Maths Internal Assessment

Fundamental Theorem calculus

Introduction

Since the last year during my maths classes, I have been interested in calculus it was

my favorite topic in the syllabus. Calculus is the study of continuous change and arithmetic

operation. Under the topic of calculus we have: differential calculus; integral calculus and

fundamental theorem of calculus. In this IA I will be focus on the fundamental theorem of

calculus, because I have more ideas on that and it could be a good area to analyse. The

fundamental theorem of calculus states that derivative and integration are opposite. Human

did not know before that the differentiation and integration are related, it was known by the

discovery of the theorem. Derivative and integration are the two branches of the

fundamental theorem of calculus. The evolution of the fundamental theorem was done by

many scientists like: James Gregory; Isaac Barrow; Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz who

was the one that transform the knowledge of the previous scientist into a calculus and he

introduced it as the notation we use today.

 I. The first fundamental theorem of calculus

The mean theorem of integration

This part concern the first fundamental theorem of calculus, function can be represented by

f. For instant let f be the function of all x, where the function f(x) is a continuous on [a, b], we

can express the function in this form:

F(x) = ∫ f ( x ) dx
a

F can be differentiated on (a, b) this will give for all x ∈ (a, b), when we differentiate f on (a,

b) the result will be:

F’(x) = f(x)

In the function above we can see that the F’ has been changed to f, for all x in interval we say

that F is the antiderivative of the function f on I, we can represent the interval with the

symbol I. We have some arguments that can support what I just said previously, these

arguments are the proofs of my first part.

Let F(x) =∫ ( x ) dx since x ∈ (a, b) we can pick ∆ x this will give x+∆ x ∈(a , b); when we
a

substitute x+∆ x ∈(a , b) in the function of F(x) =∫ ( x ) dx the equation will change as show
a

below:
 x+∆ x

F(x+∆ x ) = ∫ ( x ) dx
a

Now let subtract the first function of x by the new one

x+∆ x b

F(x+∆ x ) - F(x) = ∫ ( x ) dx−∫ ( x ) dx

a a

Now we will change the position of the two functions as show below:

x+∆ x b x+∆ x

∫ ( x ) dx = ∫ ( x ) dx + ∫ ( x ) dx
a a x

As you can see the (a) disappear in the down part of the integral, let rearrange the function

now:

x+∆ x

F(x+∆ x ) - F(x) = ∫ ( x ) dx
x

In the mean theorem of integration there is existence of a (c), the symbol c means that c

∈( x , x +∆ x ). The c will replace the x in the function of f(x) such that:

x+∆ x

∫ ( x ) dx = f(c)+ ∆ x
x