PYDAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY GHAMBEERM

A Report undertaken at

Bharath sanchar Nigam Limited

BY

1. K.Asha Devi (08k11a0488)

2.D.D.Suma Priya patnaik (08k11a0478) 3.N.J.T.Kumar (08k11a0498) 4.Aaron Sebastian Lazar (08k11a04c7) 5.siva kumar (09k11a0409)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the students of Pydah college of engineering and technology are grateful to Mr.Chandrasekhar ,Divisional Engineer (OCB & BB) for providing us the facility for carrying out this task in their Exchange. We express our sincere gratitude to all the staff members of the company for their guidance.

We also acknowledge thanks to our colleagues for discussing various points during the course of training that proved very useful in preparing our report. We also express our gratitude to our principal and Head of the department for giving permission to carry on our project work at BSNL , Vellampeta.

We are grateful to the BSNL organization for providing us with necessary facilities to complete the project on time.

REPORT CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION BSNL OVERVIEW BSNL SERVICES(ISDN and BROADBAND) BSNL IT TOOL GSM

INTRODUCTION BSNL OVER VIEW External/internal infrastructure

External infrastructure : Lines and cables ( U/G including OFC )

Internal infrastructure : Battery, Power Plant, E/A, A/C plant, MDF, Switches ( C-DOT, OCB 283, EWSD, AXE etc ), Leased Lines ( MLLN ), Broad Band, MPLS VPN, WLL INTERNET BROAD BAND MANAGED NETWORK SERVICES MPLS VPN ISDN LEASED LINES

Services offered by BSNL

 VSAT IN SERVICES VALUE ADDED SERVICES ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS TELEGRAPH EPABX DATA COMMUNICATIONS DSPT SERVICES WLL: CDMA technology

INTERNET: Dial up services( Pre paid, Post paid on PSTN and ISDN), Broad band, EVDO/NIC on CDMA, EVDO router, Wi-Fi, Co location service ( E-commerce, financial, B2B, email and other data storage and retrieval), WEB hosting, SMS and Bulk SMS Broad Band: Pre Paid and post paid with GOD, Live tutor, Video surveillance (Video & audio can be viewed and downloaded from any location. Fixed IP is not required. Login account name will list all registered cameras worldwide. Great Video quality even at 256 kbps bandwidth, using H.264 standard. Displays up to 16 cameras (from different locations) on a screen at the same time with 18* zoom, 360 pan and 90 tilt features. Secure access, sub-accounts can be authorized with different priorities and privileges. )

BSNL Managed Network Services

To ensure one stop solution for all connectivity needs, better manageability and accountability, BSNL offers Managed Network Services which includes Enterprise Broadband, Internet and MPLS VPN connectivity as completely managed

offering. With an integrated service option, customer can enjoy benefit of an SLA backed network services :

End-to-end Turnkey Implementation (including CPE)

Proactive management through state of the art NoC Periodic reporting facilitating trend analysis Capability to provide VPN connectivity from any part of the country. Managed Firewall as well as IP Sec

BSNL MPLS VPN

BSNL's IP Backbone using MPLS Technology: Keeping pace with the technological trend to provide latest and varied value added services to its customers, BSNL harnesses IP Infrastructure based on MPLS Technology to offer world class IP VPN services. MPLS is an acronym for "Multi Protocol Label Switching".

MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a Service Provider like BSNL to have complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its customers service guarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs, latencies and availability. The technology enables secure Virtual Private Networks (VPN) to be built and allows scalability that will make it possible for BSNL to offer assured growth to its customers without having to make significant investments. BSNL would now be geared to provide Bandwidth on demand, Video Conferencing, Voice over IP (VoIP) and a host of other value added services that could revolutionize the way a corporate business works!

MPLS VPN advantages

BSNL's primary objectives in setting up the BGP/MPLS VPN network

(I) Provide a diversified range of services (Layer 2, Layer 3 and Dial up VPNs) to meet the requirements of the entire spectrum of customers from Small and Medium to Large business enterprises and financial institutions.

(ii) Make the service very simple for customers to use even if they lack experience in IP routing. (iii) Make the service very scalable and flexible to facilitate large-scale deployment.

(iv)

Provide a reliable and amenable service, offering SLA to customers

(v) Capable of meeting a wide range of customer requirements, including security, quality of Service (QOS) and any-to-any connectivity. (vi) Capable of offering fully managed services to customers. (vii) Allow BSNL to introduce additional services such as bandwidth on demand etc over the same network.

ISDN

ISDN Has emerged as a powerful tool worldwide for provisioning of different services like voice, data and image transmission over the telephone line through the telephone network. ISDN is being viewed as the logical extension of the digitalization of telecommunication network and most developed countries are in different stages of implementing ISDN. An ISDN subscriber can establish two simultaneous independent calls (except when the terminal equipment is such that it occupies two 'B' channels for one call itself like in video conferencing etc.) on existing pair of wires of the telephone line (Basic rate ISDN) where as only one call is possible at present on the analog line /telephone connection. The two simultaneous calls

in ISDN can be of any type like speech, data, image etc. The call setup time for a call between two ISDN subscribers is very short, of the order of 1 to 2 seconds. ISDN also supports a whole new set of additional facilities, called Supplementary Services

TYPES OF ISDN

There are two types of "accesses" (connections) for ISDN. Basic Rate Access(BRA): 2B+D 2 Channels of 64 Kbps for Speech And Data. 1 Channel of 16 Kbps for Signalling Primary Rate Access (PRA): 30 B+D 30 Channels of 64 Kbps for speech and data. 1 Channel of 64 Kbps for signalling.

ISDN SERVICES

Normal Telephone & Fax (G3) Digital Telephone -with a facility to identify the calling subscriber number and other facilities. G4 Fax Data Transmission at 64 Kbps with ISDN controller card Video Conferencing at 128 Kbps Video Conferencing at 384 Kbps (Possible with 3 ISDN lines) ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) or PVC (Permanent Virtual Circuit)

Variety of supplementary Services supported by ISDN.

o Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP) o Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR)

o Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN) o Terminal Portability (TP) o Call Hold (CH) o Call Waiting (CW) o User to User Signaling (UUSI)

Leased Line Services-MLLN

To transmit data between computer and electronic information devices, BSNL provides data communication services to its subscribers. It offers a choice of high, medium and low speed leased data circuits as well as dial-up lines. Bandwidth is available on demand in most of the cities. Managed leased Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with speeds of n x 64 Kbps up to 2 Mbps. Useful for internet leased lines and international principle Leased Lines (IPLCs).

For dedicated point to point speech, private wire, tele-printer and data circuits are given on lease basis. Leased circuits are provided to subscribers for internal communication between their offices/factories at various sites within a city/town or different cities/town on point to point basis, or on a network basis interconnecting the various sites.

Managed Leased Line Service (MLLN): FEATURES

Control, Manage the leased line network Bandwidth management as per the customer demand Pro-active maintenance, without waiting for customer to book a complaint. Self Diagnostic/software loops to check E1 connectivity to DXC, VMUX/software loops for checking copper pair at NTU point for immediately identifying the faulty section for trouble shooting . Alternate routing in case of any route failure. Generation of the periodic performance reports for selfanalysis/customer

MORE BRIEFLY
The MLLN is a Managed Leased Line Network system which is proposed to provide Leased line connectivity. The Stateof-the-art technology equipment MLLN is designed mainly for having effective control, monitor on the leased line so that the down time is very much minimised . The MLLN is a Managed Leased Line Network system which is proposed to provide Leased line connectivity. With the

State-of-the-art technology equipment, MLLN is designed mainly for having effective control and monitor on the leased line so that the down time is very much minimised and the circuit efficiency is increased thus achieving more customer satisfaction. This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 KBPs to 2048 KBPs. In MLLN network conventional PCM primary MUX and subscriber Modems are replaced by versatile MUX and network terminating units respectively. MLLN mainly consists of Digital Cross Connect (DXC), versatile MUX (V MUX), Network Terminating Units (NTU) and Network Management System(NMS). DXC's and VMUX's are inter connected via optical fibre links with alternate routing facility in case of any route failure. VMUX is in turn connected to NTU's placed at customer premises through 2 wire copper pair. At the top of it NMS is suitably placed at the Central location for effective control & monitor. NTUs are fully managed from NMS. They are programmable for different data speeds ranging from 64 KBPs (n x64 KBPs: nx1 to 32) depending upon the customer demand, thus having bandwidth control without changing Modem at his premises. NTUs operate on 230 V AC.

MLLN SERVICES Speech Circuits (Hot Line or Private Wire) Local or Long distance circuits within two locations in a city or between two different cities provided for the same applicant. The Terminating equipment at both ends is telephone without dialing facility. Both way signaling and speech is possible.

Data Circuits - Local or Long distance data circuits at

different speeds viz. nx64 kbps and 2 mbps. Data Circuits are of different types:

Point to Point Data Circuits - Local and Long

Distance

Private Data Network - More than one Local or Long

Distance leased circuits converging on a location such that data from one leased circuit can be transferred automatically to another leased circuit for the same subscriber.

MLLNADVANTAGES
Bandwidth management as per customer requirement(64 Kbps and nx 64 Kbps up to to 2048 Kbps ). Saving the cost of modems. NTU is provided by BSNL without any charges. Proactive maintenance Time dependent bandwidth

BSNL VSAT

VSAT is a Very Small Aperture Terminal , aligned towards a designated Satellite for up-linking and down-linking communication signals.

Anywhere connectivity is made possible even at those locations, which can not be connected through conventional media like copper cable, optical fibre, radio, microwave and any other wire-line / wireless links. VSAT is a versatile solution, not only as a reliable primary link for non feasible areas, but also as a very successful alternate technology for back link. It also offers plethora of telecom services viz. data transfer, internet, voice, video etc.

 BSNL has footprints for supporting 512Kbps and above data rate anywhere in the main land and partly at the islands. Presently Express AM1 Satellite is in use for BSNL VSAT service. BSNL offers you the full advantage of satellite technology for non feasible areas and also seamlessly interconnect the existing MPLS-VPN and MLLN leased lines. Only BSNL has the unique capability to reach nook and corner of India.

BSNL IN SERVICES
TOLL FREE PHONE SERVICE UAN VOICE VPN TELE VOTING ITC CALL NOW CARD

PREMIUM RATE SERVICE

BSNL AUDIO, VIDEO, WEB CONFERENCE SERCICES

Audio Conferencing service allows multiple participants to converse with each other regardless of their location through the normal fixed line telephone or cellular phone. Video Conferencing service allows multiple participants to converse with each other regardless of their location through the video end-points or Personal computers. It involves Video and Audio communication. It's about connecting people. A video conference subscriber can add two or more video participants in a particular conference. The customers can schedule their video conferences through the Web. The video conferencing service can be availed by any user through IP or ISDN interface BSNL Web Conferencing Service is made available on your desktop and enables you to conduct virtual meetings with your partners, suppliers, employers etc. It has the innovative feature such as Persistent meeting rooms, which simulates physical room environment wherein authorized users can enter their designated rooms the way do in physical meetings. The users can access the rich features, apart from multi-point, multi-media (Audio, Video & Data) conferencing service, BSNL web Conferencing service provides very powerful data conferencing tools to enhance collaboration among users such as sharing of PowerPoint Presentation, Whiteboard, Documents, & Chat facility amongst the conference participants.

FLEET MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS

"BSNL Network keeping an eye on every movement; every moment"

eTracK An innovative on-line tracking system powered by BSNL to manage fleets comprising of trucks, car carriers, trailers, tankers, containers or vehicles moving hazardously and specially explosive chemicals etc. The eTracK vehicle tracking system uses vehicle-mounted, microprocessorcontrolled device which sends periodic messages from the vehicle to a network command centre through SMS/GPRS. The received data is authenticated and forwarded to an application server which provides tracking information through an internet. Customers are provided a user name and password to access the fleet information on line. The user also has options to receive tracking information via email, fax or SMS besides the facility of calling the customer support team on a toll-free telephone line.

BSNL TELEGRAPH Telegram is a common man's communication need. The first telegraph message was transmitted live on Morse through electrical signals between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour on 5th November 1850.The Telegraph services were opened to public during February 1855. To implement modern technology in the telegraph network a National Message Switching Network Plan was prepared in 1986.


Telegraph services are being provided through Telegraph offices, Telecom Centers and Bureau FAX centers. A number of new types of telegraph services such as Store & forward message switching system, electronic key-board concentrator , electronic teleprinters and formatted terminals have been introduced.

EPABX-CENTREX
BSNL permits telephone subscribers to use their own PABX/EPABX connected to the BSNL network.

It is central office based communication service which integrates all the multi located Telephone lines (Existing and New) into a single highly functional communication group with more distinctive features without any additional equpiment (like EXABX) at customer premises.

RABMN AND INFRASAT

Remote Area Business Message Network provides instant data communication between computers and data terminals. This is a

satellite based network that provides communication to any remote part of India. Satellite based Packet Switched Data Service using Spread Spectrum Technology Use of very small earth station terminals at customer premises Provides interference free service and security in data transmission Terminals available with Asynchronous/ X.25 Protocol

INMARSAT AND DSTP SERVICES

Subscriber dialed INMARSAT services from Shore to Ship, Ship to Shore and Ship to Ship in Indian region are operational in the BSNL Network.

Direct support professional training

BSNL IT Tool
DOTSOFT: DotSoft is the first integrated telecom software
application in BSNL comprising of commercial, billing, accounting, fault repair service and directory enquiry services. It has been conceptualised, designed and developed entirely by the core group of the Software Development Centre of the O/o CGMT, Andhra Pradesh Telecommunications Circle, Hyderabad. It is based on the latest software technologies running on a WAN and is the first of its kind in BSNL in the field of information technology. First it was tested and implemented in Guntur SSA in 1997. It has been successfully implemented in 171 SSAs across the country. All the SSAs of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu,

Karnataka, Assam, Punjab, Chattisgarh and Gujarat Telecom circles. Rest of SSAs are from states of Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, J&K and Haryana. It has been approved by the Telecom Commission for implementation all over India. Dotsoft ensures better customer satisfaction and transparency in BSNL service. First it was tested and implemented in Guntur SSA in 1997. It has been successfully implemented in 171 SSAs across the country. All the SSAs of Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Assam, Punjab, Chattisgarh and Gujarat Telecom circles. Rest of SSAs are from states of Maharastra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, J&K and Haryana. It has been approved by the Telecom Commission for implementation all over India. Dotsoft ensures better customer satisfaction and transparency in BSNL service.

DOTSOFT - Network Elements Router A Layer 3 (Network Layer of OSI Model) device Enables transit of packets between two LAN's. Traffic can be monitored, administered from the Router. Swtich A Layer 2 (Data Link Layer of OSI Model) device. Enables transit of packets within a LAN.

 Flow control / Error Detection / Signal amplification of frames is done in the switch. Hub A Layer 1 (Physical Layer of OSI Model) device Enables transit of packets within a LAN. The signal amplification is done. The data from the data link layer is converted into electrical signals and sends on physical media. Modem For conversion of different protocols. For example Ethernet to Serial Interface (PPP protocol). The nodes in the customer service centre service all the subscriber requests which flow to the commercial and accounts sections as the case may be. After validation and approval from the the concerned sections the work orders flow to the different field units depending on the activity. After the completion of the work orders the commercial and billing data of the subscriber gets updated.

CONCISE DESCRIPTION OF DOTSOFT Bill generation is absolutely easy and totally secure.

 Payments are faster and completely hassle free for the customer and the counter personnel because of the use of bill scanners. Revenue accounting and ledger reports are available immediately at the end of the month. The system can generate any kind of detailed as well as statistical reports. Online enquiry is available for supervision and queries.

DoTSoFT is one of the first steps towards the bold and ultimate goal of E-Governance and paperless offices. All the work is done online which results in excellent customer service, non duplication of work, total supervision, complete transparency, better planning and with a facility of instant reports. Single window concept introduced for the first time.Concept of request registration number introduced through which the status of the request can be tracked and inquired. Signature warehousing to be included for online verification purpose. Instant electronic flow of data between the offices and field units with facility to print wherever required. Various intimation letters to subscribers automatically generated. Priority execution of advice notes. Messaging system between CO and Field units. Dotsoft mail system between all users.

 Complete history of subscribers activities available online. Details of subscriber records & requests, bills, demand notes, wait list, payments and work orders available online. Variable billing cycle, ISDN billing, Group billing(fortnightly, monthly ,bi-monthly). Centrex,Corporate billing, PT billing and WLL billing. NPC advice notes once completed online are billed in the next schedule. Directory Enquiry shows the status at the moment of enquiry. It can query on any of the subscribers details in part or in full. Complete managerial supervision is possible about the activities happening anywhere in the district. Statistical data is generated to find out activity, usage and payment patterns to facilitate better customer service.

GSM
Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation

Developed by Group Spciale Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and Telecommunication ) Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system

 Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute ) Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990 Under ETSI, GSM is named as Global System for Mobile communication Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in India.

GSM Services Tele-services Bearer or Data Services Supplementary services Tele Services Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones Offered services - Mobile telephony - Emergency calling Bearer Services

 Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps Short Message Service (SMS) up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal Unified Messaging Services(UMS) Group 3 fax Voice mailbox Electronic mail Supplementary Services Call related services : Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together CLIP Caller line identification presentation CLIR Caller line identification restriction CUG Closed user group

GSM System Architecture-I Mobile Station (MS) Mobile Equipment (ME) Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC) Network Switching Subsystem(NSS) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR) Authentication Center (AUC) Equipment Identity Register (EIR) System Architecture Mobile Station (MS) The Mobile Station is made up of two entities: 1. Mobile Equipment (ME) 2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Mobile Equipment Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device

Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)

Voice and data transmission Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover Power level : 0.8W 20 W 160 character long SMS. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services Encoded network identification details - Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms

 Protected by a password or PIN Can be moved from phone to phone contains key information to activate the phone Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers
1. 2.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Encodes,encrypts,multiplexes,modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna. Frequency hopping Communicates with Mobile station and BSC Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units

sim

SIM

BSS

BTS

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS) Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Heart of the network Manages communication between GSM and other networks Call setup function and basic switching Call routing Billing information and collection Mobility management - Registration - Location Updating - Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.

Network Switching Subsystem Home Location Registers (HLR)

- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM network operator) - database contains IMSI,MSISDN,prepaid/postpaid,roaming restrictions,supplementary services. Visitor Location Registers (VLR) - Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database - Controls those mobiles roaming in its area - Reduces number of queries to HLR - Database contains IMSI,TMSI,MSISDN,MSRN,Location Area,authentication key

Authentication Center (AUC) - Protects against intruders in air interface - Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets ( RAND,SRES,Kc) - Generally associated with HLR

Equipment Identity Register (EIR) - Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) - Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List - Only one EIR per PLMN

OCB-283
INTRODUCTION DEVELOPED BY CIT ALCATEL OF FRANCE . HAS GOT SIMILARITIES WITH ITS PREDECESSOR E-10B ALSO KNOWN AS OCB-181 IN FRANCE. FIRST OCB-283 EXCHANGES OF R11 VERSION WERE COMMISSIONED IN BREST (FRANCE) AND BEIJING (CHINA) IN 1991. FIRST OCB283 EXCHANGE CAME TO INDIA IN 1993. UPGRADED AND VERSION R-20 WAS VALIDATED IN JAN 1994. THE EXCHANGES SUPPLIED TO INDIA BELONG TO R-21 VERSION. R-22 &R-23 FAILED.PRESENTLY R-24 IS WORKING.

OCB-283

SAILENT FAETURES IT IS A DSS WITH SINGLE TSTAGE SWITCH. A MAX OF 2048 PCMs CAN BE CONNECTED.

 SUPPORTS MFR2,CAS AND CC#7 SIGNALLING SYSTEMS. PROVIDES BASIC TELEPHONY,ISDN,DATA COMMUNICATION, CELLULAR AND OTHER VALUW ADDED SERVICES. SYSTEM HAS AUTOMATIC RECOVERY FEATURE. WHEN A SERIOUS FAULT OCCURS IN A CONTROL UNIT ,IT GIVES A MESSAGE TO SMM (O&M UNIT). THE SMM PUTS THIS UNIT OOS,LOADS THE S/W OF THIS UNIT IN A BACK-UP UNIT AND BRINGS IT INTO SERVICE.DIAGNOSTIC PROGRAMMES ARE RUN ON THE FAULTY UNIT AND REPORT IS PRINTED . HAS GOT DOUBLE REMOTING FACILITY. SUBSCRIBERS ACCESS UNIT CSND CAN BE PLACED AT A REMOTE PLACE AND CONNECTED TO THE MAIN EXCHANGE THROUGH PCM LINKS.FURTHER,LINE CONCENTRATORS CAN ALSO BE PLACED AT A REMOTE LOCATION AND CONNECTED TO THE CSNL OR CSND THROUGH PCMs. VARIOUS UNITS OF OCB-283 ARE CONNECTED OVER TOKEN RINGS FOR FAST EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION SO THAT COMPLICATED WIRING BETWEEN VARIOUS UNITS IS AVOIDED. TO AVOID LOSS OF REVENUE SUBS CHARGE ACCOUNTS ARE AUTOMATICALLY SAVED IN THE DISC ONCE IN A DAY. HANDLES 8,00,000BHCA AND 25,000 ERLANGS OF TRAFFIC.A MAX OF 2,00,000 SUBS OR 60,000 CIRCUITS CAN BE CONNECTED. X-GE CAN BE MANAGED LOCALLY OR FROM AN NMC THROUGH 64KBPS LINK.

 ALL CONTROL UNITS ARE IMPLEMENTED ON THE SAME TYPE OF H/W. THIS IS CALLED A STATION.

DEPENDING ON THE REQUIREMENT OF PROCESSING CAPACITY S/W OF EITHER ONE OR SEVERAL CONTROL UNITS CAN BE LOCATED ON THE SAME STATION.FOR ALL THESE CONTROL UNITS ,ONLY ONE BACK-UP STATION IS PROVIDED ENABLING AUTOMATIC RECOVERY IN CASE OF FAULT.

SYSTEM IS MADE OF ONLY 35 TYPES OF CARDS EXCLUDING CARDS USED IN CSN. BEING MODULAR EXPANSION IS EASILY CARRIED OUT BY ADDING NECESSARY H/W &S/W. THE SMMs ( O&M UNITS ) ARE DUPLICATED WITH ONE ACTIVE AND OTHER HOT STANDBY. IN CASE OF FAULTS ,SWITCH OVER TAKES PLACE IMMEDIATELY.MOREOVER,AS THE DISKS ARE CONNECTED TO BOTH SMMs,THERE IS NO NECESSITY OF CHANGING CABLES FROM ONE SYSTEM TO ANOTHER. THE HARD DISC IS VERY SMALL IN SIZE, COMPACT AND MAINTANENCE FREE. IT HAS A VERY HUGE CAPACITY OF 1.2 GIGA BYTES ( LATEST 4 TO 8 GIGA BYTES).THE DETAIL BILLING DATA IS REGULARLY SAVED IN THE DISC ITSELF,FROM WHERE THEY CAN BE TRANSFERRED TO MAGTAPE FOR PROCESSING. THE SPACE REQUIREMENT IS VERY SMALL. NO SEPARATE ROOM IS REQUIRED FOR OMC.THERE IS NO FIXED OR RIGID RACK AND SUITE CONFIGURATION

IN THE SYSTEM.FALSE FLOOR AND CEILING ARE NOT ESSENTIAL.

SYSTEM CAN WORK FROM 50 C TO 450 C,THOUGH THE OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE IS 220 C.

FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE X-GE HAS GOT THREE BASIC SUBSYSTEMS: SUBSCRIBER ACCESS SUBSYSTEM CONNECTION & CONTROL SUBSYSTEM OPERATION & MAINTANENCE SUBSYSTEM SUBSCRIBER ACCESS SUBSYSTEM: TREATED AS AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY

 EVERY SUBSCRIBER CONNECTING EQUIPMENT RACK IS GIVEN A SIGNALLING POINT NUMBER TO OPERATE IN COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING MODE WITH REST OF THE EXCHANGE SUBSYSTEMS.

SUBSYSTEMS CONTROL & CONNECTION SUBSYSTEM CONSISTS OF: CONTROL EQUIPMENT:

 PROCESS MONITOR CONTROL THE CALL SETUP AND RELEASE CONNECTION & SWITCHING EQUIPMENTS: SWITCHING MATRIX EQUIPMENT FOR PERFORMING DIGITAL TIME SWITCHING OF SPEECH PATH CONNECTION EQUIPMENTS FOR CONNECTING PCM ( DIGITAL) JUNCTIONS FROM OTHER EXCHANGES AND RSUS AUXILIARY EQUIPMENTS FOR TONES ,FREQUENCIES & OTHER AUXILIARIES FOR SIGNALLING PROTOCOL HANDLING OPERATION AND MAINTANENCE SUBSYSTEM: FOR OPERATION AND MAINTANENCE OF EXCHANGE BY OPERATORS OR THROUGH REMOTE NMC.

CONTROL UNITS
THESE UNITS PROVIDE CONTROL OF CALLS ON THE BASIS OF STORED PROGRAMMES. THEY PROCESS THE CALLS ON THE RECEPTION OF DIALLED DIGITS FROM CALLING SUB/CKT AND TAKE PART IN HANDLING OF CALL SET-UP AND RELEASE BY : PROCESSING MONITORING MEASURING CHARGING OF CALLS AND ALL OTHER CONTROL FUNCTIONS NEEDED FOR WORKING OF A X-GE.

HARDWARE UNITS
SMT: TRUNK MULTIPROCESSING STATION SMA:AUXILIARY MULTIPROCESSING STATION SMC:CONTROL MULTIPROCESSING STATION SMX:SWITCH MULTIPROCESSING STATION STS:SYNCHRONISATION AND TIME BASED STATION SMM:MAINTANENCE MULTIPROCESSING STATION CSN:SUBSCRIBER DIGITAL SELECTION STATION TOKEN RINGS:

 MIS: INTERSTATION MULTIPLEXER MAS:STATION ACCESS MULTIPLEXER MAL:ALARM MULTIPLEXER LP: LINKS FOR SPEECH ARCHITECTURE OF CSN THE CSN RACK HAS ONE BASIC RACK AND UPTO THREE EXTENSION RACKS. CSN CONSISTS OF: DIGITAL CONTROL UNIT UCN CONCENTRATORS CNL OR CNE. DIGITAL CONTROL UNIT: IT IS THE INTERFACE BETWEEN CONCENTRATORS AND THE EXCHANGE. IT IS IN THE BASIC RACK. THE BASIC RACK IS PLACED IN SW ROOM FOR CSNL AND AT A REMOTE LOCATION FOR CSND The Local Digital Concentrator (CNL) are connected up to the Connection Network with the aid of 2 to 4 Internal Network Lines (LRI). All the TS16 of these LRI are used for carrying High Level Data Link Control (HDLC) signalling. This signalling permits 2-way communication between the concentrators and the Digital Control Unit. The TSO cannot be used for carrying speech channels. The Distant Digital Concentrator (CNE) are connected up to the Connection Network via the Distant Digital

Concentrator Modules Interface (ICNE), with the aid of from 1 to 4 PCM connections. The TS16 carry the HDLC signalling and the TSO cannot be used for carrying speech channels.