1200 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 35, NO.

3, JUNE 2020

Current Transformer Saturation Compensator by

Using Negative Voltage Feedback
Mehdi Delzendeh and Hossein Kazemi Karegar , Member, IEEE

Abstract—Current Transformers (CTs) saturation leads to dis- gap in iron-core of CT will improve the CT performance under
tortion of current waveform and operational malfunction of pro- saturation circumstances [3], but changing the iron-core for
tection relays. This paper introduces a practical and simple method existing CTs is an expensive and undesirable solution. Among
to prevent CTs saturation. The method uses a negative voltage
feedback and applies it to CT secondary side. The injected voltage the proposed methods, using software and hardware techniques
opposes the excitation voltage of CT in a manner that the magnetic are more popular than changing the CTs core type.
flux of CT remains almost constant under saturation level for any Several software compensation methods are used in order to
faults. The method is categorized as a hardware solution, does not detect the saturation and rebuild the distorted secondary current
need to detect the CT saturation time and works either for digital of CTs. In [4] an algorithm has been introduced to compute the
or non-digital relays. The method is verified in a wide range of
simulations and experimental results. The obtained results show core flux based on the secondary current, but it assumes that the
that the method is reliable, effective, and accurate. residual flux at the beginning of the process is zero. Similarly, in
[5] a method has been proposed for magnetic current estimation
Index Terms—Current transformer (CT), saturation, negative
voltage injection, saturation compensator.
with zero residual flux assumption.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) [6]–[8] and adaptive
I. INTRODUCTION neuro-fuzzy systems [9], [10] are other software methods used
for saturation detection. In [8], [11]–[14], various ANNs are
TS are known as the essential part of power system, be-
C cause all protection devices need CTs for current measure-
ment. An accurate replica of power system current at secondary
applied to find the original secondary current waveform, but they
ignore the DC component of fault current and entire network
configurations are necessary for effective training.
side of CTs leads to correct performance of protection devices
One of the recent software compensation algorithms which
and any distortion due to CTs’ saturation can result in operational
is presented in [15], utilizes Frohlich hysteresis to estimate
malfunction of relays.
the magnetizing current. The accuracy of the proposed method
Generally, there are four approaches to overcome the afore-
depends on the connected CT burden and X/R ratio of network.
mentioned problem:
In [16], a compensation algorithm is introduced for estimating
– Changing the core type of CTs and using Rogowski Coil
the CT magnetizing current, but the method assumes that the
(RC) instead of iron-core [1], [2].
remnant flux is zero. In [15], [17], the methods rebuild the
– Making an air gap in CT core [3].
unsaturated current by detecting the initiating and ending mo-
– Using a software saturation compensation method
ments of CT saturation, predicting the fundamental frequency
[4]–[17].
and decayed DC component of fault current in each period. The
– Using a hardware saturation compensation method
software compensation methods need to detect the saturation
[18]–[21].
and then solve the problem. Therefore, any error in saturation
In [1], using RC is proposed for preventing under reaching of
detection will lead to incorrect compensation. In addition, these
distance relay caused by saturation of conventional CTs, but RCs
methods are sometimes complicated and are not supported by
cannot supply enough current for high secondary side burden,
in-service relays, thus, hardware methods are more suitable than
because the mutual coupling between its primary and secondary
the software methods.
side is much less than iron-core CTs. In [2], a combination
The hardware methods add an additional circuit in the sec-
of RC and iron-core CT is used to take the benefit of both
ondary side of CTs for saturation compensation and do not
CTs. The iron-core CT is applied under unsaturated conditions,
need any saturation detection. They are fast, reliable and can
while the RC is used for saturated situations. Making an air
be used even for digital and non-digital relays. In [18], a DC
Manuscript received March 25, 2019; revised July 6, 2019; accepted August
offset current is injected in the secondary side of CT to prevent
11, 2019. Date of publication August 21, 2019; date of current version May the CT saturation because of DC fault current component. This
21, 2020. Paper no. TPWRD-00325-2019. (Corresponding author: Hossein method needs to estimate the DC component of the fault current
Kazemi Karegar.)
The authors are with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti
accurately. In [19] and [20], a power electronic switch is used
University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran (e-mail: m.delzendeh72@gmail.com; to insert a dynamic resistor into the secondary circuit of CT to
h_kazemi@sbu.ac.ir). generate a flux which opposes the decaying DC flux generated
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this article are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
by DC component of fault current. The heat dissipation produced
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2019.2936449 by these methods are their major drawback.

0885-8977 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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DELZENDEH AND KAZEMI KAREGAR: CT SATURATION COMPENSATOR BY USING NEGATIVE VOLTAGE FEEDBACK 1201

Where, VB and VP T present the voltage across the CT burden

and the compensator output voltage, respectively.
According to IEEE C37.110 [22], a larger burden impedance
: causes a higher excitation voltage, and enters the core flux
in saturation region, consequently. The proposed compensator
reduces the burden impedance seen by the CT and removes the
core flux from the saturation region into linear region.
By writing Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchoff’s
Current Law (KCL) and using (2) and (3), the seen impedance
will be obtained as (6).
(2) VB
Fig. 1. Scheme of proposed method. KV L : VoutCT = VP T + VB → VoutCT = N2
(4)
1+ N1
 
(3) N2
KCL : I2 = IB + IP T 1 → I2 = 1+ IB (5)
In addition, these methods cannot compensate the first cycle N 1
of saturated current. In [21], a power electronic low-voltage dc VB
source is employed to prevent the CT saturation. The method N
VoutCT 1+ N 2 1
creates an appropriate voltage at secondary side of CT. The Ztotal = = 1
 = 2 ZB (6)
integral magnitude of injected voltage and CT burden voltage I2 N2
1 + N  1 IB α
should be equal, but their polarities are in opposite. This method
requires CT saturation detection and has a complicated switch- Where, α is Reduction Factor (RF), ZB is CT connected burden
ing strategy. and Ztotal is the virtual burden seen by the CT. The (6) shows
This paper proposes a new hardware method to prevent CT that the virtual burden is smaller than the connected burden by
saturation which is independent of CT saturation detection and the second order of α, in which α is always greater than 1
can be used for both AC and DC saturations without any need of (α > 1). It means that the proposed method reduces the con-
microprocessor unit. The method injects a voltage as the negative nected burden and reduces the excitation voltage, consequently.
feedback voltage on the CT secondary side, which opposes the The uncompensated and compensated excitation voltage
excitation voltage of CT in a manner that the magnetic flux of CT (Es U ncomp ), (Es comp ) can be calculated by (7) and (8),
remains almost constant. The injected voltage is obtained from respectively.
a compensator transformer which is located on the secondary Es U ncomp. = (ZCT + ZB ) I2 (7)
side of CT and acts as the negative feedback to oppose the CT
excitation voltage. The magnitude of the injected voltage is self- Es comp = (ZCT + Ztotal ) I2 = ZCT I2
tuning and adapted itself based on the fault current magnitude. ZB
+ I2 − (α − 1) VoutCT = (ZCT + ZB ) I2
This paper is organized as follows: in Section II, the theo- 1+α
retical background of the proposed method will be explained.  
1
Simulation results and relevant discussions are presented in + − 1 ZB I2 − (α − 1) VoutCT (8)
Section III. In section IV, the experimental results are carried 1+α
out to show the reliability of the proposed method and finally, Where, ZCT is the CT resistance.
the conclusion is presented in Section V. It is clear from (7) and (8), the compensator reduces the
excitation voltage by two reduction factors. The first factor is
1
( 1+α − 1)ZB I2 that it is called Transitional Reduction Factor
II. PROPOSED COMPENSATION METHOD (TRF) and the second factor is (−(α − 1)VCT ) that is Feedback
The scheme of the proposed method is illustrated in Fig. 1. The Reduction Factor (FRF). Both factors are negative and reduce
compensator is a Voltage Transformer (VT), which its primary the excitation CT voltage.
side is connected to the secondary side of CT and its secondary The compensator virtually increases the CT turn ratio, as
side is connected in opposite polarity and in series with the CT shown in Fig. 2. The equivalent CT turn ratio in presence of
burden. This type of connection produces a negative voltage compensator can be obtained by (5) as rewritten in (9) and (10):
feedback across the magnetic core of CT. Considering Fig. 1,  
N
Vout CT can be obtained as follow: I2 = 1 + 2 IB = αIB ⇒ I1 = (CTratio ) αIB (9)
N1
VoutCT = VB + VP T (1) CTeqratio = CTratio × α (10)
N
VP T = − 2 VoutCT (2)
N1 Equation (10) shows that the compensator increases the CT
 
 turn ratio by coefficient α, and it is well known that using a CT
N2
IP T 1 = IB (3) with bigger turn ratio, moving the CT far from its saturation
N1 region.

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1202 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 35, NO. 3, JUNE 2020

TABLE I
VALUE OF ε BASED ON SIMULATION RESULTS

Where ε is a practical factor with a value between

0 and 1. The suggested value of ε is shown in Table
Fig. 2. Primary current (dash line), secondary current of CT without compen- I based on simulation results.
sator (blue line) and secondary current of CT in presence of compensator (red Step 5: Calculate VT turn ratio based on RF by (17)
line).

V Tratio = N2 : N1 = Vsat

old
× (α : 1) (17)
III. SELECTION OF RF AND VT TURN RATIO
Where α = RF − 1.
The CT saturation voltage (Vsat ) is a basic parameter for Actually, ε can be interpreted as a practical or an engineering
the proper CT sizing. According to IEEE C37.110, Vsat should factor with a value between 0 and 1. The suggested value of ε
satisfy the following equation to avoid the saturation of CT due is based on some simulation results as stated in Table I. Using ε
to a fault current with dc offset: increases RF and selecting bigger RF improves the performance
   
Ip X X of the method. The obtained value of RF by (14) is adequate,
Vsat > × Zs × 1 + = Is × Zs × 1 +
CTratio R R but using (16) produces a security margin. In next sections,
(11) the effects of different RFs are discussed by simulation and
Where, Ip and Is are primary and secondary current, and Zs is experimental results.
the total secondary burden impedance of CT. X and R are the As the VT is connected in series with a CT, some consider-
equivalent reactance and resistance of power system. ations such as voltage, apparent power, accuracy class must be
By adding the proposed compensator and using (10), the considered. The voltage of the secondary side of CT is classified
relation (11) can be rewrite as (12): as low voltage and the primary of VT is in series with the CT
  and the VT secondary side is in series with burden, therefore its
Ip X
Vsat > × Zs × 1 + (12) primary and secondary voltage is categorized into low voltage
RF × CTratio R
class. The apparent power known as the volt-ampere, must be
It leads to (13), in which Is = IP
CT ratio :
greater than the volt-ampere of burden supplied by the VT. It
  will be a good suggestion that the rated volt-ampere of VT be
X
RF × Vsat > Is × Zs × 1 + (13) equal or greater than the CT volt-ampere.
R The VT accuracy class defining the guaranteed transformation
By comparing the left side of (13) with (11), it will be obtained error can be chosen in accordance with the usual metering or
that the compensator increases the CT saturation voltage by RF. protection accuracy class, which is less than 1%. In addition,
For RF determination, assume that it is required to increase the the following analytic calculations show that the steady state
CT saturation voltage from Vsat old
to Vsat
new
for an already in- CT accuracy is improved by the VT. The accuracy of the CT
service CT. For this purpose, the minimum RF can be calculated is improved, when the magnetizing current for a given primary
as follow: current is reduced. The proposed method reduces the CT mag-
V new netizing current under rated values. The analytical evaluation of
RFmin ≥ sat (14) the proposed method for steady state and transient behavior is
Vsat
old
also explained in Appendix-B.
The summarized steps for RF and VT turn ratio are explained
as follows:
old IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
Step 1: Calculate real saturation voltage of CT (Vsat ).
Step 2: Calculate Vsat based on the power system parame-
new
In order to evaluate the proposed compensator, some simu-
ters and CT burden by (15). lations are carried out on MATLAB software. The equivalent
 
X circuit consisting the CT model, VT and burden is shown in
Vsat = Is × Zs × 1 +
new
(15)
R Fig. 3. A single-phase voltage source with X/R = 100 supplies
the CT. The CT model from [23] with ratio 2000/5, 25 (VA),
Step 3: Obtain then minimum RF by (14).
connected to 1 (Ω) resistance is used in the simulation pro-
Step 4: Consider some practical aspects and choose the final
gram. The magnetizing branch is modeled by the CT saturation
value of RF by (16).
voltage is Vsat
old
= 118 (V ) and its hysteresis loop illustrated in
RF = RFmin (1 + ε) (16) Fig. 4.

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DELZENDEH AND KAZEMI KAREGAR: CT SATURATION COMPENSATOR BY USING NEGATIVE VOLTAGE FEEDBACK 1203

Fig. 3. Equivalent simulation circuit.

Fig. 4. Excitation Curve of CT and its working points with compensator (blue Fig. 5. (a) CT secondary current in ideal, with and without compensator.
line) and without compensator (red line). (b) CT magnetic flux with and without compensator.

A. Compensator Performance Under Fault With High The uncompensated CT works in the saturation region while
DC Component using the compensator brings the CT in linear region.

In order to investigate the performance of the proposed B. Compensator Performance Under Inrush Current
method, a fault current with high DC component, up to 3 kA, Follows by Fault
X/R = 100 is simulated and applied to the CT. The suitable RF
can be obtained by (14)–(16). The Vsat
old
is equal with 118 (V), If the CT working point was near the saturation region, then
and Vsat can be calculated by (15).
new an inrush current or a fault with high DC component increases
  the CT flux and enters the CT into the saturation region. The
X 5 performance of the proposed method is also investigated for this
Vsat
new
= Is Zs 1 + = 3000
R 2000 case.
The CT is the same as case study A and the generated current
× 1 × (1 + 100) = 757.5 (V )
is shown in Fig. 6. The first part of Fig. 6(a) below 0.05 sec
Where shows that the CT is unsaturated. The value of secondary current
and comparing it with the CT rating currents shows that the
Ip = 3000 (A) , CT ratio = 2000/5, X/R = 100. primary current is less than CT primary current. The magnitude
Based on (14), the minimum value of RF value will be 6.4 of the waveform is about 3 (A) and the CT works near its
and the suitable RF can be calculated by (16) as: saturation region. Working a CT near its saturation region is
usually performed for measuring CTs.
Vsat
new
757.5 The second part of Fig. 6(a), between 0.05 to 0.15 sec, shows
RFmin ≥ = = 6.4
Vsat
old 118 a curve similar to inrush current. To simulated an inrush current,
RF = RFmin (1 + ε) = 6.4 × (1 + 0.5) = 9.6  10 it is sufficient to add a diode in primary circuit and produce a
rectified half cycle waveform with a DC component [21]. The
The fault current at the CT secondary side and its correspond- produced waveform has harmonic components very close to
ing magnetic flux with and without the proposed compensator inrush current. The peak magnitude of the waveform is about
are show in Fig. 5. 30 (A) reaching to 10 times of the rated value. The third part
Fig. 5(a) indicates that the CT becomes deeply saturated of Fig. 6(a), after 0.2 sec, shows a fault current including DC
without compensator, but the CT leaves the saturation region component with the maximum of 10 (A) and three times of rated
and its secondary current precisely follows the ideal replica current.
primary current by adding the compensator with RF = 10 or Fig. 6(a) shows the secondary current of CT is distorted with-
a transformer by 1:9 turn ratio. In addition, Fig. 5(b) indicates out using the compensator and the CT is deeply saturated, but as
that the proposed method reduces the CT magnetic flux and can be seen, the secondary current precisely follows the replica
keeps it under saturation level. The excitation curve of CT with of primary current, when the proposed compensator is used. The
and without the proposed compensator is also shown in Fig. 4. DC component and working the CT near its saturation region

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1204 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 35, NO. 3, JUNE 2020

Fig. 6. (a) CT secondary current compensation for inrush and fault current Fig. 7. (a) Effects of different RF values on CT secondary current. (b) Effects
saturation. (b) CT magnetic flux compensation for inrush and fault current of different RF values on CT secondary current.
saturation.

are two main reasons making the CT enters into the saturation
region. Fig. 6(b) shows the compensated and uncompensated
core flux of CT. It is clear that the proposed method keeps the
core flux under saturated value.

C. Effect of Different RF Values on Compensator Performance

The effects of different RF values are simulated on the pro-
posed method. Three different RFs are calculated for case study
Fig. 8. Comparison of CT output current with [19]–[21].
A with RF = 5, 10 and 15. The suitable range of RF will be
between 6.4 to 10. The simulation is done and the obtained
results are shown in Fig. 7.
As Fig. 7 shows using RF value below 6.4 makes the CT As Fig. 8 shows, the method of [19], [20] compensates the
remains in saturation region, whereas using RF greater than 10, CT saturation after one cycle, while the proposed method and
for example 15, does not make any significant improvement. [21] do the compensation even when the DC component is high
Any value below 6.4 makes the saturation remains and any other at the first cycle. However, the method of [21] needs a saturation
values above 10 does not have further improvement. detection and impedance estimation procedure. It means that
any error in detection or estimation violates the accuracy of
[21], whereas the proposed method does not need any saturation
D. Comparison With [19]–[21]
detection or estimation method.
A comparison between the proposed method and [19]–[21] is
added for a CT with turn ratio 300/1, 8 VA, saturation voltage V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
of 205 V, and a burden of 8 (Ω). The primary CT current is
2.5 kA with time constant of 0.1 sec. The RF will be obtained Experimental tests are also carried out to show the perfor-
as follows. mance of the proposed compensator. A measurement CT with
  50:1, 0.5Fs5, 2.5 VA, Vsatold
= 7.6 V, RCT = 0.5 Ω, is chosen
Ip X and three cases are developed for investigating its AC, DC
Vsat
old
> × Z s × 1 +
RF  × CTratio R and Inrush saturation. Other CT specifications are shown in
2500 Appendix-A.
205 > × 8 × (1 + 31.41) Fig. 9 shows the first electrical scheme of the method. The
300 × RF 
current waveform is defined by a software and the current
RF > 15.8 ⇒ RF = 16 is generated by the current setup connected to PC via USB

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DELZENDEH AND KAZEMI KAREGAR: CT SATURATION COMPENSATOR BY USING NEGATIVE VOLTAGE FEEDBACK 1205

Fig. 9. Electrical scheme of the proposed method.

connection. The multiplied generated current is experienced by

CT as 34 turns are twisted around the CT core. The VT and
burden are in secondary side of CT.
Fig. 10. (a) AC saturation removing. (b) DC saturation removing.
A. AC Saturation Removing
In order to verify the performance of the proposed method
during an AC saturation, the CT is connected to 7 (Ω) resistor.
The injected current produces a secondary current with 2 (A)
in peak and enters the CT into saturation region, because the
produced voltage across the connected resistor is higher than
the CT saturated voltage which is 7.6 (V).
The current setup injects 2.1 (A) and the CT experiences
34∗2.1 = 71.4 (A). The minimum RF will be as follows.
1
Vsat
new
= 71.4 × × (0.5 + 7) × (1 + 0) = 10.71 (V)
50 Fig. 11. AC saturation removing.
V new 10.71
RFmin ≥ sat = = 1.4 → VTratio > 1.4
Vsat
old 7.6
C. Effect of Different RF Values
In order to compensate the saturation, a VT with ratio greater
than 1.4 should be selected. The VT with ratio of 2 is chosen An experimental test with three different RFs is performed to
and the test is carried out again with the proposed method. The show the effect of RF on compensator performance. The current
saturated current is shown in Fig. 10(a) with red line and the current setup injects 7 (A) in the primary. The CT experience
compensated current is shown in blue line. 34∗7 = 238 A, as 34 turns are twisted around the CT core, this
current is sufficient to bring the CT with 8 (Ω) load resistance
B. DC Saturation Removing into its saturated region. As Vsat
old
= 7.6 (V) and the CT ratio is
50/1, the RF can be obtained by (14), (15).
The DC component, as mentioned earlier, enters CTs into
their saturation region. In order to verify the performance of 1
Vsat
new
= 238 × × (0.5 + 8) × (1 + 0) = 40.46 (V)
the proposed method during a DC saturation, a transient current 50
according (18) is injected into the CT by the current setup. Vsat
new
40.46
  RFmin ≥ = = 5.32
− t Vsat
old 7.6
IP = Im sin (100πt) + e TP (18)
Three different RF as 4, 6 and 8 are selected and implemented
Where Im = 34 A and Tp is obtained about 0.032 based on by a multi-winding VT. The obtained results as depicted in
X/R = 10. The VT ratio should be greater than 7.85, according to Fig. 12 shows that RF = 4, which is less than 5.32, cannot
(17), and it is set to 8 for this test. The recorded CT secondary cur- completely compensate the saturation, but RF = 6 takes out
rents with and without the proposed compensator are depicted the CT from saturation. A bigger RF as 8 also removes the CT
in Fig. 10(b). As it can be seen without the compensator, the CT from saturation and has a performance similar to RF = 6. This
is saturated, while the compensator prevents the CT saturation. test shows that selecting bigger RF does not bring significant

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1206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 35, NO. 3, JUNE 2020

TABLE II
TEST SHEET OF CT

Fig. 12. (a) Schematic diagram of inrush current test setup. (b) Inrush current
test circuit (1) isolating transformer, (2) regulating transformer, (3) diode (8A),
(4) CT, (5) compensator, (6) burden and (7) monitor.

Fig. 13. Inrush current compensation.

Fig. 14. Excitation curve and Excitation table of CT.

improvement in unsaturation of CT, but it is proposed because

of existing some uncertainties of practical aspects. These uncer- The compensated secondary current is also shown in Fig. 13
tainties may cover with using ε in (16). and it is clear that the compensated current is very close to ideal
secondary current.
D. Compensator Performance Under Inrush Current
VI. CONCLUSION
Another test circuit is also arranged for examining the perfor-
This paper introduced a low-cost, practical and simple
mance of the proposed method under inrush current. To produce
hardware-based compensation method to prevent the CT sat-
a waveform similar to inrush current, it is sufficient to add a
uration. This method does not need any microprocessor unit
diode in series with current setup. The CT current will be a
to detect the CT saturation time. It can be used for in-service
rectified half cycle sinusoidal waveform, which its shape and
CTs that is connected to either digital or non-digital relays. The
second harmonic are very close to inrush current [21].
validity of the proposed method was verified by simulation and
The test circuit is shown in Fig. 12 and its scheme is shown in
experimental results. The obtained results show that the method
Fig. 12(a). The current setup is a regulating transformer supplied
is reliable, effective, and accurate in both AC and DC saturations.
by an isolating 220/110 (V) transformer. A diode and a variable
resistor are in series with the regulating transformer. The variable
resistor adjusts the primary current and fixed to 4 A, but the CT APPENDIX-A
experiences 34∗4 = 136 (A). The load burden is 8 (Ω). A. Test-Sheet of Under Test CT
The uncompensated and ideal secondary currents are shown
The knee point and excitation curve of the test CT is shown
in Fig. 13 showing that the CT is deeply saturated. To remove the
in Table II and Fig. 14.
CT from saturation, a VT with RF = 6 is used as the compensator,
but RFmin is 3.
APPENDIX-B
1
Vsat
new
= 136 × × (0.5 + 8) × (1 + 0) = 23.12 v The accuracy of the CT is improved, when the magnetizing
50
current for a given primary current is reduced. The proposed
V new 23.12
RFmin ≥ sat = =3 method reduces the CT magnetizing current under rated values.
Vsat
old 7.6 The analytical evaluation of the proposed method for steady state

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DELZENDEH AND KAZEMI KAREGAR: CT SATURATION COMPENSATOR BY USING NEGATIVE VOLTAGE FEEDBACK 1207

Fig. 16. Equivalent proposed method circuit.

Fig. 15. Equivalent CT circuit with a connected burden.

Writing KCL will yield:
and transient behavior is also explained as follows and compares is = is + ie (b-8)
the magnetizing current before and after adding the VT. is = iP T + is (b-9)
Fig. 15 depicts the CT equivalent circuit with a connected
burden. The relation between the primary and secondary current of
Consider a transient current (ip ) including DC and sinusoidal VT is:
component flows through the primary side of CT, then the iP T = (ns /np ) is (b-10)
secondary CT current will be:
np   np Equation (b-11) will be obtained by using RF = α = 1 +
− t
is (t) = ip (t) = Ims − cos (ωt) + e Tp , Ims = Imp (ns /np ) and substituting (b-10) in (b-9).
ns ns
(b-1) is = αis (b-11)
Where:
Imp and Ims are the maximum value of primary and secondary Writing KVL will lead to:
current, respectively and np /ns is CT turn ratio. d ie
Writing KVL and KCL on the secondary side of CT leads to: − Lm + RCT is + Ep = 0 (b-12)
dt
is (t) = ie (t) + is (t) (b-2) d ie
− Lm + RCT is + RB is − Es = 0 (b-13)
dt
die dis
Lm = R b is + L b (b-3) The relation between the primary and secondary voltage of
dt dt
VT is:
Where:
Es = (ns /np ) Ep = (α − 1) Ep (b-14)
Rb = RCT + RB (b-4)
Equation (b-15) will be obtained by placing Ep from (b-12)
Lb = LCT + LB (b-5) in (b-14).
ie (t) will be obtained by substituting (b-1) into (b-2), and then  
d ie
solving (b-3). Es = (α − 1) Lm − RCT is (b-15)
dt
Ims  t

ie (t) =  − cos (ωt − β) + cos (β) e− Ts Substituting (b-15) in (b-13) and using (b-11), (b-16) will be
1 + (ωTs )2 obtained.
 
d ie RB
Tp  − Ttp t

−αLm + αRCT + is = 0 (b-16)
+ Ims e − e− T s (b-6) d α
Tp − Ts
The relation between the primary and magnetizing current
where:
  will be obtained by substituting (b-8) in (b-16).
ωLm Lm
β = tan−1 , Ts = d ie
Rb Rb Lm + Rb ie = Rb is (b-17)
d
As the magnetization branch is inductive, it can be assumed Where:
that β = π/2. This assumption makes (b-6) into (b-7).
RB
Ims Tp  − Ttp t
 Lm = αLm , Rb = αRCT +
α
ie (t) = [− sin (ωt)] + Ims e − e− T s
ωTs Tp − Ts By using (b-1) in (b-17) and solving the obtained equation,
(b-7)
then ie (t) will be found.
In order to investigate the effect of the proposed method on
Ims  t

the accuracy of CT, the magnetizing current will be obtained ie (t) =  − cos (ωt − β  ) + cos (β  ) e− T  s
after adding the VT compensator. The equivalent circuit of the 1 + (ωTs )2
proposed method is shown in Fig. 16.
Writing KVL and KCL and solving the following equations Tp  − Ttp − Tt

+ Ims e − e s (b-18)
gives ie (t). Tp − Ts

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1208 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 35, NO. 3, JUNE 2020

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  of ANN methods for instrument transformer correction in transmission
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[15] A. Wiszniewski, W. Rebizant, and L. Schiel, “Correction of current trans-
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[3] Instrument Transformer—Part 2: Additional Requirements for Current
Mehdi Delzendeh received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. de-
Transformer, IEC Standard 61869-2, 2012.
grees in power electrical engineering from Shahid
[4] Y. C. Kang, J. K. Park, S. H. Kang, A. T. Johns, and R. K. Aggarwal,
Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, in 2014 and 2017,
“Development and hardware implementation of a compensating algorithm
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networks, and micro-grids.
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[7] C. Yu, Z. Wang, J. C. Cummins, H.-J. Yoon, L. A. Kojovic, and Hossein Kazemi Karegar received the B.Sc. degree
D. Stone, “Neural network for current transformer saturation correction,” from the Sharif University of Technology, Tehran,
in Proc. IEEE Transmiss. Distrib. Conf., New Orleans, LA, USA, Apr. Iran, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Iran Univer-
1999, pp. 441–446. sity of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 1996,
[8] C. Yu, Z. Wang, J. C. Cummins, H.-J. Yoon, L. A. Kojovic, and and the Ph.D. degree from the Amirkabir University
D. Stone, “Correction of current transformer distorted secondary currents of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2002, all in electrical
due to saturation using artificial neural networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., engineering. In 2003, he was a Visiting Academic
vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 189–194, Apr. 2001. with the Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Aus-
[9] T.Y. Ji, Q. H. Wu, W. H. Tang, and L. Jiang, “A morphological scheme for tralia. He is currently an Associate Professor with the
the correction of CT saturation waveforms,” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahid Beheshti
Soc. Gen. Meeting, Jul. 2011, pp. 1–7. University, Tehran, Iran. His current research interests
[10] W. Rebizant, J. Szafran, and A. Wiszniewski, Digital Signal Processing include power system, and micro-grids protection, renewable energy conversion,
in Power System Protection and Control. London, U.K.: Springer-Verlag, smart grids, wide area protection, and electrical vehicle and traction system.
2011.

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