Pomological characteristics of native Cornelian cherry ~ natural resources for food production in Bosnia and Herzegovina Azra Skender ", Jasna Hasanbegovic?, Samira Dedié!, Semina Hadziabulié”, Dinko Becirspahic!, Hatice Sevde Yitceler* ‘Department of Agriculture, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Bihaé, 77000 Bihaé, Bosnia and Herzegovina *Department of Agriculture, Agromediterranean Faculty, Dzemal Bijedié University of Mostar, 88104 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina ‘Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Tirkiye Correspondence: skender.azra7i @gmail com Abstract The comelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) can be used as both food and medicine, and it is tolerant to disease and pests. It can be found naturally in the south-eastern and central regions of Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a well known by its rich gene pool of comelian cherry genotypes and large number of natural populations. The aim of this study was to determine basic pomological characteristics of comelian cherry zenotypes from twelve populations from three regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Zenica, Mostar, Drvar). The evaluation was carried out over period of 2 years, 2020 and 2021. The Cornelian cherries weighted from 1.32 g to 3.37 g per fruit. The fruit length ranged from 10.94 mm to 19.69 mm, The fruit width ranged from 10.75 mm to 15.9 mm, Dry matter, total sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose, total acidity, ash content, iron content and phosphorus content of comelian cherry from twelve populations were found between 15.74%-28,39%, 8.38% 16.41%, 7.62%6-15.5%, 0.65%-0.88%, 3.73%-6.11%, 0.48% 1.34%, 0.47-2.27 mg per 100 g and 129.34-393.25 mg per 100 g. pH value varied between 2.83 and 3.18. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the first and second components accounted for 49.41% and 71.19% of the total variance. The most significant properties of the first component relate to the morphometric and chemical properties of comnelian cherry fruit. Cluster analysis revealed grouping in three main clusters. These results can serve as a guideline for the development of sustainable cornelian cherries. production programs and especially for organic food production. Key words: Comelian cherry (Cornus mas L.), natural populations, morphological characteristics, chemical characteristics, organic food production 8® International Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 2022 ‘Ankara University, Ankara hutps://www-agricongress.gen.tr1. Introduction The comelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the most valuable fruit plants and known in garden cultivation for 4000 years. This plant comes from the foothills of the Caucasus and from there spreads over Tirkiye, Romania, Bulgaria and Htaly in to the inland European continents, Comelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is primarily grown in the temperate zone of Eurasia, up to 1400 m.as.l. and is tolerant to diverse abiotic and biotic conditions. It is a tall shrub or small tree from 2 to 8 m high. Comelian cherry trees begin to flower in early spring but bear the fruit in the late period. The fruits are light or dark red-colored, oval-shaped, and 10-30 mm long ‘with a weight of 2-5 g. (lacimovic et al. 2015). Comelian cherry has regained an increasing interest because of its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential (Guzel 2021). Increasing number of studies in natural population and breeding of Comelian cherry have been started with the increasing demand of these fruits considered as healthy food. Despite their health benefits, comelian cherry fruits are still being underutilized as food or ingredients. Recent research has highlighted the potential of Comelian cherry fruits to be used in novel food developments such as liquors, yogurt, meads, beers, vinegars and brine fruits. (Szcepaniak et al. 2019). In the Balkan, fresh fruits are used for making comelian cherry “vodka” and “rakia", which are popular in this region. The fruits are also used in the Caucasian cuisine — dried and ground fruits ave used for seasoning meat marinades and sauces for roasted game. Fresh fruits ean be an ideal additive to cakes and desserts. Roasted comelian cherry seeds can also be used as coffee (Kazimierski et al. 2019). Local genotypes and local cultivars are better natural sources of high {quality compounds and possess a higher potential as novel functional ingredients compared to introduced cultivars (Martinovié & Cavoski 2020). Ecological or organic production is a comprehensive management system for farms and food production that combines best environmental practices, a high degree of biodiversity conservation of natural resources, the application of high standards and production methods that are appropriate given that some consumers prefer products produced using natural substances and processes (Jarossova 2019). Recent scientific research indicates that consumers ‘buy organic food mainly because they believe that products are safer, healthier, of better quality and better for animals and the environment (Denver et al. 2019) 'A lot of high-quality berries are grown in Bosnia and Herzegovina, There are large natural populations of wild berry species, including particular black mulberries and cometian cherries, fand all of these fruits are a valuable source of healthy phytonutrients and have been the subject of many studies (Skender et al. 2014; Alibabié et al. 2018; Skender et al. 2019: Akagié et al 2020), Bosnia and Herzegovina is a well known by its rich gene pool of comelian cherry genotypes and large number of natural populations. Cornelian cherry fruits collected in natural populations are a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds and gene stock for breeding programs (Skender et al. 2022). Its fruit is not only important for nutrients but also highly tolerant to most biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. In addition, the plant is in general grown as wild or semi-wild in natural growing conditions without pesticides treatments. Thus, it is accepted as one of the most important fruit species that could be used in organic fruit production. However, it is not a frequently searched fruit species in Bosnia and Herzegovina yet and needs to study on it (Drkenda et al, 2014) ‘The purpose of this study was to investigate basic pomological characteristics of native comelian cherry genotypes from twelve populations from three regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina for further breeding program and organic food production. '$® International Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 24 ‘Ankara University, Ankara hutps://www.agricongress gen. There were apasstcaly significant differences among genotypes in terms of all chemical content at the 0.05 level ‘Table 3: Chemical properties of cornelian cherry fruits mare | jaatsapr | Ret | | vaca | Pao” | wae at | TARR | tes | Pealenea Do fiser [among [ster Yao cet | 970 Tone | Sopp | ore | THe | arene | [ps [irate Tomo [osty | aot [ozon Passi | sviotie | othe 2 sigh | oe Tan lose [osar [aed [iis fouae Pore | osu | ete ot eT asan[nseg [2nsde [tate [ie [sopdee [ores _{ iste) aah oT rsni tamed [antsted [inala | isse [a1 _fosse [ee Tae eee not Lassie [amet [rane [isan [aus fos | ihe teak Mt th [se [aside [amet foam fas [sme fore |e Leis Me pa fie [me [ise fare [swam Tose [iste a pal os se Tassg [sort fon, [og Ta poms | Eeab ee [wala fasrg [2s6ae [wor [oor [ane [ose Lostas ee ee Twain [aastd [aoveae [ase [rar assy Tome | OS 93s | A — rca oang [ascii [ame _[sx_[annie [ace [ostai_[- ons n Different letters within the same column indicate significant differences among growing populations (p < 0.05). B International Agriculture Congress. 26-28 October 2022 ‘Ankara University, Ankara biips:/ www agricongress.gen tr Ba76 The minimal content of dry matter was determined in the fruits from Zenica/Gratanica locality (ZG) 15.741 %, and the maximal 28.39% in the fruit from Mostar/Kokorine locality. Dry matter content in comelian cherry fruit in the literature ranged from 9.8 to 32.37 (Drkenda et al. 2014; Mratinié et al. 2015; Bijeli¢ et al. 2015; Okatan 2016; Jaéimovié et al. 2020; Martinovié & Cavoski 2020; Giizel 2021; Skender 2022). Our results are in accordance with these results Several factors are responsible for the amount of dry matter in comelian cherry fruits,ineluding genetic background, growing conditions, plant age, climatic and soil properties (Jacimovie ct al. 2020). Humans intake an important amount of minerals, biologically valuable molecules, with a diet mostly of plant origin (Jacimovié etal. 2020). In this study, the total amount of ash varied from 0.48% (ZD) to 1.34% (MK). A previous study also indicated variation in ash content ranging from 0.51 to 1.13% in comelian cherry fruits grown in Turkiye (Ercisli et al. 2011). The ‘comelian cherry genotypes sampled from Montenegro gave ash amounts of 0.89-1.16% (Jacimovié et al. 2020). ‘The average value of pH was from 2.83 to 3.18. This result is in agreement with literature (2.8) reported by Gunduc (2013) and Okatan (2016) from Turkiye (2.6 ~4.02). Guzel (2021) reported higher value (3.41 ~ 3,69) also from Turkiye. ‘Comelian cherries include plenty of sugars in their fruit and have a significant energy value. In this research, the total sugar content of the comelian cherry was in the range of 8.38% (ZL) up to 16.41% (ML). Sugar content in comelian cherry fruit was previously investigated by many scientists: Drkenda et al. 2014); Islamovie et al. (2014); Bijelié et al. (2015); Jagimovie et al. (2020); Skender et al. (2022). They found from 6.2% to 20.68% total sugars in fruits of the comelian cherry. ‘The acidity is an important index for assessing the quality of fresh fruit (Jiang & Nie 2015) as the ratio of total acid content to the amount of sugar in the fruit has an impact on the taste because of reducing the effect of acidity on sweetness and enhancing effect on the sourness (Gunduz & Ozbay 2018). The total acidity in these studies varied from 3.73% (ML) to 6.11% (DM). From previous studies, it ean be concluded that the total acid content varied from 0.22% to 4.10% in comelian cherry fruits (Gunduz 2013; Drkenda et al. 2014; Islamovié et al. 2014; Bijeli¢ ct al. 2015; Comescu & Cosmulescu 2017; Jagimovic et al, 2020; Martinovie etal. 2020: Guzel 2021; Skender et al. 2022). Our total acidity results were in agreement with the previous studies. Phosphorus is very important mineral in the body, for strong bones and teeth. Phosphorus is needed to help balance and usc other vitamins and minerals. It also helps reduce muscle pain after a hard workout. Phosphorus is needed for the growth, maintenance and repair of all tissues and cells, and for the production of the genetic building block, DNA and RNA (Takeda et al 2004). In our study, phosphorus content varied between 129.34 and 393.25 mg/100 g FW, which is lower than that reported by Sochor et al. (2014) in Czech (259.9-435.1 mg CGE/100 2 FW), but higher those reported by Jaéimovic et al (2020) from Montenegro (179-206.6 mg CGE/100 g FW) and Skender ct al. (2022) from north west part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (155.52 ~ 263.06 mg CGE/100 g FW). The content of phosphorus in comelian cherry fruits from Turkiye studied by Gozlekci et al. (2017) ranged from 280 ~ 350 mg CGE/100 g FW which is close to results presented in this study. ‘When we observe the iron (Fe) content, fruits from twelve localities have different results. The results have a variation between 0.47 and 2.27 mg/100 g. which is lower than that reported by Gozlekci (2017) from Tirkiye (2.3 ~ 3.4 mg/100 g) but higher than that reported by Jacimovic et al, (2020) from Montenegro (0.38 ~ 1.42 mg/100 g) mg/100 g and Skender ct al. (2022) from ‘8 Intemational Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 2022 ‘Ankara University, Ankara hups:/ww agricongress gen. soninorthwest part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (0.25 ~ 0.93 mg/100 g). Iron is an important element for human health. It participates in the transfer of oxygen and electrons in our body. It is also vital for the normal functioning of the central nervous system (Mahapatra et al. 2012). 3.3. Multivariate Data Analysis i * Table 4 presents the results of the five main components of the PCA analysis, and Table 5 indicates a contribution of each of the 13 analysed traits in the total variability. Analysing the results of the five main components of the PCA analysis shown in Table 4, one can see the contribution of each of the 13 analysed pomological traits in the total variability present in the analysed set of 12 localities of cornelian cherry. Each of the 13 observed traits is found with a high value of eigenvectors in one of the first five main components, The variables with the highest values of eigenvectors in the first five main components are presented: PCAL - dry matter, water, total ash, total sugars and reducing sugars; PCA2— pH, total acidity, fruit weight and fruit length; PCA3 — iron and fruit width; Pr PCAS — total ash, ‘Ad — sucrose and phosphorus; ‘The analysis of the obtained results shows that they are through the dominant eigenvectors in the first main component (PCA), which amounted to 49.028% of the total variance of the research. The most significant properties of the first component relate to the morphometric and chemical properties of the comelian cherry fruit. Table 4. Eigenvalues, the proportion of variance, and cumulative variance associated with the first five main components (PCA), estimated from a 13 variable correlation matrix for 12 growing localities f aa peat [Peat [Peas [ reat [Peas Feigurton ofvarianee(@O) [49.008 [2137 [11248 [e350 | s30 ‘Cumulative variance (%) | 49.028 —[ 70.865 [R2.113 | 88.403 [93.840 The highest values of eigenvectors were water and total sugars (13,673 and 13.366). Reducing sugars had lower values of eigenvectors (13.253) and dry matter (13.225). As part of the second main component, which amounts to 70.865 of the total variability of the experiment, most of the properties with a high value for the eigenvector are related to the morphological and chemical composition of comelian cherry fruits. The properties with the highest value of all of the eigenvectors from above are fruit length and total acidity (27.778 and 25.179) (Table 5). ee ‘8 Intemational Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 2022 ‘Ankara University, Ankar Ihups:/www.agricongress ”8 “Table 5: Coefficients and eigenvalue for the first five principal components (PC) of PCA for cornelian cherry sampled from Bosnia and Herzegovina (bold significant sources of variability) Varibles PCAL [pcaz PEAS PCA PCAS ‘Dry matter -DM 13.225 Tazo | 0968 5996 07066 | Water -W 13.673 Lo? 0.688 5205. 0889 Toul ash-TA $20 [oara 0.190, L175 pil —Tsss10 [ises0 Toss} Raa ei aiSegari TS [13.366 [os 17291 04295 otal acidity “TAA [1.087 [asar9 [1516 12900 [Sucrose-S 10925 0.162 3.138 | 12.470 Seiaz mers RS [13259 [ori [7661 oss Phosphorus - P 4293 [2sio 3.008 ~faoa2 Iron- Fe 0972 _—*+1 4333 32.937 16.037 Fruit weight FW 3677 mai [3351_— 7200 | Fruit length - FL. 0394 [21.778 [sto 1059] Fruit width - FWW [10.352 09 13.704 043 Dus to the visualization of the level of statistical significance of the separation of individual genotypes and groups of comelian cherry genotypes in the first three graphs (Figure 1, Figure 5 Figure 3), ellipsoids were set up where the tested comelian cherry genotypes were classified into appropriate populations according to varietal affiliation with 95% confidence. The result fof the association of the above-mentioned comelian cherry genotypes within individual populations is the presentation of the dispersion of genotypes in the above-mentioned populations based on the values of the previously mentioned source variables. Variables - PCA 10 i Dime (21.8%) Dit (49%) Figure 1. Grouping and relationships of 13 variables of pomological characteris comelian cherry fruit, versus the first two main components (PCI and PC2) ies analysed Figures 2 and 3 show the distribution of 12 growing localities obtained using the first two main components, which were calculated via a correlation matrix for 13 examined morphological and chemical characteristics. It can be stated that no separation into separate groups was observed. Analysing the first ‘wo components, which contain 70.865% of the total variability of the experiment, itis noticeable that all groups of growing localities were grouped mostly in 8" Intemational Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 2022 Ankara University, Ankara hutps://www.agricongress gen.tr siedifferent part of the coordinate system. Figure 3 shows that there was a partial degree of overlap between the analysed localities, which may indicate the fact that over time there was an exchange of genetic material, or confirms the anthropogenic impact in terms of retention and spread of comelian cherry genotypes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Individuals - PCA cose o os Sabenerees eremene eda Sr) @ 07 @ 4? e @oe io oe . i S Dimt (49%) ‘Dime (21 8%) Figure 2, Grouping of 12 comelian cherry localities concerning the first two main components (PCAL and PCA2) Individuals - PCA 28 f POPULATION ©) onar f er? Mostar Dimt (49%) Figure 3. Grouping of 12 comelian cherry localities from 3 regions concerning the first two main components (PCAL and PCA2) ure 4 (biplot) also includes an analytical presentation of the original analysed properties From this graph, itis noticeable that there is a weak positive correlation between fruit weight fruit length, total acidity and fruit width. The presence of a strong positive correlation was noted between the characteristics (phosphorus, iron, total ash, dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugars and total sugars). The graph shows a weak negative correlation between the pH value and the ‘water content. —_—_—— 8 Imemational Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 2022 Ankara University, Ankara Lttps://www.agricongress.gen.tr 79PCA- Bipot (Dima (21 8%) Dent (49%) sure 4. Biplot 12 localities separated based on pomological properties by analysis of major Components. The original properties are shown as vectors where the direction indicates the value for each property and the length indicates the level of variability analysis was conducted (Figure 5). After the hierarchical cluster analysis, the existence of divergence ofthe examined localities is visible. The separation of sit analysed samples into three different clusters is visible. Inthe first cluster, included 3 corelian cherry populations: Mostar LakSevine (ML), Mostar Hodbina (MH) and Mostar Kokoring (MK), The second, the biggest cluster included 5 localities: Drvar Vrtote (DV), Drvar Bastasi (DB), Divar Mrde (DM), Drvar Grad (DG) and Mostar Vrapcici (MV). The third cluster (neludes 4 localities: Zenica Podjazbina (ZP), Zenica Laze (ZL), Zenica Drinjani (ZD) and Zenica Gratanica (2 Also, a hierarchical cluster Cluster Dendrogrem Figure 5. Dendrogram created on the basis of Euclidean matrix - Euclidean distance between average values for 13 pomological traits of comelian cherry fruit from 12 different growing localities ‘Ankara University, Ankara hutps:/svww agricongress, gen tr 80To identify promising comelian cherry genotypes, ic., those that are characterized by desirable morphological characteristics, the average values of all monitored, morphological and chemical traits were analysed. The results of the factor analysis are completely in agreement with the results of the obtained hierarchical cluster analysis, which classifies comelian cherry genotypes into 3 separate clusters (Figure 6). In the right part of the coordinate system, cornelian cherry genotypes were grouped, which showed the highest average values of the examined characteristics, while in the left part, comelian cherry genotypes, which were characterized by lower values of the examined characteristics, were grouped. Factor map ‘ent (40%) Figure 6. Arrangement of analysed comelian cherry localities into separate clusters using hierarchical cluster analysis over factor data analy From the above results, we can see that comnelian cherry populations were classified according, to localities according to their average values of the examined characteristics, and it can be concluded that the locality was significant in the separation of populations (figure 3, 4 and 5), ‘The comelian cherries from the Mostar Vrapéici locality were grouped according to its characteristics into the Drvar region, which tells us that only that population had the most similar average values of the examined characteristics 4. Conclusions Bosnia and Herzegovina is very rich in natural resources of Comelian cherry. This research showed that Comelian cherry fruits from natural populations have good pomological properties. The fruits of Cornelian cherry from the Drvar region are particularly high-quality, with good morphological and chemical properties. This region is known for its good conditions for growing comelian cherry. Some of these trees could be propagated by grafting, We should continue with the selection of quality populations and genotypes of this unused and forgotten, fruit species. It is necessary to improve and intensify the production of Comelian cherry fruit It is especially important to emphasize that Comelian cherry is easy to grow organically. Comelian cherry might be a strong alternative to use as a potential ingredient of nutriceutical cr food formulation. The results indicate the importance of this native species as a valuable resource for use in human nutrition and food production Intemational Agriculture Congress, 2 Ankara University, Ankara |ntps://worw.agricongress.gen.tr 8 October 81 res5, References 10. u ‘Akagic A, Vranac-Oras A, Onidevié-2aljevié S, Spaho N, Drkenda P. Bijedié A, Memié $ & Hudina M (2020). Geographic variability of sugars and organic acids in selected wild fruit species. 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Priruénik za Kontrolu Kvaliteta Svezeg i Preradenog Voda, Povrda i Peéurki i OsveZavajucih Bezalkoholnih Pia; Tehnoloski fakultet: Novi Sad, Serbia 8 International Agriculture Congress, 26-28 October 2022 Ankara University, Ankara bntps://www.agricongress gen.tr } i & baruad ssasfuoauite-wnunyysdny muequy “Ausiaauy EE i ‘ssai8u0.) auTyynausy [eUOHRUDLET ‘youeaso1 StIp JO soueyodunt ay) pozruFoso1 rip vuIAo#aZa} pu elusog Jo aaud!9g pue UONEINpg Jo AnsIUHA, [piapog at 0} ssoujnyores samp ssordxo ot ay] pInoM sHo\pNe aL :syuIMBpa|ouyoV _purno82z19}{ pur equsog jo suoneyndog [eam1eN, tn Kazoyo ueyauto> Jo UoHezuoIDeLeY.) [P>HHojoUIog pus 9N2udH,, 190fo1d vUIAOazI9}] pue ‘rusog] ‘aauaI9g ple Uoneanpy Jo ANSTUNY e9Pa4 any Xq papuny sex Yosuasos SM :BUYPUN cy