This gives angle A.
20.
Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS
:
Angle of hollow prism A = 60⁰
S.No.
Angle
of
incidenc
e
Angle of
deviatio
n for
water
Angle
of
deviatio
n for
kerosen
e oil
Angle of
deviatio
n for
turpenti
ne oil
1
40⁰
23⁰
36⁰
32⁰
2
45⁰
24⁰
 33⁰
33⁰
3
50⁰
25⁰
34⁰
34⁰
4
55⁰
26⁰
35⁰
35⁰
RESULTS
:

The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water D
m
= 23⁰C
Kerosene oil D
m
= 33⁰C
Turpentine oil D
m
= 32⁰C

The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32
Kerosene oil n = 1.46
Turpentine oil n = 1.44

Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x10
8
m/s
Kerosene oil v = 2.05x10
8
m/s
Turpentine oil v = 2.08x10
8
m/s
PRECAUTIONS
:

The angle of incidence should lie between
35⁰ – 60⁰.

The pins should be fixed vertical.

The distance between the two pins should
not be less than 10mm.

Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.

The same angle of prism should be used for
all the observations.
SOURCES
OF
ERRORS
:

Pin pricks may be thick.

Measurement of angles may be wrong.
BIBLIOGrAPHY
The following sources were used for the
appropriate information required to complete the
project:

Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class XII

NCERT textbook of class XII

Google
CONTENTS

Introduction

Experimental
setup

Bibliography