4th International Conference on Earthquake Engineering Taipei, Taiwan October 12-13, 2006 Paper No.

118

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ELASTICPLASTIC ANALYSIS METHOD OF COMPLEX HIGHRISE STRUCTURES UNDER STRONG
EARTHQUAKE EXCITATIONS
Jun Teng1 Zuo-Hua Li1 Xing-Fa Wang2 Hong-Jun Liu1 and Xiao-Feng Wang1

ABSTRACT Based on the large general finite element software-ABAQUS, the rich elements and material, the formidable nonlinear computation function, the selected corresponding computation model and the value computational method are used, moreover, the dynamic response of complex high-rise structure under strong earthquake excitations is analyzed and some comparison results are given in this paper. By contrasting the static pushover analysis results and shake table test results, the applicable extent of static pushover analysis method is proposed, which shows that the elastic-plastic dynamic analysis method is the more reasonable and more reliable analysis method for structures in checking calculation under strong earthquake excitations and the computed results are more precise. Keywords: Complex high-rise structures, Pushover analysis, Elasto-plastic dynamic analysis, Concrete damaged plasticity model

INTRODUCTION In recent years, the study of theory and practical application based on structural earthquake performance has been developed in the field of earthquake engineering. The aim of the research is to grasp the structural performance under strong earthquakes. In the United States of American, a 6-year program sponsored by Federal Emergence Management Agency (FEAMA) and Nation Science Foundation (NSF) has been made a great development for future earthquake resistant design code. The complex high-rise structures under strong earthquake excitations will achieve the plastic stage partially, so the elastic-plastic analysis of structures is the essential part for seismic design under strong earthquake excitations. The existing analysis methods of high-rise structures are divided into two kinds: static push-over analysis method and elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method. Static push-over analysis method is usually considered as a simplified elastic-plastic analysis method, which avoids the complexity of elastic-plastic dynamic analysis method, but applicable extent of this method is limited, especially the limitation is great for the complex high-rise structure which the high-order vibration modes and the torsion effect cannot be neglected. The elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method not only gets accurate structure internal force and deformation, but also estimates the yielding mechanism, the weak positions, and the destruction form of structures.

Jun Teng, Professor, Dr., Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, P.R.China, tengj@hit.edu.cn Hong-Jun Liu, Professor, Dr., Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, P.R.China Zuo-Hua Li, PhD Candidate, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, P.R.China Xiao-Feng Wang, Master Candidate, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, P.R.China 2 Senior Engineer, Hua Yi Desiging Consultants LTD., Shenzhen, P.R.China, master@huayidesign.com

Building structures will usually achieve the plastic stage under strong earthquake excitations , however, the existing elastic method cant grasp the actual plastic stage response of structure suffered to strong earthquakes, especially for complex irregular high-rise structures. The weak positions, which can first enter the plastic stage under earthquake excitations , will absorb seismic energy greatly and be damaged. Also perhaps the overall collapse of structure caused by the partial damage can not ensure security of the complex structures. It is necessary to analyze the actual response of structure in plastic stage by using elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method. Nowadays, the pushover analysis method is widely adopted for structural elasto-plastic analysis under strong earthquake excitations which is actually a static nonlinear analysis method. The method is used to simulate earthquake excitations on structures by the way in the equivalent lateral force with some form of distribution and gradually increasing, getting the inner force and deformation of members and the stiffness of the member being modified before next load for the members achieved in plastic stage, hence the seismic response of structure plastic stage will be obtained working like this in turn. Since the earthquake action is simplified to fixed distribution static load and the structure system is transferred into the single degree of freedom system usually based on elastic response spectrum, it primarily reflects the character of the first order mode of structure. When the effect of high order mode cant be ignored, this method should be restricted to analyze the complex structures. Elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method is to get elasto-plastic time-history response of structure under earthquake action through step-by-step integration to the dynamic equation, which can reflect the effect of amplitude, spectrum and duration of ground motion on structure by inputting ground motion on the base. There are some developments of elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method in recent years and it will become more exact and feasible with the continuous improvement of the technique of hardware and software and rounded mastery of constitutive relationship of concrete material. FEAM (Finite Element Analysis Method) will play a more important role on the nonlinear analysis of RC structure as an effective numerical analysis tool. The current elasto-plastic analysis method of RC structure can be divided into macro-FEAM and micro-FEAM. Because the calculating conditions are limited and the research results and testing data of constitutive relationship of concrete material is not sufficient, the macro-FEAM based on members or a part of structure as an element gains extensive study and application before getting more effective analysis method. Although the macro-FEAM is more efficient on calculation, its precision is worse than micro-FEAMs. Along with the rapid development of micro-FEAM, it has been applied to analyze from simple members to spatial structure. It has arose more mature software systems in using micro-FEAM to elasto-plastic analysis of RC structure such as ABAQUS, MSC and MARC and so on. Although the software is not designed for RC material only, its well exploit platform and powerful solver ability provide huge convenience for further study of RC structure. The micro-FEAM of RC structure at present mostly has three ways which are integral type, combined type and separated type. On the basis of ABAQUS software, this paper set up separated type elasto-plastic analysis model based on micro-FEAM by taking the example of high-rise RC shear wall structure. Pushover analysis and elasto-plastic time-history analysis were adopted to analyze the model, and finally comparison studies are given. ANALYSIS MODEL The model presented by Lee, J. and Lubliner, J. is a continuum, plasticity-based, damage model for concrete. It assumes that the main two failure mechanisms of the concrete material are tensile cracking and compressive crushing. The evolution of the yield (or failure) surface is controlled by two % % hardening variables, tpl and cpl , linked to failure mechanisms under tension and compression % % loading, respectively. It refers to tpl and cpl as tensile and compressive equivalent plastic strains in this paper, respectively. The model assumes that the uniaxial tensile and compressive response of concrete is characterized by damaged plasticity, as shown in Figure 1. If E0 is the initial elastic stiffness of the material, the stress-strain relations under uniaxial tension and compression loading are as follow, respectively

% c = (1 d c ) E0 ( c cpl )

% t = (1 dt ) E0 ( t tpl )

(1) (2)

% % Where the subscripts t and c refer to tension and compression, respectively; tpl and cpl are the equivalent plastic strains. The degradation of the elastic stiffness is characterized by two damage variables, d t and d c , which are assumed to be functions of the plastic strains, temperature, and field variables.

(a)

In tension

(b) In compression Figure 1. Response of concrete to uniaxial loading STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

This paper adopts pushover analysis method and elasto-plastic time-history analysis method to analyze a high-rise frame shear wall structure whose height is 98.8m. The standard floor of structure is the split-level shear wall structure, whose girder transfer floor is setup on the top of the first floor. The concrete damage model and rebar layers are adopted to simulate RC shear wall based on ABAQUS software platform. PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
32000 28000 24000 32000 28000 24000

Base Shear (KN)

20000 16000 12000 8000 4000 0 0.0

Base Shear (KN)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

20000 16000 12000 8000 4000 0 0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Crest displacement (m)

Crest displacement (m)

Figure 2. Curve of displacement-base shear of X direction

Figure 3. Curve of displacement-base shear of Y direction

Lateral static load mode is the horizontal distribution load of the first order mode in the pushover analysis. Displacement increment is controlled in the load steps and the partial members of structure achieve plastic stage with the increase of load step. ATC-40 capacity spectrum is adopted to evaluate seismic performance of structure under earthquake excitations. The relation curve of crest displacement and base shear is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. The deformation of the performance point under strong earthquake excitations in this structure is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The Maximum drift angle of X and Y direction is 1/1601/149 respectively, which are shown in Figure 6 and Figure7. The results meet the allowable value(1/120) of drift angle in the GB50011-2001 code for seismic design of building in China, so the structure designed as this analysis method can meet deformation requirement of structure under strong earthquake excitations .

Figure 4. Deformation of structure in X direction(performance point)

30

Figure 5. Deformation of structure in Y direction (performance point)

30

X Direction
25 20 15 10 25

Y Direction Number of Stories

Number of Stories

20 15

Max=1/162
10 5 0 0.000

Max=1/160
5 0 0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

0.008

Drift angle

Drift angle

Figure 6. Drift angle

Figure 7. Drift angle

ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS AND TEST COMPARISON Typical earthquake waves including El-Centro wave and Taft wave are adopted as the input of earthquake motions, the input of X direction and Y direction is considered respectively. The peak value of acceleration is 220gal. The crest displacement (relative to ground) time-history is shown in Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10 and Figure 11 and the Maximum drift angle are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. The Maximum drift angle of X direction and of Y direction is 1/154 and 1/213 respectively which is similar to the results of pushover analysis.

0.4

0.4

Displacement(m)

Displacement(m)

0.2

El-Centro Wave X Direction

El-Centro Wave
0.2

Y Direction

0.0

0.0

-0.2

-0.2

-0.4 0 2 4 6 8 10

-0.4 0 2 4 6 8 10

Time(s)

Time(s)

Figure 8. Crest displacement time-history of X direction

Figure 9. Crest displacement time-history of Y direction

0.4

0.4

Displacement(m)

Displacement(m)

0.2

Taft Wave X Direction

Taft Wave
0.2

Y Direction

0.0

0.0

-0.2

-0.2

-0.4 0 2 4 6 8 10

-0.4

10

Time(s)

Time(s)

Figure10. Crest displacement time-history of X direction

35 30 25

Figure11. Crest displacement time-history of Y direction

35

El-Centro Taft Number of Stories

30 25 20

El-Centro Taft

Number of Stories

20 15 10 5 0 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Max=1/236 Max=1/154

Max=1/236
15 10 5 0 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007

Max=1/213

Drift angle

Drift angle

Figure 12. Max. drift angle of X direction

Figure 13. Max. drift angle of Y direction

If the analysis results are regard as the criterion of judging security of structure, the structure under strong earthquake excitations still meet the requirements. Through further result analysis of elalsto-plastic time-history, it shows in the paper the yield mechanism and the weak positions under strong earthquake excitations as shown in Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 16 and Figure 17. The structure begins to achieve the plastic stage at the time of 2s and 3.4s, partial members tension cracks at the time of 5s and 5.6s, the main vertical members of upper story of transfer floor have been damaged more than 90% after the time of 7.5s and 8.2s when the main vertical members of this story enter yield stage under the input of X direction El-Centro wave and Taft wave excitations. The structure begins to achieve the plastic stage at the time of 2.6s and 3.5s, partial members tension cracks at the time of 5.6s and 7.2s, the main vertical members of upper story of transfer floor have been damaged more than 90% after the time of 8.7s and 9.3s when the main vertical members of this story enter yield stage under the input of Y direction El-Centro wave and Taft wave excitations. The elasto-plastic time-history analysis results show that this structure under strong earthquake action cant meet requirements of security, although Maximum drift angle can. We can know that the weak position of the structure is on the upper story of transfer floor from the elastoplastic time-history analysis results which are confirmed in the shaking table test, as shown in figure 18. It shows that the elasto-plastic time-history analysis method can judge the yielding mechanism, weak positions and damaged forms exactly for this high-rise structure under strong earthquake action.

t=2s

t=4.5s

t=7.5s

Figure 14. Distribution of damage of structure under X direction El-Centro wave excitation

t=3.4s

t=5s

t=8.2s

Figure 15. Distribution of damage of structure under X direction Taft wave excitation

t=2.6s

t=5.6s

t=8.7s

Figure 16. Distribution of damage of structure under Y direction El-Centro wave excitation

t=3.5s

t=7.2s

t=9.3s

Figure 17. Distribution of damage of structure under Y direction Taft wave excitation

Figure 18. Damage part of structure in shaking table test

CONCLUSIONS Through the analysis and comparison study on the structure under strong earthquake excitations , the following conclusions can be obtained: the concrete damage model based on ABAQUS software platform can simulate the elasto-plastic performance of RC beams, columns and shear walls accurately, reflect the damaged status of structure plastic stage directly and evaluate the integral performance of earthquake resistant structure exactly. It needs further study on using the allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure to judge the security of this structure under strong earthquake excitations. The elasto-plastic time-history analysis method can judge the yielding mechanism, weak positions and damaged forms exactly for this high-rise structure under strong earthquake excitations , however, the pushover analysis method cant. The elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method is the more reasonable and more reliable analysis method for structures under strong earthquake excitations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants NNSF-50478031. REFERENCES
ABAQUS User Manual(V6.5.1) FEMA356, The Federal Emergency Management Agency,USA. Huang Dongsheng, Cheng Wenrang, Peng Fei.(2005). Dynamic characteristic analysis of short pier shear wall structures, Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 37(6), 749-753.(In Chinese) Lee, J., G. L. Fenves.(1998). Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 124(8), 892900. Li Bing, Li Hongnan.(2004). Analytical method of elasto-plasticity for RC shear wall, Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 24(1),76-81.(In Chinese) Lubliner, J., J. Oliver, S. Oller, E. Oate.(1989) A plastic-damage model for concrete, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 25, 299329. M. Saiidi, M.A. Sozen.(1981). Simple nonlinear seismic analysis of R/C structures, Engineering Structures, 20,4-6. Song Yupu, Zhao Guofan, (1994). Finite element method of RC structures analysis, Dalian University of Technology Press, Dalian.(In Chinese) Zhu Jiejiang, Zhang Peijun, Lu Xilin, et al.(2004). Pushover analysis for concrete structures of tall building,Journal of Shangha University ( English Edition) , 8 (3),264-273.(In Chinese)