TECHNICAL SEMINAR

On

PLASMA ARC WELDING

Submitted in partial fulfilment of requirement
for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

Mechanical Engineering
Submitted by
JINUKALA TRISHANTH
19D41A0329

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University)
2019-2022
I

1
SI.NO INDEX PAGE
NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 PRINCIPLE 2

3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF 3
PLASMA ARC WELDING

4 POWER SUPPLY 4-5

5 SHELDING GASES 6

6 VOLTAGE CONTROL 7-8

7 TYPES OF JOINT 9

8 MARKING A NON KEY HOLE 9

WELD

9 ELECTRODE 9

10 2-VARIANTS OF PLASMA ARC 10

WELDING

11 OBJECTIVES OF PLASMA ARC 10

WELDING

12 PLASMA ARC TOURCH 10

13 WATER RE CIRCULATOR 11

14 TUNGASTON ELECTRODE 11

15 PLASMA GAS 11

16 TORCH ACCESSARY KIT 12

17 FILLER MATERIAL 12

18 WHERE AND WHY PLASMA IS 12

USED

II
2
19 TYPES OF PLASMA ACR 13-14
WELDING.TRANSFERRED
P.A.W

NON TRANSFERRED P.A.W

20 APPLICATIONS OF PLASMA 15
ARC WELDING.

21 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 16
P.A.W&TIG

22 POWER SUPPLY & TERMINALS 17

23 APPLICATIONANDPERFORMED 18
STUDY OF P.A.W TECHNOLOGY
FOR METALS MATERIALS

24 P.A.W TECHOLOGY AND 19

PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM
ANDALUMINIUMTRIX
COMPOSITERS.

25 WELDING PARAMETERS 20

26 AIR PLASMA ARC CUTTING 21

27 DUAL PLASMA ARC CUTTING 22

28 ADVANTAGES OF PLASMA ARC 23

WELDING

29 DISADVANTAGES OF PLASMA 24
ARC WELDING

30 SAFETY IN PLASMA ARC 25

WELDING

31 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF P.A.W 25

32 CONCLUSION 26

33 REFERENCE 27

III
3
 LISTOFFIGURES

S.NO FIGURES NAME PAGE.NO

1 PLASMA PROCESS 1
TECHNIQUE

2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM 2
OF P.A.W

3 SKETCH OF PLASMA 4
ARC WELDING

4 POWER SUPPLY 5
CIRCUIT OF P.A.W

5 SHIELDING GAS P.A.W 6

6 VOLTAGE CONTROL 7
P.A.W

7 JOINT PLASMA ARC 9

WELDING

8 PLASMA WELDING 11
TOURCH

9 PLASMA HARDFACING 12

10 TRANSFERRED & 14

NONTRANSFERRED

11 WELDING PARAMERETS 20
OF P.A.W

12 AIR PLASMA ARC 21

CUTTING

13 DUALFLOW P.A.W 22

IV
4
5
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Would like to thank respected B.SRUTHI Madam, our class teacher for giving me such a
wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guide
lines to present a seminar report. It helped meal otto realize of what we study for.

I have taken efforts in this project. However it would not have been possible without the
kindsupport and help of many individuals and organizations. I would like to extend my
sincerethanksto all of them.

My deep thanks to the Principal Dr .G. Suresh sir, the Guide of the project, for guiding and
correcting various documents of mine with attention and care.He has taken pain to go through
the project and make necessary correction when needed.

I Express my thanks to the Head of Department Dr.P.Mallesham sir, Mechanical Engineering

of Sri Indu College of Engineering and technology, for extending his support

V
6
INTRODUCTION

Plasma arc welding (PAW) is a arc welding process using heat produced by a
compressed arc.

between a tungsten non-consumable electrode and another workpiece (transferred arc

process) or.

water-cooled constricting nozzle (non-transferred arc process).

The plasma is a gaseous mixture of positive ions, electrons and neutral gas molecules.
The

transferred arc process produces plasma jets of high energy density and can be utilised
for high-

speed welding and cutting ceramics, copper alloys, steels,aluminium, nickel alloys
and titanium alloys.

The non-transferred arc process produces plasma orelatively low energy density. It is
used for

welding and plasma spraying (coating) of various metals. Since the workpiece in non-
transferred

plasma arc welding is not a part of the electric circuit, the plasma arc torch may move

1
 1 .PLASMA PROCESS TECHIQUE

THE PRINCIPLE

workpiece to others without extinguishing the arc.

the principle when a sufficient amount of energy is provided to any inert gas, some of
its

electrons are released from their nucleus but travel with it.

After the electrons move, the atoms are converted into a hotionized state. This is the
most common

condition of the substance which is known as the fourth state of matter.

These ionized atoms have high temperatures that are used to join the two plates. This
is the basic

principle of plasma arc welding. This welding is a form of TIG welding in which a
non-consumable

tungsten electrode is used to generate the arc.

Read Also:

Arc Welding: Types, Equipment, Applications and More

2
 2.SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF P.A.W

Working Principle of Plasma Arc Welding Machining:

This is an arc welding process, a concentrated plasma arc is produced with the help of
a high-frequency unit of the machine and directed towards the weld area.

The plasma starts between the tungsten electrode and the orifice by a low current pilot
arc.

The plasma arc welding is concentrated because it is forced through a relatively small
orifice or nozzle to increase its pressure, temperature, and heat.

Because of the above characteristic, the arc will now become very stable and
improved in shape and heat transfer rate.

The temperature of the arc is as high as 33,000°C due to this phenomenon heat the
nozzle is surrounded by a water cooling system to avoid wearing out of the nozzle due
to heat.

Operating currents usually are less than 100 amp.

3
This makes Plasma Welding different from other types of welding.

When filler metal is used it is fed into the arc as is done in Gas Tungsten-arc Welding.
Arc and weld-zone shielding are supplied by means of an outer shielding ring and the
use of inert gases like argon, helium, or mixtures.

Initially, the workpieces are cleaned thoroughly. The power source supplies the power
that producesan arc between the tungsten electrode and nozzle, or the tungsten
electrode and the workpiece. Thetungsten electrode gives a high-intensity arc used for
ionization of gas particles and converts orificegases into plasma.This hot ionized gas
is provided to the welding plates by a small hole. Shielding gases such as argon

3.SKETCH OF PLASMA ARC WELDING

4
Power Supply
A direct-current power source having drooping characteristics and open circuit
voltage of 70 volts or above is suitable for plasma arc welding. Rectifiers are
generally preferred over DC generators. Working with helium as an inert gas needs
open circuit voltage above 70 volts. This higher voltage can be obtained by series
operation of two power sources; or the arc can be initiated with argon at normal open-
circuit voltage and then helium can be switched on.

Typical welding parameters for plasma arc welding are as follows:

Current 50 to 350 amps, voltage 27 to 31 volts, gas flow rates 2 to 40 liters/minute

(lower range for orifice gas and higher range for outer shielding gas), direct current
electrode negative (DCEN) is normally employed for plasma arc welding except for
the welding of aluminum in which cases water-cooled electrode is preferable for
reverse-polarity welding, i.e. direct-current electrode positive (DCEP)The PAW
process required a high power DC supply to produce an electric spark between

theelectrode and welding plates (for the transferred PAW process) either in the
tungsten electrode and

the discharge nozzle (between the non-transferred PAW process).

This welding can weld at a low ampere of about 2 Amp and a maximum current that
can control it is

about 300 Amp. It requires about 80 volts for proper functioning. Power sources
include

5
 4. POWER SUPPLY OF PLASMA ARC WELDING

Shielding gases

Two inert gases or gas mixtures are employed. The orifice gas at lower pressure and
flow rate forms the plasma arc.

6
The pressure of the orifice gas is intentionally kept low to avoid weld
metal turbulence, but this low pressure is not able to provide proper shielding of the
weld pool.

To have suitable shielding protection same or another inert gas is sent through the
outer shielding ring of the torch at comparatively higher flow rates. Most of the
materials can be welded with

argon, helium, argon+hydrogen and argon+helium, as inert gases or gas mixtures.

Argon is commonly used

. Helium is preferred where a broad heat input pattern and flatter cover pass is desired
without key-hole mode weld.

A mixture of argon and hydrogen supplies heat energy higher than when only argon
is used and thus permits keyhole mode welds in nickel-base alloys, copper-base alloys
and stainless steels.

5. SHELDING GAS PLASMA ARC WELDING

For cutting purposes, a mixture of argon and hydrogen (10-30%) or that of nitrogen
may be used.

Hydrogen, because of its dissociation into atomic form and thereafter recombination
generates temperatures above those attained by using argon or helium alone.

In addition, hydrogen provides a reducing atmosphere, which helps in preventing

oxidation of the weld and its vicinity. (Care must be taken, as hydrogen diffusing into

7
the metal can lead to embrittlement in some metals and steels.)In this welding process,
we use two inert gases

.We need to maintain a low pressure to avoid turbulence while welding due to this
low-pressure gas welding shield is formed weekly, that’s why we need to charge
another inert gas through the outer portion of the welding force at a high flow rate, to
make the weld shield sustainable.

The inert gases which are used in this process can be helium, argon, and also
hydrogen as per the need, and it totally depends on the temperature.

Voltage control

6.VOLTAGE CONTROL PLASMA ARC WELDING

8
Voltage control is required in contour welding. In normal key-hole welding, a
variation in arc length up to 1.5 mm

PLASMA ARC WELDING

does not affect weld bead penetration or bead shape to any significant extent and thus
a voltage control is not considered essential.

9
 7. JOINT PLASMA ARC WELDING

Type of Joints
For welding work piece up to 25 mm thick, joints like square butt, J or V are
employed. Plasma welding is used to make both key hole and non-key hole types of
welds.

Making a non-key-hole weld:

The process can make non-key-hole welds on work pieces having thickness 2.4 mm
and under.

10
Electrode

The electrode used for the plasma process is tungsten-2%thoria and the plasma
nozzle is copper. The electrode tip diameter is not as critical as for TIG and should
be maintained at around 30-60 degrees.

The plasma nozzle bore diameter is critical and too small a bore diameter for the
current level and plasma gas flow rate will lead to excessive nozzle erosion or even
melting. It is prudent to use the largest bore diameter for the operating current level.

Note: too large a bore diameter, may give problems with arc stability and
maintaining a keyhol

2-variants of PAW

Transferred are mode:

Arc is struck between the electrode(-)and the work piece(+).

Used for high speed welding and to weld Ceramics, aluminium,copper, nickel
alloys.

Non-transferred mode:

Transferred are mode:

Arc is struck between the electrode(-)and the work piece(+).

Used for high speed welding and to weld Ceramics, aluminium, copper, nickel
alloys.

Non-transferred mode:

Arc is struck between the electrode(-) and the nozzle(+),thus eliminating the
necessity to have the work as a part of the electrical system.

Arc process produces plasma of relatively low energy density.

11
 Since the work piece in non-transferred plasma arc welding is not a part of electric
circuit

Objective of PAW :

To increase the energy level of the arc plasma in a controlled manner

This is achieved by providing a gas nozzle around a tungsten electrode operating on

DCEN

Plasma Welding Torch:

This is the most important part of the plasma welding process.

This torch is quite similar to that used in TIG welding.

PAW torches are water-cooled because the arc is contained inside the torch which
produces high heat, so a water jacket is provided outside the torch.

8. PLASMA WELDING TOURCH

12
Water Re-circulator:

This mechanism is used to cool the welding torch by the continuous flow of water
outside of the welding torch.

Tungsten Electrode:

In this machine, we use a no-consumable tungsten electrode. As we know tungsten

can withstand very high temperatures.

Plasma Gas:

It is an ionized hot gas composed of nearly the same number of electrons and ions. It
has sufficient energy to free electrons from molecules, atoms, and electrons to
synchronize.

It is the main energy source of this welding.

Torch Accessory Kit:

These kits are used to expand the performance of the welding torch.

Filler Material:

In Plasma welding there is no filler material is used. If the filler material is used, then
it is directly fed into the weld zone

Frequently no filler material is used in this welding process. If the filler material is

used, it feedsdirectly into the weld zone.

13
 Where And Why Is Plasma Used?

Plasma welding meets the high quality and productivity standards of many industries,
especially where stainless steel and noble metals are used as base materials.

It is a good process for welding subassemblies like flanges, tubes, elbows, and similar
parts that are fitted together. Typically, such elements are used in shipyards and
offshore drilling platforms, thermal power plants, refineries, and chemical plants.

It is also applied when manufacturing large cylindrical storage tanks in a flat position or
standing on the bracket.

9. PLASMA HARDFACING

Image of a plasma welded pipe, source: oerlikon-welding.com

Thanks to its low distortion and high welding speeds, plasma welding eliminates most
post-welding straightening operations. It also reduces the amount of necessary filler
metal and achieves high-quality results on radiographic tests.

Types of Plasma Arc Welding

Broadly, there are two types of plasma arc welding. They are:

14
• Transferred Plasma Arc Welding, and

• Non-transferred Plasma Arc Welding

Transferred Plasma Arc Welding: In this type of plasma arc welding

process, the tungsten electrode is fixed to the negative terminal while the
workpiece to the positive terminal. The arc for welding is generated between the
tungsten electrode and the workpiece using a DC current.

Widely used for welding thick metal sheets, the transferred plasma arc welding
process transfer both the plasma and arc to the workpiece which improves the heating
capacity.In this welding process, the tungsten electrode is fixed to the negative
terminal and the workpiece is

fixed to the positive terminal. It also uses a DC current. An arc is generated between
the tungsten

electrode and the workpiece.

In this process, both plasma and arc are transferred to the workpiece it improves the
heating

capacity of the process. It is employed to weld thick sheets

.The transferred PAW method uses direct polarity DC current. And in this method, the
tungsten electrode can be allied to the –ve terminal and the metal can be allied to the
+ve terminal. The arc produces among tungsten electrode as well as work portion. In
this kind of method, both arc and plasma moved toward the work portion, which will
enhance the heating capacity of the method. This type of PAW can be used to join
solid

15
 10. TRANSFERRED & NONTRANFERRED

Non-transferred Plasma Arc Welding : In this type of plasma arc welding

process, the tungsten electrode is connected to the negative terminal and the nozzle is
fixed to the positive pole. In the non-transferred plasma arc welding process, the arc is
generated between the nozzle inside the torch and the tungsten electrode. This
increases the gas ionization inside the torch which is then transferred for further
processing. This type of welding is mainly used for joining thin metal sheets.In this
welding process, DC current is used.negative and the nozzle is attached to the positive
pole. An arc is produced between the tungstenelectrode and nozzle inside the
torchThis will increase the ionization of the gas inside the torch. The torch transfers
this ionized gas for

further processing. It is employed to weld thin sheets.The Non-transferred PAW

method used direct polarity DC current. And in this method the tungsten electrode can
be connected to the –ve and the nozzle can be connected to the +ve pole. The arc
generates among the nozzle as well as tungsten electrode within the torch, which will
enhance the ionization of the gas within the torch. And the torch will transfer the

16
ionized gas for further procedure. This type of PAW can be used to join thin
sheets.Again, based on the amperage used during the welding, plasma arc welding is
classified into three classes.They are:

 Microplasma Welding (0.02 to 15 amperes)

 Plasma welding with the melt-in technique (15 to 100 amperes)

 Plasma welding using the keyhole technique (15 to 350 amperes)

 anual welding is a bit difficult and requires training as mentioned.

Applications of Plasma Arc Welding:

The application of Plasma Arc welding are:

 This welding is used in the marine and aerospace industries.

 This is used to weld pipes and tubes of stainless steel or titanium.

 It is mostly used in electronic industries.

 Also, this is used to repair tools, die, and mold.

 This is used for welding or coating a turbine blade.Aerospace Industries

 Cryogenics

 Foodstuff and Chemical Industries

 Machine and Plant Construction

 Automobiles and Railways

 Ship Construction

 Tank Equipment and Pipeline Construction etc.Aerospace Industries

17
Difference between Plasma Arc Welding and TIG Welding

The main differences between the plasma arc welding and tungsten inert arc welding
process are tabulated below:

Plasma Arc
TIG Welding
Welding

Whereas, In the tungsten inert gas welding

In the plasma arc welding process the process the arc formed by the tungsten
tungsten electrode is suspended inside electrode is maintained in a shielding gas that
the torch nozzle. protects the electrode and weld pool from
contamination.

Plasma arc welding is suitable for

On the other hand, TIG welding is best for
welding both thin and thick metal
welding thin metal pieces.
pieces.

The main advantage of the plasma arc

The main advantage of TIG welding is the
welding process is the possibility to
control of the arc.
create a variety of welds.

Plasma arc welding is much faster than

TIG welding is a comparatively slow process.
TIG welding.

The temperature of the plasma arc is

In TIG welding the generated temperature is
much higher than the temperature
lower than PAW.
generated during Tig welding.

18
Powersupply

A DC power source (generator or rectifier) having drooping characteristics and open

circuit voltage of 70 volts or above is suitable for PAW

Rectifier are generally preferred over DC generator.

Working with He as an inert gas needs open circuit voltage above 70volts. This
voltage can be obtained by series operations of two power sources ; or the arc can be
initiated with argon at normal open circuit voltage and then helium can be switched
on.

High frequency generator and current limiting resistors

Used for arc ignition

Plasma Torch

Either transferred arc or non transferred arc typed

Shielding gases

Shields the molten weld from the atmosphere.

Two inert gases or gas mixtures are employed.

Argon(commonly used). Helium, Argon+HydrogenandArgon+Helium , as inert gases

or gas mixtures.

Helium is preferred where a broad heat input pattern and flatter cover pass is desired.

A mixture of argon and hydrogen supplies heat energy higher than when only argon is
used and thus permits higher arc alloys and stainless steels.

For cutting purposes a mixture of argon and hydrogen (10 -30%) or that of nitrogen
may be used.

Hydrogen, because of its dissociation into atomic form and thereafter recombination
generates temperatures above those attained by using argon or helium alone.

19
Application and performance study of plasma arc welding
technology for metal material

1. With the development of modern science and technology and the upgrading of
China's industry, the

2. manufacturing industry is required to develop in the direction of high-end,

lightweight and so on.

3. Metal materials have become one of the research directions of today's

manufacturing industry.

4. Therefore, metal materials such as high strength steel, aluminium and aluminium
and composite

5. materials have come into people's vision. The use of these metals is increasing
day by day, and higher

6. requirements are put forward for welding technology with high efficiency and
high quality. Processing

7. method is a favorable guarantee for the rapid development of high-tech industry

[6]. It can not only

8. enhance China's core competitiveness, bring huge economic benefits, but also
promote the

9. development of related high-end industries.

10. The research direction of plasma arc welding based on aluminiumalloy,

aluminium matrix

11. composites and metal steel mainly involves the microstructures and properties of
base metal. For

12. plasma arc welding, it has been used in many high precision welding occasions
abroad, and has

20
Plasma welding technology and properties of aluminium and
aluminium matrix composites

1. At present, variable polarity plasma arc welding (VPPAW) is widely used in

plasma welding of

2. aluminium alloy. VPPAW has strong penetrating force, low heat input, high
welding efficiency, low

3. stress and strain after welding. Its unique cathodic cleaning effect can remove
oxide and impurities in

4. molten pool, realize double-sided welding of aluminium alloy sheet and obtain
better welding seam.

5. Because of the difference of composition and welding parameters of aluminium

alloy, the welding

6. seam presents different microstructures and mechanical properties when variable

polarity plasma arc

7. welding aluminium alloy is used. After variable polarity plasma arc welding of
2024 aluminium alloy

8. with Al 2319 as welding wire is in progress, Wang S C et al. [8] systematically

inspected the change of

9. welding structure. The results show that there are obvious differences in the
structure of 2024

10. aluminium alloy after welding. The fusion zone is mainly composed of
dendritic phase of eutectic

11. θ(Al2CuMg), dendritic phase of S(Al2CuMg) and quasicrystalline phase of

ΩAl7Cu2(Fe, Mn) and

21
 12. Al12(Fe, Mn)3Si. In the partial melting zone, the microstructures contain high
density eutectic

13. θ(Al2CuMg) and S(Al2CuMg) phase composite particles, and there is part of
phase between the

14. remelting zone and the aging zone, but the content is lower than that of
S(Al2CuMg). Because the

Welding Parameters :

Current 50 to 350 Amps.

Voltage 27 to 31 Volts.

Gas flow rates 2 to 40 liters/min. (lower range for orifice gas and higher range for
outer shielding gas).

DCSP is normally employed except for the welding of Al in whichcases water cooled
copper anode and DCSP are preferred.

Temp of Jet 50000°F (28000°C)

Current and gas decay control

To close the key hole properly while terminating the weldin the structure.

To avoid atmospheric contamination of the molten metal under

11.WELDING PARAMETERS OF PAW

22
AIR PLASMA ARC cutting

23
DUAL FLOW PLASMA ARC CUTTING

24
 ADVANTAGESPlasma Arc Welding:

1. Permits faster metal deposition rate and high are travel speed as compared to TIG.

2. Uniform penetration with high welding rate is possible

3. Stability of arc and Excellent weld quality

4. Can produce radiographic quality weld at high speed

5. Can weld steel pieces up to about half inch thick, square butt joint

6. Useful for semi automatic and automatic processes.

7. Process is very fast and clean

8. Requires less operator skill due to good tolerance of arc to misalignments,

9. High penetrating capability (keyhole effect)

10. Torch design allows better control of the arc.

11. This method provides more freedom to observe and control the weld.

12. The higher the heat concentration and plasma jet allow faster travel speeds.

13. The high temperature and high heat concentration of plasma allow the keyhole
effect.

14. This provides complete penetration with the single-pass welding of many joints.

15. The heat-affected zone is smaller compared to GTAW (Gas tungsten arc welding).

16. It uses less current input as compared to other welding process.

25
Disadvantages of Plasma Arc Welding :

1. It produces wider welds and heat-affected zones compared to LBW and EBW.

2. Plasma welding equipment is very costly. Hence it will have a higher startup cost.

3. It requires training and specialization to perform plasma welding.

4. It produces ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

5. The method produces higher noise on the order of about 100dB.

6. The torch is bulky and hence m

7. Special protection is required Radiations is produced as Infrared and UVO

Consumption of Inert Gas is high

8. Needs high power electrical equipment.

9. Gives out ultraviolet and infrared radiation.

10. Operation produces a high noise of the order of 100dB.

11. Expensive equipment;

12. Can weld only upto 25mm thickness.

13. High distortions and wide welds as a result of high heat input (in transferred arc
process).

14. More chances of Electrical hazards.

26
Safety In Plasma Arc Welding

Plasma arc welding is quite similar to GTAW process. Therefore the safety
considerations are also similar to those of GTAW.The temperature of the plasma
stream is very high. The column of air just surrounding the plasma gets heated due to
this. This heat causes oxygen in the air to turn into ozone. Ozone inhalation is harmful
to humans. So, adequate ventilation must be provided for this ozone to escape out
from the welding zone.

Some chlorinated solvents in the industry, used for cleaning activities such as
degreasing, are sensitive to the heat of the arc. These solvents evaporate into fumes
even on slight exposure to heat. The fumes, in the form of phosgene gas, are harmful.
Such agents therefore must be removed from the welding area before welding is
undertaken. Also, proper ventilation is necessary.

Up to a transferred arc current of 5A, safety glasses with a filter glass of shade
number 6 should be worn. The safety glasses should have side shields on them.

When currents between 5 amps to 15 amps is used, a face shield should be used in
addition to the safety glasses. Above 15 amperes, a standard welding helmet should
be worn. The shade of filter glass depends on the amperage being used.

Protective clothing should be worn to protect against arc flash and hear burns.

Only a trained welder should handle the equipment. When it is required to replace the
tungsten rod, the electrical power should be turned off.

Proper grounding of the equipment should be done before start of welding.

27
Future prospects of paw

Research and development activities for future for applications areccarried out for
different ferrous and non-ferrous metals which till date cannot be welded well.

The manufacturing of devices for research work and different industry applications
may generate difficult problems in the joining of materials.

With the help of keyhole plasma arc welding process continuous deposition of
allowing materials may be assured.

28
Conclusion:

1. Present review work describes plasma arc welding process . Effect of PAW on
various mechanical properties of different stainless steel has been presented.

2. For different plasma arc welded steel , various of mechanical properties has been
presented.

3. It has been found for same PAW inputs parameters AISI 304L has the highest
hardness and tensile strength.

4. The development of plasma arc welding technology has lasted for about 60 years,
from its initial

5. application in aerospace industry to the popularization of various mechanical

processing. The plasma

6. arc welding technology will be more widely used.

7. With the rapid development and innovation of high-end equipment

manufacturing industry, plasma

8. arc welding technology will have greater development space and potential.
Plasma arc welding will

9. play a more full role in the future because of its characteristics, such as high arc
energy density, strong

10. penetration ability, strong arc directivity, fast welding speed and high efficiency.
Especially at press.

29
References

[1]Welding Research Laboratory of Shenyang Institute of Mechatronics 1978 Plasma

arc and

welding Beingjing: Science Press 1-10

[2]Zhu C, Zhang W, Wang Z P and Zou H 2011 The prospectsof plasma arc welding
and its

application Welding Technology 40(10) 3-5

[3]Wang Z J 2007 Welding method and equipment Beijing: China Machine Press

AEMCME 2019

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 563 (2019) 022003

IOP Publishing

[4]Jiang W, Xu B S, Lu Y H, Xiang Y H, Liu C L and Xia D 2010 Application

prospect of plasma

welding in remanufacturing engineering China Plant Engineering (5) 52-53

[5]Li H, Miao C, Yang L W, Zhang J Y, He Z X and Jiao L 2017 The development of

plasma arc

welding for aluminum alloy and composites Materials Reports31(2) 313-316

[6]Ganguly S, Fitzpatrick M E and Edwards L 2006 Use of neutron and synchrotron

X-ray

diffraction for evaluation of residual stresses in a 2024-T351 aluminum alloy

variable-polarity plasma-arc weld Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A37(2)

30