The processes used in recombinant DNA

A. Transformation
The process of Transformation is…
- the DNA is introduced into a competent strain of bacteria
during a transformation so the bacteria can replicate the
sequence of interest in quantities suitable for further analysis
and/or manipulation.
The uses of Transformation are:
- to make multiple copies of DNA called DNA cloning.
- to make large amounts of specific human proteins, for
example, human insulin, which can be used to treat people
with Type I diabetes.
- to genetically modify a bacterium or other cell.
B. Electroporation
The process of electroporation is…
- transfecting the cells with DNA using an electric pulse. It is
thought that applying an electric field to cells causes temporary
pores in the cell membrane, allowing the cell to take up DNA
sequences.
The use of the electroporation process is…
- commonly for cell transfection/transformation
- the non-viral DNA transfer, of bacteria, yeast, and plant
protoplasts.
C. Protoplast fusion
- Protoplast fusion is the process by which two different plant
species are combined to create a new hybrid plant that
combines the traits of both, known as a somatic hybrid.
The use of Protoplast fusion is…
 - to combine genes from different organisms to create strains
with desired properties.
D. Use of Particle gun
The process of use of particle gun is…
- for genetic transformation of plants and other organisms.
Millions of DNA-coated metal particles are shot at target cells
or tissues using a biolistic device or gene gun.
The use of a Particle gun is…
- used to deliver exogenous DNA (transgenes), RNA, or protein
to cells.
E. Transduction
Transduction is…
- the process by which a virus transfers genetic material from
one bacterium to another.
The use of transduction is…
- commonly in genetic engineering for inserting foreign DNA
into the host cell. Also, Hershey and Chase used transduction
as a tool to confirm that DNA is the genetic material.