Photons

of
The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuous spectrum of all the
possible frequencies electromagnetic
-

radiation .

of
The
frequency is the number of complete passing point second
-

a wave waves a
per .

The
wavelength of a wave is the distance between two adjacent crests of a wave .

Brim
Radio Micro Infra visible Ultra
Gamma
- -

X
Rays
-
-

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(
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Photo
When are
electromagnetic waves emitted ?
-

Electromagnetic waves are emitted

by charged particle when it loses
.

a :
energy
A fast moving electron stopped blows
§
is down .

An electron in an atom moves to a lower shell / level

energy .

WhattheHECKphoto
←
( plural :
quanta)
Photon the packet) of force for
is
quantum (discrete the
electromagnetic radiation and the carrier the
-

electromagnetic force
carry energy through
( waves
.

of
To
put simply photons
are
packets EM waves and
energy vibrations )
•

more : .

e.g Since visible light belongs to the EM spectrum ,

photons are the smallest
components of
light of
. → A photon is a quantum ( discreet
packet) light .

Photons massless travel

speed of light)
are →
they at c. (
.

✓ Planck 's constant = 6.63×10-3455

The energy of one
photon is :

§=④ frequency
of
of light the =

Hype
Energy a photon LJ )
 The wave
speed equation rearranged :

f
Alternative
¥itutefLo E=hf

E=hf=h
to
equation
find of
energy
one
proton :

Howarequantaldiscretepack-etsdisove.ro?-
Planck black radiation he that
-
When Max was
investigating body ,
suggested EM waves can
only be

released in discrete packets ,

or
quanta .

Einstein went further that EM their exist discrete

y bsuggesting waves and
energy can
only in
packets
•

The Einstein 1905 when he used his ideas to

photon theory established
by in
explain the
-

was ,

photoelectric effect the of electrons from metal surface when directed at the
. ( emission a
light is

surface)

How is laser power calculated ?

levels of atoms
of in
-
excitement electrons energy
µ works by
of Radiation) of
A laser (
light Amplification by Stimulated Emission beam consists photons of the
-

same
frequency .

-
The of a laser beam is the energy per second transferred by the
photons for beam
consisting
power
a
,

of photons of
frequency f :

'

From GCSE the Thepowerotthebeam=nh

→↳
is
:
power
amount of second
energy per
.

number of photons energy of

p in

point
the beam

each
passing
second
a fixed each
photon

E=hfandIas'
According E=hf has
frequency
to ,
violet purple a
higher than red and hence carries

way more
energy .

↳ hence

Blue A LOT of of photons

and
green lasers banned
they carry energy in terms
'
are as .

Red lasers hence and safest

most
widely used the
'
are .
 ?
What
-
is a wave
really

transfer of of
They without the transfer
•

are a matter
energy .

Sound transfer
Eg waves
by vibrations through air
.

energy .

How
-
are EM waves passed through without vibrations ?

EM radiation burst of
" ' '

is emitted
packet ( quantum ) with
interlocking
'

as a or waves

field (E) field (B)

electric and
magnetic oscillations at
right angles to one another .

These wave
packets called photons
•

are .

so.es.e.cµA
i?!ii=#INhfYIh*gee:: : :
( vertical )
Magnetic

we calculate the kinetic

felectron-volt-I.lt/l0-t9JouI
'

of
energy
a
charged particle
by

EKineticthergy-OF.IN
E=QV .

[ however

physics

EkineeicEnergy=I\kIYgea¥
particle the
charges
of 1 ( or amounts ) of electrons)

roots
small

so small this
other particles are
,

will result in small

extremely tin couloumbs)
Joule values and hence kinetic
energy
is
[
Charge of
calculated in electron volts
electron
- .

an

( number of electrons)

"÷:÷÷ Energy
in joules