Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579

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Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment

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Temporal dynamics change of land use/land cover in Jhansi district of

Uttar Pradesh over past 20 years using LANDSAT TM, ETM+ and
OLI sensors
Pavan Kumar a, *, Manmohan Dobriyal b, Amey Kale b, A.K. Pandey b
a
Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi-284003, India
b
College of Horticulture and Forestry, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi-284003, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Mapping and monitoring land use land cover (LULC) dynamics is vital for sustainable land development,
Land use planning and management. Using advanced techniques of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information
Land cover system (GIS), the present study is an effort to monitor the changes in LULC patterns of Jhansi District of Uttar
Change dynamics
Pradesh for the periods 2000–2010 and 2010–2020. Satellite images from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) for
Classification
Accuracy assessment
2001; Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) for 2010 and Landsat 8 (OLI) for 2020 were used to extract
Landsat Land use/Land cover classes. Supervised classification using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) was applied
to monitor LULC of the study area. Six major LULC classes viz; cropland, fallow/barren land, built-up area, water
bodies and forest have been identified and showed that major land use in the district is crop land. The accuracy
assessment of the classified map was done using 256 random points distributed all over the image. Results
indicated that LULC in Jhansi district has undergone a series of changes over the past two decades. Results
showed that crop land, built-up area and water bodies have increased by 27.16% (1367.26 Km2), 0.58% (29.4
Km2) and 0.3% (15.26 Km2), respectively while fallow/barren land and forest have decreased by27.55%
(1386.58 Km2), and 0.5% (25.34 Km2), respectively. The research revealed that substantial shift from fallow/
barren land (27.55%) into crop land. The analysis and findings of this study facilitate researchers, policy makers,
land use planners and managers to implement the appropriate land-use management plan for Jhansi district.

1. Introduction environmental spaces. Land-use, one of the major determinants of global

Urbanization and industrialization interrupt the natural environ­
ment and destroy biodiversity in numerous countries and regions.
Reasonable land planning and management are critical solutions to
achieve sustainable development. The increasing number of industries
and populations concentrate in cities speed up the expansion of con­
struction or habitation land, which occupied agricultural space and the
destructed, the ecological environment (Tewabe and Fentahun, 2020;
Curtis PG et al., 2018; Sbafizadeh-Moghadam et al., 2019). The land use
and land cover change of an area is an outcome of natural and
socio-economic aspects. Human activities are one of the main driving
forces of land use and land cover changes, and generally in natural en­
vironments (Spruce et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020). The imbalance in
land-use has increased the conflict between urban, agricultural, and
change, is at the heart of land planning and land management, with
significant implications for ecosystems. In the context of global change,
the land surface is experiencing widespread changes which have intense
effects on terrestrial environments (Gardner et al., 2011). Rapid re­
placements of natural land cover by different land use types are detected
throughout the globe (Geist and Lambin, 2001). Lantman et al. (2011)
stated that interaction between biophysical and anthropogenic forces
triggers changes in Land use and Land cover (LULC). Although affected
by biophysical conditions, change processes among different land use
classes are influenced most by humans and their way of use the land
(Rounsevell et al., 2012; Turner et al., 2009). Rawat and Kumar (2015)
stated the natural as well as socio-economic factors of a particular region
and their forces in terms of time and space reflected in terms of LULC
status of that region. Many researchers considered LULC changes an

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: pawan2607@gmail.com (P. Kumar), manmohandobriyal@gmail.com (M. Dobriyal), amey.iwst@gmail.com (A. Kale), pandey.ajai1@gmail.com
(A.K. Pandey).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100579
Received 2 March 2021; Received in revised form 2 July 2021; Accepted 3 July 2021
Available online 3 July 2021
2352-9385/© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.
P. Kumar et al.
important practice which is affected by both socioeconomic condition
and natural environment at local, regional and global levels (Butt et al.,
2015; Foley et al., 2005; Wubie et al., 2016). To examine the connection
between land and humans in geography and humanities, the monitoring
of land use dynamics is considered as a powerful technique to investi­
gate into scientific issues like development of society, evolution of the
ecological environment, and their interactions (Liu et al., 2020). Un­
derstanding land use dynamics is not only essential for management of
various ecosystem services and their conservation, but also for predict­
ing crops production and projecting the effects of land conversion on
urban and rural infrastructure, such as rail, roads and water quality.
Therefore, consistent and accurate time series LULC data with good
spatio-temporal coverage is need of hours. The land use dynamic stated
to any kind of spatial changes in land use patterns (positive or negative)
or quantitative changes in land resources over a particular time. With
increasing population burdens, the demands of land have become too
high to meet the basic needs of human being and it is the main reasons
which forcefully leading in the direction of land use alteration especially
built-up land which do not provide any kind of ecosystem services.
Therefore, the study of LULC dynamics have become the fundamental
ground as it considerably influences the environmental services. Many
researchers focused on the effect of urban sprawl on LULC change
(Dewan et al., 2009; 2012 Byomkesh et al., 2012; Corneret. Al., 2014),
and assumed that growing population and economic growth force
expansion of urban area and conversion of water bodies and crop lands
into built-up land, which considerably affect local, regional and global
environment, along with habitat quality, green spaces and force
degradation of environmental and water quality (Yin et al., 2005; Zhao
et al., 2006).
Over the last few decades, the comprehension of LULC change has
progressed from simplicity to realism and complexity. Land use and land
cover classification have lately been an intense research area for a va­
riety of application. This is because, Lambin et al. (2003) report that
land use dynamics play a major role in driving the changes of the global
environment in the next decades. Land use change is an anthropogenic
or natural phenomenon. LU/LC change dynamics in India are much
more complicated and unique than any other country (Dutta et al.,
2019). In case of India, construction of new built-up and urban expan­
sion due to the rapid growth of population resulted into continuous
changes in LU/LC over time and space (Rahman et al., 2012).Therefore,
precise information about changing pattern of LULC is gradually more
necessary for management of environment and assurance of better living
conditions. Researchers, scientists, resource managers, planners and
decision makers from government and private organizations at state,
regional, local level utilize this data for different purposes. To identify
changes over time, information on land use and land cover for several
years are required and subsequent analysis helps the researcher to un­
derstand the settings of current landscape and it changing pattern along
with change direction. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information
System (GIS) has emerged as effective tools for mapping and monitoring
land cover and analysing changes over a certain time period by inte­
grating spatio-temporal information of targeted area. The capabilities of
multi-temporal and multispectral satellite based data in generating
valuable information of LULC and dynamics of change with global
coverage is widely appreciated (Hathout, 2002; Herold et al., 2003;
Lambin et al., 2006; Saadat et al., 2011).Over the last few decades
Researcher applied variety of LULC mapping and change detection
techniques all over the globe (Jia et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Zhu
and Woodcock, 2014; Phiri and Morgenroth, 2017; Sekertekin et al.,
2017; Jin et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018; Lv et al., 2018). But, the most
popular technique among all is the post classification comparison, where
in each LULC category is compared from individually classified satellite
images at different temporal scale (Bayarsaikhan et al., 2009). The post
classification comparison has advantage over other techniques as it
provides thorough information including statistical data on quantitative
changes in LULC class and has capability to decrease the effect of
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Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579
atmospheric and ecological variances among multi-temporal images
using pre-processing of satellite data (Lu et al., 2004). It also assist in
understanding and assessing previous management decisions on one
hand and predict all possible effects of their existing decisions before
their execution (NOAA, 2015).For better planning and sustainable
management of natural resources it is necessary to investigate LULC and
their changing pattern as it serve as baseline for this kind of study
(Verburg et al., 1999; Lambin et al., 2000; Petit et al., 2001; Read and
Lam, 2002). These scientists have contended that land use has sub­
stantial controls on the functioning of environmental and
socio-economic systems with significant compromises for food safety,
sustainability, biodiversity and socio-economic vulnerability of people
and environments.
The general objective of current study was to apply Remote Sensing
(RS) tools to identify the major LULC categories in Jhansi district and
evaluate the dynamics of change in prevailing LULC categories over past
20 years. However, the specific objectives included: (1) mapping of
major LULC classes within administrative boundary of Jhansi district,
(2) Detecting chronological changes in LULC categories in study area
from 2000 to 2020; (3) Defining modification in identified LULC cate­
gories through spatial comparison (4) Investigating the potential of RS
in understanding and analysing spatial distribution of altered LULC.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Study area
Study area covers administrative boundary of Jhansi district, one of
the districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India having headquarter
at Jhansi city. The Jhansi district is extended between 25◦ 7′′ to 25◦ 47′′
North latitude and 78◦ 10′′ to 79◦ 25′′ East longitudes coving an area of
5024 Square Km (Fig. 1). Jhansi district is situated in the southern part
of the state in the Bundelkhand Region. The district is bordered by
Jalaun Districton the north, by Mahoba and Hamirpur districts on the
east, by Tikamgarh District of Madhya Pradesh to the south, by Lalitpur
District on the southwest, and by the Datia and Bhind districts of Mad­
hya Pradesh on the east. Jhansi District is part of Bundelkhand region,
which slopes down from the Vindhya Range. The district geo­
morphology consists of rock of granite of Archean Range, the level plain
distinguished for its deep black soil, known as mar, and admirably
adapted for the cultivation of cotton, wheat, gram, mustard, groundnut
and millets. The district is intersected or bounded by three principal
rivers, the Pahuj, Betwa and Dhasan. The northern portion of the district
lies in Doab region of Dhasan and Betwarivers.
Characterized by a long hot summer with distinct monsoon and
winter season, climate of the Jhansi district is tropical and sub-tropical
type (District profile, Jhansi). In summer, temperature rises up to 40 ◦ C
in mainly in May–June otherwise, mean summer temperature ranged
around 30 ◦ C only. The monsoon season (June to September) brings
down mercury to around 22 ◦ C–25 ◦ C. The average annual rainfall
varied from 75 cm to 125 cm from north to south-east while relative
humidity varied from 70 to 80%. The average precipitation for the re­
gion is around 100 cm and occurs mainly in the months of June to
September. It was said that, the major area of study region was covered
with forest but at present times, major part of forested area have been
replaced by the agricultural field and forests are concentrated only on
hilly and undulated areas and covers only 6.5% of total geographical
area. Agriculture is done on approximately 62.4% of the area of district.
Fallow and barren land covers 30% as documented in district profile.
2.2. Data source and pre-processing
Satellites images from Landsat programme were selected as data
source for visual image interpretation and LULC change detection study.
Multi-temporal cloud free Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries
of 2000, Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) for 2010 and Landsat-8
P. Kumar et al.
Fig. 1. Study area.
Optical Land Imager (OLI) Level-1C image of 2020 were used for map­
ping LULC classes of Jhansi District (Table 1). The main application of
both sensors (TM and OLI) is in the areas of forest, agriculture, coastal,
inland water resources and LULC mapping and monitoring. All the
selected satellite data were downloaded from United States Geological
Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.
gov/). It was priority to download cloud free data for entire span of
study but for year 2020, cloudy images were acquired due to unavail­
ability of cloud free data in October 2020. The data was radiometrically
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Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579
corrected to remove clouds and acquire desired information. All data
were projected at similar projection (UTM, WGS 84).
2.3. Reflectance characteristics of LULC and classification scheme
Spectral signature on satellite image is used to identify spectral
response pattern of earth features and assumed to be an important and
unique tool of object identification and interpretation. Spectral reflec­
tance curve is a plot between Spectral reflectance (ρ) at a particular
P. Kumar et al. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579

Table 1
Specification of the satellite images used in the study.
Satellite Sensor Path/row Acquisition Date Bands used Wavelength Spatial Resolution
(μm)

Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) 145/42, 01/10/2000 Band 1 (Blue) 0.45–0.52 30 m

145/43 Band 2 (Green) 0.52–0.60 0.63–0.69 30 m
Band 3 (Red) 0.76–0.90 30 m
Band 4 (Near Infrared) 1.55–1.75 30 m
Band 5 (SW Infrared) 10.40–12.50 30 m
Band 6 (Thermal Infrared) 2.08–2.35 120 m
Band 7 (Mid Infrared) 30 m
Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) 145/42, 01/10/2010 Band 1 (Blue) 0.441–0.514 30 m
145/43 Band 2 (Green) 0.519–0.601 0.631–0.692 30 m
Band 3 (Red) 0.772–0.898 30 m
Band 4 (Near Infrared) 1.547–1.749 30 m
Band 5 (SW Infrared-I) 10.31–12.36 30 m
Band 6 (Thermal Infrared) 2.064–2.345 60 m
Band 7 (SW Infrared-II) 0.515–0.896 30 m
Band 8 (Panchromatic) 15 m
Landsat 8 OLI 145/42, 30/09/2020 Band 1 (Coastal/Aerosol) 0.435–0.451 30 m
145/43 Band 2 (Blue) 0.452-0.5120.533-0.590 30 m
Band 3 (Green) 0.636–0.673 30 m
Band 4 (Red) 0.851–0.879 30 m
Band 5 (Near Infrared) 1.566–1.651 30 m
Band 6 (SW Infrared) 2.107–2.294 30 m
Band 7 (SW Infrared) 0.503–0.676 30 m
Band 8 (Panchromatic) 1.363–1.384 15 m
Band 9 (Cirrus) 30 m

wavelength (λ); and λ itself. The spectral plot changes with the change in
the physical conditions as well as chemical composition of the land
cover and results in a range of spectral values. To develop spectral
reflectance of the LULC classes, digital values (DN) of the Landsat sat­
ellite image for 2020 were extracted from five bands of the Landsat OLI
data and signature polygon identified during ground surveying. These
pixels and polygons were selected by plotting the GPS information of the
sample sites on the satellite image. The mean spectral values for each
LULC class for its corresponding spectral bands were plotted. Each band
of Landsat shows a variable DN value. Vegetation, such as irrigated
croplands, forests, and plantations, has the highest IR DN values,
whereas stressed and very scattered vegetation, such as scattered
scrubland, fallow lands, and water, has the lowest IR DN values. The
most readily separable types of LULC classes using Landsat OLI were
water body, Build-up land. Fig. 2 represent reflectance curves for major
land features planned to study for change detection i.e. cropland, forest,
fallow/barren land built-up land and water bodies.
< Insert Fig. 2 Spectral reflectance curves of major land use/land
cover classes>
Due to the complexity or mixing of the spectral signature (Fig. 2) in
LULC types in the study area. The research has used the rule-based su­
pervised classification-maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) algorithm
for LULC classification over the support vector machines (SVM), random
forest (RF) algorithm convolutional neural network (CNN) for acquired
images of 2000, 2010 and 2020. MLC generally produces similar or
better classification accuracy than other classifiers (Yang et al., 2009).
The MLC (supervised classification) has been widely used (Osunmadewa
et al., 2018; Pal et al., 2003) because of its availability, and its does not
require an extended training process. The supervised classification was
performed by taking training samples with known class types in the
ground truth and compared with the spectral signatures of the pixels in
the image with decision rules (Lillesand et al., 2004). We also used a
hybrid classification method of supervised classification and visual
modification to obtain more precise classification results. The classifi­
cation process mainly included sample selection, supervised classifica­
tion, category combination and visual modification. The whole district
area was differentiated into five classes i.e., settlements, cropland, fal­
low/barren land, forest and water body which are described in Table 2.

Table 2
Description of Landuse/Land cover categories.
LU/LC Description
categories

Builtup land Built-up land included settlement (rural or urban), roads,

industrial area, recreational area and all type of construction.
Cropland Cropland included area which are under crop in a given time or net
sown area in studied season
Fallow/Barren Fallow/barren land specify land which are not under any kind of
vegetation. it also include current fallow.
Forest Forest included forest land specified by Forest survey of India and
plantation.
Water bodies Water bodies include river, Lake, Pond, Barrage etc.
Fig. 2. Spectral reflectance curves of major land use/land cover classes.

4
P. Kumar et al. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579

Table 3 showed the error matrix, along with the user accuracy, producer accu­
Producer’s and User’s Accuracy of classified LULC categories. racy and overall classification accuracy as well as Kappa coefficient. The
LULC categories 2000 2010 2020 overall accuracy of classified image was 86.67%, 85.07% and 88.06%,
and Kappa coefficient was 0.80, 0.81 and 0.84 for 2000, 2010 and 2020,
UA PA UA PA UA PA
respectively. In 2000, 2010 and 2020 classification, user and producer
Built-up land 80.00 100.00 85.71 85.71 78.57 78.57 accuracies of individual classes ranged from 71% to 100%, 60%–100%
Cropland 93.75 93.75 89.47 80.95 100.00 86.36
Fallow/Barren 100.00 71.43 84.62 78.57 84.62 100.00
and 78%–100% respectively. The classification accuracies were found to
Forest 100.00 75.00 60.00 75.00 80.00 100.00 be better than expected instead of dominant signature mixing in the
Water bodies 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 classified categories.
Overall Accuracy 86.67 85.07 88.06 In order to acquire the comprehensive results, for easy analysis and
Kappa Coefficient 0.80 0.81 0.84
assessment, different LULC classes of the study area were grouped into
PA= Producer accuracy, UA= Users Accuracy. five major classes. The spatial distribution pattern of LULC covering five
major categories viz. Crop land, Forest, barren/Fallow land, built-up
2.4. LULC change detection and accuracy assessment area and water-bodies of 2000, 2010 and 2020 are shown in Figs. 3–5.
Results from the classified image of 2000 established that 40.8% and
Accuracy evaluation of images is a significant step to identifying 50.8% of the area was covered by cropland and fallow/barren land
accuracies and qualities of the images. It is known from remote sensing whereas share of forest, and built-up land is very less i.e. 6.3% and 0.4%
that; the quality of any Landsat image is dependent on how accurate the respectively. Water bodies shares 1.7% of total geographical area.
image is classified. The result of LULC mapping was anticipated to Similarly, areas covered by different classes in 2010 are 47.9% under
deliver information on spatial distribution of land use categories along cropland, 43.9% under fallow/barren land 0.6% under built-up, 6%
with identification and estimation of changes in individual and use under forest and 1.6% under water bodies. On the other hand, in 2020
categories around last 20 years. Post-classification change detection about 67.9% of area was covered under cropland, 23.2% under barren/
technique, performed in ArcGIS 10 was employed by the study. Post fallow land, 1.0% under built-up area, 5.8% under forest and 2.0%
classification in urban environment has been effectively used by various under water bodies. The land use dynamics indicated that more and
researchers due to its efficiency in detecting the location, nature and rate more area is converted into cropland from fallow/barren land. Water
of change. For this purpose, change matrix was generated which rep­ bodies don’t show much changes, however little increases in area under
resents significant information about the spatial distribution of changes water bodies is shown which is a good ecological indicator. Also built-up
in LULC (Shalaby and Tateishi, 2007 change). A two-way cross-matrix area is not increased too much as compared to the overall population
obtained by the satellite classified data to describe the key change types and built-up area of the district. Till 2010, as compared to agricultural
in the study area. Cross tabulation analysis was conducted in order to land, the share of fallow/barren land was higher which indicates poor
determine the quantitative conversions from a particular category to utilization of land on one hand and pressure on existing crop land to
another land cover category and their corresponding area over the meet increasing food demand on the other. Subsequently, agricultural
evaluated period on pixel to pixel basis. Change matrix presenting the area drastically increased from 41% in 2000 to 48% and 68% in 2010
LULC changes in each decade viz. 2000 to 2010, 2010 to 2010 and 2000 and 2020, respectively and share of fallow/barren land was decreased at
to 2020 was generated from classified images of 2000, 2010 and 2020. the similar pace. A study by NABARD (https://www.nabard.org/x
The ground verification and accuracy assessment is an essential step for ls/uttardist/jhansi) on Jhansi land use indicated that the area under
mapping LULC because it provides the correctness of the outcome from agricultural land was 61% while 30% area was covered under fallow/
classification for the users (Rwanga and Ndambuki, 2017). For the better barren land and area under forest was 6% of the total geographical area.
interpretation and correct identification of features, the minimum level Approximately similar finding were obtained for the study area as
of accuracy of classified map should be more than 85% (Anderson et al., indicated in Fig. 3 where in area under crop land, fallow/barren and
2015). In this study, 200 sample points were selected stratify randomly forest are 67.9%, 23.2% and 5.8% respectively in the year 2020.
so that to cover each classified category in the study area. The accuracy
assessment was carried out using an error matrix, user accuracy and 3.2. LULC change dynamics over the period of 2000–2020
producer accuracy. In addition, Kappa statistics along with overall ac­
curacy of the classified images were also evaluated to quantity the extent Built-up area and Agricultural land showed increasing trend during
of classification accuracy using report generation of ERDAS Imagine 2000–2020, as compared to decrease trends of other land use/land cover
16v. Kappa coefficients for 2000, 2010 and 2020 had values greater than categories (see Table 3). Although water bodies also showed increasing
0.80, which established that the interpretation results met the minimum trends but close examination of water bodies on satellite images indi­
analysis requirements and the classification accuracy of LULC types is cated that water logged area in irrigated agricultural field as well as
acceptable. fallow/barren land were classified into water bodies. Changes observed
during 2000–2020 indicated that, about 6.79 km2area from agricultural
3. Results and discussion land and 7.89 km2 areas from fallow/barren land was converted into
water bodies. Modifications from agriculture land to fallow/barren land
3.1. Classification accuracy and LULC status observed in Jhansi district over the studies time period and this was due
to agricultural policy of government to put more fallow/barren land
In this study, 256 random points for Landsat TM, ETM+ and Landsat under cropping. About 1488.85 km2 area was converted into crop land
OLI images for years 2000, 2010 and 2020 respectively, were selected to which was previously under fallow/barren land. At the same time,
evaluate classification accuracy. Settlement and barren land have 114.03 sq km area was converted into fallow/barren land from crop land
similar spectral characteristics therefore; classification accuracy is and this is due to single cropping system prevailing in this area. LULC
average which was again enhanced by hybrid classification as suggested change matrix presented in Table 5showed that about 18.9 km2 of crop
by Kumar et al. (2013). Many studies have employed post-classification land area and 11.5 km2 of fallow/barren land have converted into built-
techniques based on maximum likelihood classification for detecting up land due to outgrowth of urban and rural settlement. 8.81 sq km area
LULC changes in different areas around the world using Landsat imagery under forest in 2000 was converted into fallow/barren land in 2020
data and have attained high accuracy (Rawat, J.S., Kumar, M., 2015; particularly on the hill slope and along the river bank as shown in Fig. 3.
Butt et al., 2015; Tena et al., 2019; Matlhodi et al., 2019). Table 2 Similarly, 3.33 sq km of crop land and 2.17 sq km area under fallow
barren in year 2000 were converted into forest land and this

5
P. Kumar et al. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579

Fig. 3. Dominant Landuse/Land cover classes in 2000.

Fig. 4. Dominant Landuse/Land cover classes in 2010.

modification was concentrated near built-up area and plantation in
agricultural fields. 0.1 sq km and 0.74 sq km area from water bodies got
misclassified into built-up and barren land due to similar spectral
reflectance of river sand and exposed rocks as shown in Table 4. Fig. 6
shown the LU/LC area in percentage from 2000 to 2020 and Fig. 7
represent area (%) of 2020 against 2000 and 2010.
3.3. LULC gain/loss over the period of 2000–2020
Fig. 8 depicted overall changes from 2000 to 2020. The comparison
of individual LULC category indicated a noticeable LULC transformation
from past 20 years. Initially, the largest LULC category of this area was
fallow/barren land covering 51% of total area which was converted into

6
P. Kumar et al. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579

Fig. 5. Dominant Landuse/Land cover classes in 2020.

4. Conclusion
Table 4
LULC changes matrix as observed between 2000 and 2020 in Jhansi district.
Remote sensing is an effective tool for mapping natural resources at a
Built- Cropland Fallow/ Forest Water Total regional level. The outcomes of the investigation enumerated in this
up Barren bodies (2000)
research highlight the importance of satellite digital image processing in
land
mapping and detecting LULC changes. Maximum likelihood supervised
Built-up 19.28 1.49 0.25 0.16 0 21.18
classification of Landsat TM5, ETM+7, and OLI 8 imagery and post-
land
Cropland 18.9 1908.54 114.03 3.33 6.79 2051.59
classification comparison approach can be used to obtain fairly accu­
Fallow/ 11.5 1488.85 1045.19 2.17 7.89 2555.60 rate maps of LULC changes. The present study utilized change dynamics
Barren over the past 20 years of the Jhansi district, which provide information
Forest 0.8 19.79 8.81 287.86 1.6 318.86 about the pronounced changes in the agricultural land, fallow and
Water 0.1 0.18 0.74 0 85.01 86.03
barren land as well as water bodies areas that are associated with the
bodies
Total 50.58 3418.85 1169.02 293.52 101.29 5033.26 built-up land at a regular time interval. The results discussed in the
(2020) present paper will of great help to city planners, local administrations
for future planning and development and technical-know-how about the
landscape changes in the Jhansi areas.
other category at the rate of 34.68 sq km/year for initial 10 years The Bundelkhand region is one of the most poverty stricken regions
(2000–2010) and 103.8 sq km/year for last 10 year i.e. 2010-2020. The in India and experienced recurring droughts due to ecological instability
overall loss of fallow/barren land was 27.55% in last 20 years. The and inappropriate policies. This study discloses that LULC practices in
second most dominant land use i.e. crop land increased at the rate of Jhansi region have transformed considerably over the last two decades.
36.1 sq km/year for 2000–2010 and 100.62 sq km/year for 2010–2020 At present, major land use in the district is farming which is 68% of total
with overall gain of 27% area in last two decades. This increasing trend geographical area. On the other hand it is also noticeable that share of
of crop land on a massive scale illustrates that economic factors are fallow/barren land is 23.2% which is still higher due to less rainfall and
generally a key reason for LULC changes. One of the ecologically frequent drought however, intensification has been seen in the area of
important land cover class of this area i.e. forest showed a decrease in crop land (annual average increment of 68.6 km2). It is noticed that
last two decades (Spruce et al., 2020a). Area covered by forest has major share of fallow/barren land (29.4%) has shifted to crop land over
decreased with average annual rate of 1.8 km2 from 2000 to 2010 and last 20 years. The area of built-up land has increased at the rate of 0.58%
0.69 sq km from 2010 to 2020 with overall loss of 0.5% from 2000 to which is concentrated only around urban areas. Most important concern
2020. Although, this change is seems less but it is important to note that in this study is decreasing forest area as it holds only 5.8% of total area
forest in the district is already less than minimum forested area of a which was 6.3% in 2000. Water bodies do not showed major changes,
region as declared by forest survey of India (FSI, 2020).Major reason for however whatsoever gain is shown in the study are due to waterlogged
this change was identified as conversion of forest areas into degraded area which was classified into water bodies. Based upon the outcomes
land on hill slopes. During 2000–2020, water bodies and in the district and inference of this study, some recommendations are suggested for
increased by 0.30%.Further, the share of built-up land within this time appropriate management of land resources and conservation of forest
frame increased at the rate of 0.99 sq km/year within initial ten years that are endangered to alteration in the region.
and 1.94 sq km per year in last ten years (2000–2020) with overall gain
of 0.5% which was the lowest category of land use land cover changes.

7
P. Kumar et al.
Fig. 6. LU/LC area in percentage from 2000 to 2020.
Fig. 7. Area (%) of 2020 against 2000 and 2010.
1) More applicable land management policy should be adopted so that
more of the fallow/barren land can be put for other purpose and to
ensure wise use of available land resources. Also, to make certain the
appropriate use of land resources, Ministry of Environment, forest
and climate change should propose a project to identify suitable
barren or permanent fallow land that could put for forest or plan­
tation to ensure ecological balance in the region.
2) Additionally, collaboration with non-governmental organizations
can be made and participation of local people can be ensuring by
providing them incentives for protecting new plantations.
3) A further study should investigate to assess changes in ecosystem
services due to modification in land use.(conclusion to be written in
points for paper??)
8
Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 23 (2021) 100579
Fig. 8. Gain or loss in areal distribution of various LULC categories.
4) We must include FSI data of forest cover of Jhansi District
2019–6.05%
Ethical statement
Hereby, I Pavan Kumar assure that for the manuscript the following
is fulfilled:
1) This material is the authors’ own original work, which has not been
previously published elsewhere.
2) The paper is not currently being considered for publication
elsewhere.
3) The paper reflects the authors’ own research and analysis in a
truthful and complete manner.
4) The paper properly credits the meaningful contributions of co-
authors and co-researchers.
5) The results are appropriately placed in the context of prior and
existing research.
I agree with the above statements and declare that this submission
follows the policies of Solid State Ionics as outlined in the Guide for
P. Kumar et al.
Authors and in the Ethical Statement.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no potential conflict of interest.
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