Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13

6XVWDLQDEOH&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHVDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ0DWHULDOV6&(6&0

1H[WJHQHUDWLRQZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUVWRZDUG
VXVWDLQDEOHFLYLOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
%)6SHQFHU-UD -:3DUND.$0HFKLWRYE+-RF*$JKDE
a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
b
Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
c
Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA

$EVWUDFW

7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWRIDQH[WJHQHUDWLRQZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRU:66SODWIRUPWRHQDEOHDPRUHDFFXUDWH

LQH[SHQVLYHDQGJUHDWO\VLPSOLILHGPHWKRGRILQVWUXPHQWLQJVWUXFWXUHVIRUVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ7KHPRGXODUKDUGZDUH
SODWIRUP IHDWXUHV D ELW KLJKSUHFLVLRQ DQDORJWRGLJLWDO FRQYHUWHU ZLWK HLJKW GLIIHUHQWLDO FKDQQHOV RI DQDORJ LQSXW DQG
SURJUDPPDEOHDQWLDOLDVLQJILOWHUV7KHQRGHFDQPHDVXUHLWKUHHD[HVRIDFFHOHUDWLRQIRUJOREDOUHVSRQVHPRQLWRULQJLLVWUDLQ
IRUORFDOUHVSRQVHPRQLWRULQJLLLWHPSHUDWXUHDQGLYKLJKOHYHOYROWDJHVLJQDOVIURPH[WHUQDOVHQVRUVSURYLGLQJWKHPXOWLVFDOH
VHQVHG LQIRUPDWLRQ QHHGHG IRU DGYDQFHG VWUXFWXUDO KHDOWK PRQLWRULQJ 6+0 &RPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK D SRZHURSWLPL]HG =LJ%HH
UDGLR FDQ EH DFKLHYHG DW GLVWDQFHV RI XS WR  NP $Q H[WHQVLEOH DFWRUEDVHG VRIWZDUH IUDPHZRUN IDFLOLWDWHV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI
GLVWULEXWHG6+0DSSOLFDWLRQV7KHIUDPHZRUNHPSOR\VDVHUYLFHRULHQWHGDUFKLWHFWXUH62$DSSURDFKDQGSURYLGHVDVXLWHRI
PRGXODUUHXVDEOHDQGH[WHQVLEOHPLGGOHZDUHVHUYLFHVVXLWDEOHIRU:66DSSOLFDWLRQV7KLVSODWIRUPDGGUHVVHVFULWLFDO6+0QHHGV
HQDEOLQJ WLJKWO\V\QFKURQL]HG VHQVLQJDGGUHVVLQJ GDWDORVVDQGHIILFLHQWO\LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH GHPDQGLQJ QXPHULFDO DOJRULWKPV
UHTXLUHGIRUV\VWHPLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGGDPDJHGHWHFWLRQRQVHQVRUQRGHVZLWKOLPLWHGUHVRXUFHV
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
© 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI6&(6&0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
Keywords:ZLUHOHVVVHQVRUVPDUWVHQVRU[QRGHVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

6WUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ6+0FRPELQLQJYDULRXVVHQVLQJWHFKQRORJLHVZLWKGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJ

FDSDELOLW\SOD\VDSLYRWDOUROHLQDVVHVVLQJWKHFRQGLWLRQRIVWUXFWXUHV7KHDELOLW\WRFRQWLQXRXVO\PRQLWRUWKHLQWHJULW\



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:EIV#LOOOLQRLVHGX

1877-7058 © 2017 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of SCESCM 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.304
6 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13

RI VWUXFWXUHV LQ UHDOWLPH FDQ SURYLGH IRU LQFUHDVHG VDIHW\ WR WKH SXEOLF SDUWLFXODUO\ IRU WKH DJLQJ VWUXFWXUHV LQ
ZLGHVSUHDGXVHWRGD\7KHDELOLW\WRGHWHFWGDPDJHDWDQHDUO\VWDJHFDQUHGXFHWKHFRVWVDQGGRZQWLPHDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKUHSDLURIFULWLFDOGDPDJH2EVHUYLQJDQGRUSUHGLFWLQJWKHRQVHWRIGDQJHURXVVWUXFWXUDOEHKDYLRUVXFKDVIOXWWHU
LQEULGJHVFDQDOORZIRUDGYDQFHZDUQLQJRIVXFKEHKDYLRUDQGFRPPHQFHPHQWRIPLWLJDWLQJFRQWURORUUHPRYDORI
WKHVWUXFWXUHIURPVHUYLFHIRUWKHSURWHFWLRQRIKXPDQOLIH,QDGGLWLRQWRPRQLWRULQJORQJWHUPGHJUDGDWLRQDVVHVVPHQW
RI VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ DIWHU FDWDVWURSKLF HYHQWV VXFK DV HDUWKTXDNHV KXUULFDQHV WRUQDGRV RU ILUHV LV YLWDO 7KHVH
DVVHVVPHQWVFDQEHDVLJQLILFDQWH[SHQVHERWKLQWLPHDQGPRQH\DVZDVVHHQDIWHUWKH1RUWKULGJHHDUWKTXDNH
ZLWKWKHVKHHUQXPEHURIEXLOGLQJVWKDWQHHGHGWRKDYHWKHPRPHQWUHVLVWLQJFRQQHFWLRQVLQVSHFWHG$GGLWLRQDOO\
VWUXFWXUHV LQWHUQDOO\ EXW QRW REYLRXVO\ GDPDJHG LQ DQ HDUWKTXDNH PD\ EH LQ JUHDW GDQJHU RI FROODSVH GXULQJ
DIWHUVKRFNV VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ DVVHVVPHQW FDQ KHOS WR LGHQWLI\ VXFK VWUXFWXUHV WR HQDEOH HYDFXDWLRQ RI EXLOGLQJ
RFFXSDQWV DQG FRQWHQWV SULRU WR DIWHUVKRFNV )XUWKHUPRUH DIWHU QDWXUDO GLVDVWHUV LW LV LPSHUDWLYH WKDW HPHUJHQF\
IDFLOLWLHVDQGHYDFXDWLRQURXWHVLQFOXGLQJEULGJHVDQGKLJKZD\VEHDVVHVVHGIRUVDIHW\$GGUHVVLQJWKHVHLVVXHVLVWKH
JRDORI6+0
9LVXDOLQVSHFWLRQKDVEHHQWKHFRPPRQSUDFWLFHLQLQVSHFWLQJDQGPRQLWRULQJWKHFRQGLWLRQRIFLYLOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV
+RZHYHUFRVWRIWHQSURKLELWVWKHXVHRIYLVXDOLQVSHFWLRQWRLQIUHTXHQWRFFXUUHQFHV:LUHGVHQVRUEDVHGPRQLWRULQJ
V\VWHPVKDYHORQJEHHQWKHPRVWFRPPRQVXSSOHPHQWWRLQVSHFWLRQVKRZHYHUUHDOL]DWLRQVRIVXFKZLUHGV\VWHPVDUH
OLPLWHGE\WKHKLJKFRVWRILQVWUXPHQWDWLRQDQGPDLQWHQDQFHGXHWRFDEOLQJVFDODELOLW\LVWKHPDLQLVVXHVWKDWOLPLWV
WKHXVHRIZLUHGEDVHGV\VWHPLQODUJHUDQGPRUHFRPSOH[VWUXFWXUHV)RULQVWDQFHWKHWRWDOFRVWRIWKHPRQLWRULQJ
V\VWHPRQWKH%LOO(PHUVRQ0HPRULDO%ULGJHLQ&DSH*LUDUGHDX0LVVRXULZDVDSSUR[LPDWHO\PLOOLRQIRU
DFFHOHURPHWHUVZKLFKPDNHVWKHDYHUDJHLQVWDOOHGFRVWSHUVHQVRUDOLWWOHPRUHWKDQWKLVFRVWLVQRWDW\SLFDO
RIWRGD\¶VZLUHG6+0V\VWHPV>@
:LUHOHVV VPDUW VHQVRUV DUH DQ DWWUDFWLYH DOWHUQDWLYH GLIIHULQJ IURP WUDGLWLRQDO ZLUHG VHQVRUV LQ D QXPEHU RI
VLJQLILFDQW ZD\V )RU H[DPSOH HDFK :66 QRGH FRPPXQLFDWHV ZLUHOHVVO\ HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH QHHG IRU FRVWO\ FDEOLQJ
0RUHRYHUHDFKQRGHKDVDQRQERDUGPLFURSURFHVVRUWKDWFDQEHXVHGIRUGLJLWDOVLJQDOSURFHVVLQJVHOIGLDJQRVLV
VHOIFDOLEUDWLRQVHOILGHQWLILFDWLRQDQGVHOIDGDSWDWLRQIXQFWLRQV6HQVRUFDQEHHDVLO\GHSOR\HGPRYHGDQGUHSODFHG
DIWHULQLWLDOLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQRIWKHV\VWHP
5HVHDUFKHUVKDYHPDGHFRQWLQXRXVHIIRUWVWRGHYHORSDVHULHVRIZLUHOHVVRUVPDUWVHQVRUSODWIRUPVWRIDFLOLWDWH
VWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ>@:LUHOHVVVHQVRUVKDYHEHHQFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOHIRURYHUDGHFDGHKRZHYHURQO\
DOLPLWHGQXPEHURIIXOOVFDOHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVKDYHEHHQUHDOL]HGSULPDULO\GXHWRWKHODFNRIFULWLFDOKDUGZDUHDQG
VRIWZDUHHOHPHQWV2QHH[DPSOHRIIXOOVFDOHGHSOR\PHQWZDVDZLUHOHVVVHQVRUQHWZRUNLPSOHPHQWHGRQWKH*ROGHQ
*DWH%ULGJHLQZKLFKKDGLVVXHVZLWKVFDODELOLW\RIWKHQHWZRUNLWWRRNDSSUR[LPDWHO\KRXUVWRFROOHFW
VHFRQGV RI GDWD VDPSOHG DW  +] IURP  VHQVRU QRGHV WR D FHQWUDO ORFDWLRQ >@ 2Q WKH KDUGZDUH VLGH WKH
GHYHORSHGVHQVRUQRGHZDVRQO\DEOHWRPHDVXUHDFFHOHUDWLRQGDWDRXWRIDYDLODEOHPHDVXUDQGVVXFKDVVWUDLQDQGZLQG
GDWDWKDWDUHQHFHVVDU\IRULQWHJUDWHGVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJRIWKHEULGJH7RDGGUHVVWKHVHLVVXHVUHVHDUFKHUVDW
WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLVEXLOWXSRQWKH,PRWHSODWIRUPRYHUFRPLQJQXPHURXVKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUHKXUGOHV7KHVH
GHYHORSPHQWVZHUHVKRZFDVHGLQD86.RUHD-DSDQFROODERUDWLRQWKDWGHSOR\HGWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWZLUHOHVVVPDUW
VHQVRU QHWZRUN WR PRQLWRU WKH QG -LQGR %ULGJH LQ 6RXWK .RUHD > @ 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ WKH ,PRWH LV QR ORQJHU LQ
SURGXFWLRQ
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVWKHUHFHQWGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH;QRGHDQH[WJHQHUDWLRQZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRU:66SODWIRUP
WRHQDEOHDPRUHDFFXUDWHLQH[SHQVLYHDQGJUHDWO\VLPSOLILHGPHWKRGRILQVWUXPHQWLQJVWUXFWXUHVIRUVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWK
PRQLWRULQJ7KLVSODWIRUPDGGUHVVHVFULWLFDO6+0QHHGVHQDEOLQJWLJKWO\V\QFKURQL]HGVHQVLQJDGGUHVVLQJGDWDORVV
DQG HIILFLHQWO\ LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH GHPDQGLQJ QXPHULFDO DOJRULWKPV UHTXLUHG IRU V\VWHP LGHQWLILFDWLRQ DQG GDPDJH
GHWHFWLRQRQVHQVRUQRGHVZLWKOLPLWHGUHVRXUFHV

([SHULHQFHDQGOHVVRQVOHDUQHGIURPWKHQG-LQGR%ULGJHGHSOR\PHQW

7KLVVHFWLRQEULHIO\VXPPDUL]HVWKHQG-LQGR%ULGJHGHSOR\PHQWDQGGLVFXVVHVWKHNH\OHVVRQVOHDUQHGIURPWKDW
H[SHULHQFH )LUVW WKH QHFHVVDU\ KDUGZDUH DQG VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQWV DUH GLVFXVVHG  6XEVHTXHQWO\ WKH IXOOVFDOH
GHSOR\PHQWDQGUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHG,QGHSWKUHSRUWVRIWKHGHSOR\PHQWDQGWKHGHVLJQRIWKHKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUH
IUDPHZRUNDUHIRXQGLQ5HIV>@
 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13 7

2.1. Hardware Development

$ZLUHOHVVVHQVRUSODWIRUPGHVLJQHGIRUGDWDLQWHQVLYHDSSOLFDWLRQV,QWHO¶V,PRWHZDVVHOHFWHGIRUWKLVHIIRUWGXHWR
LWVKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH;VFDOHSURFHVVRU3;$[UDQJLQJIURPWR0+]DQGUHODWLYHO\ODUJHPHPRU\VL]HRI
0%)/$6+DQG0%6'5$0VXFKODUJH5$0HQDEOHVWKHRQERDUGFRPSXWDWLRQVDQGVHUYHVDVVWRUDJHRIORQJ
WHUPPHDVXUHPHQWV6HQVLQJZLWKWKH,PRWHLVIDFLOLWDWHGE\VHQVRUERDUGVVWDFNHGRQWKH,PRWHYLDWZRERDUGWR
ERDUGFRQQHFWRUV7RPHDVXUHYDULRXVUHVSRQVHVVXFKDVDFFHOHUDWLRQVWUDLQDQGZLQGVSHHGWRDFFXUDWHO\LGHQWLI\
VWUXFWXUDOFRQGLWLRQRIWKHEULGJHVHYHUDOW\SHVRIVHQVRUERDUGVZHUHGHYHORSHGVHH)LJWKH6+0$ERDUGDQG
6+0+ERDUGVZHUHGHYHORSHGWRPHDVXUHDFFHOHUDWLRQDQGKLJKSUHFLVLRQDFFHOHUDWLRQUHVSRQVHRIWKHEULGJH6+0
6ERDUGZDVGHYHORSHGWRPHDVXUHVWUDLQUHVSRQVH6+0'$4ERDUGZDVGHYHORSHGWRPHDVXUHDQDORJVHQVRUVLJQDO
DQGFRQQHFWHGWRDQHPRPHWHUWRDFTXLUHZLQGLQIRUPDWLRQDWWKHEULGJHVLWH


   
D6+0$ E6+0+ F6+06 G6+0'$4

)LJ'HYHORSHGVHQVRUERDUGVDD[LVDFFHOHUDWLRQEKLJKSUHFLVLRQDFFHOHUDWLRQFVWUDLQGDQDORJGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQ

2.2. Software Development

7KH ,OOLQRLV 6WUXFWXUDO +HDOWK 0RQLWRULQJ 3URMHFW ,6+03 6HUYLFHV 7RROVXLWH GHYHORSHG WKURXJK FROODERUDWLRQ
EHWZHHQ UHVHDUFKHUV LQ 6PDUW 6WUXFWXUHV 7HFKQRORJ\ /DERUDWRU\ DQG 2SHQ 6\VWHPV /DERUDWRU\ DW 8QLYHUVLW\ RI
,OOLQRLVDW8UEDQD&KDPSDLJQLVWKHVRIWZDUHIRXQGDWLRQIRUWKH,PRWHEDVHGUHPRWHVHQVLQJIXQFWLRQDOLW\GHSOR\HG
DWWKHQG-LQGR%ULGJH:LWKWKH7RROVXLWHWKHVHSRZHUIXOQRGHVFDQDFKLHYHKLJKO\V\QFKURQL]HGGDWDFROOHFWLRQ
DJJUHJDWLRQV\QWKHVLVDQGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQUHDOWLPH7KHGLVWULEXWHGDSSOLFDWLRQFRRUGLQDWHGVFKHGXOHGDQGHYHQW
WULJJHUHG GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQ SRZHU PDQDJHPHQW DQG QHWZRUN PRQLWRULQJ DQG PDLQWHQDQFH IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV %HFDXVH
6+0 DSSOLFDWLRQV IRU :661V UHTXLUH FRPSOH[ SURJUDPPLQJ UDQJLQJ IURP QHWZRUN IXQFWLRQDOLW\ WR HPEHGGHG
DOJRULWKPLPSOHPHQWDWLRQVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQWLQWKLVHQYLURQPHQWLVYHU\GLIILFXOWH[DFHUEDWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDW
PDQ\GLIIHUHQWVHQVRUSODWIRUPVH[LVWZLWKWKHLURZQVSHFLDOSXUSRVHRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQV7KHVHUYLFH
RULHQWHG DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH ,OOLQRLV 6+0 7RROVXLWH LV EDVHG RQ WKH DFWRU PRGHO >@ WR VXSSRUW FRQFXUUHQF\ DQG
GLVWULEXWLRQ 7KLV IDFLOLWDWHV DSSOLFDWLRQ GHYHORSPHQW E\ HQDEOLQJ WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI PLGGOHZDUH VHUYLFHV DQG
DSSOLFDWLRQFRGHWREHVHOHFWHGWRIXOILOOWKHVSHFLILFUHTXLUHPHQWVRIDSDUWLFXODUGHSOR\PHQW

2.3. Full-scale deployment and results

7KH ILUVW DXWRQRPRXV IXOOVFDOH ZLUHOHVV EULGJH PRQLWRULQJ V\VWHP ZDV LQLWLDOO\ LQVWDOOHG RQ WKH VHFRQG -LQGR
%ULGJHLQ6RXWK.RUHDLQWKURXJKDMRLQWHIIRUWDPRQJWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLVDW8UEDQD&KDPSDLJQWKH.RUHD
$GYDQFHG,QVWLWXWHRI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\.$,67DQGWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI7RN\R7KHQG-LQGR%ULGJHLVDFDEOH
VWD\HGEULGJHFRQQHFWLQJWKH.RUHDQSHQLQVXODDQGWKH-LQGR,VODQG7KHEULGJHFRQVLVWVRIVWHHOER[JLUGHUZLWKD
FHQWHUVSDQRIPDQGSDUDOOHOZLUHVWUDQGFDEOHVVHH)LJ
7KHPRQLWRULQJV\VWHPFRPSULVHG:66QRGHVPHDVXULQJDWRWDORIFKDQQHOVRIGDWDE\UHVXOWLQJLQ
WKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUQHWZRUNIRUG\QDPLFEULGJH6+07KH6+0$VHQVRUERDUGZDVXVHGRQ
QRGHV$6+0+ERDUGZKLFKHQDEOHVPHDVXUHPHQWRIDFFHOHUDWLRQVDVORZDVPJZDVXVHGIRUQRGHV
7KHUHPDLQLQJWKUHHQRGHVZHUHFRQQHFWHGWR'XOWUDVRQLFDQHPRPHWHUVWRPHDVXUHDQGFROOHFWZLUHOHVVO\WKHVSHHG
DQGGLUHFWLRQRIZLQGRQWKHEULGJH:LUHOHVVVWUDLQPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHDOVRDYDLODEOHXVLQJWKH6+06VHQVRUERDUG
$OOQRGHVZHUHVHOI±SRZHUHGXVLQJVRODURUZLQGHQHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJ6KRXOGDQ\DQRPDOLHVLQWKHPHDVXUHGGDWD
8 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13

EHGHWHFWHGGXULQJWKHDXWRQRPRXVV\VWHPRSHUDWLRQWKHEDVHVWDWLRQFRPSXWHUVDXWRPDWLFDOO\HPDLOWKHUHVHDUFKWHDP
VRWKDWDSSURSULDWHDFWLRQFDQEHWDNHQ



)LJ-LQGR%ULGJH-LQGR6RXWK.RUHD

7KHPRQLWRULQJV\VWHPFDQHVWLPDWHWKHEULGJH
VYDULRXVSK\VLFDOVWDWHV)RUH[DPSOHDVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJWKH
PRGDO SURSHUWLHV VXFK DV QDWXUDO IUHTXHQFLHV PRGH VKDSHV DQG PRGDO GDPSLQJ UDWLRV FDQ EH H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH
PHDVXUHGDFFHOHUDWLRQVDQGXVHGWRUHILQHWKHQXPHULFDOPRGHOWRGHWHUPLQHVWUXFWXUDOSHUIRUPDQFHDQGILQGSRVVLEOH
GDPDJH ORFDWLRQV &DEOH WHQVLRQ IRUFH RQH RI WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQWHJULW\ PHDVXUHV IRU FDEOHVWD\HG EULGJHV LV
HVWLPDWHGDXWRPDWLFDOO\XVLQJDYLEUDWLRQEDVHGPHWKRG

D E

)LJ0RQLWRULQJUHVXOWVDPRGHVKDSHVDQGQDWXUDOIUHTXHQFLHVEFDEOHWHQVLRQHVWLPDWLRQ

7KH,PRWHZLUHOHVVVHQVRUSODWIRUPFRXSOHGZLWKWKHYDULRXV6+0VHQVRUERDUGVGHYHORSHGDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI
,OOLQRLVDQGSRZHUHGE\WKH,OOLQRLV6+07RROVXLWHVRIWZDUHKDVEHHQDVLJQLILFDQWHQDEOHURIUHVHDUFKRQZLUHOHVV
VHQVRUEDVHGVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ7KHKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUHSODWIRUPVGHYHORSHGLQSDUWIRUWKHQG-LQGR
%ULGJHGHSOR\PHQWKDYHEHHQODWHUXWLOL]HGE\RYHUUHVHDUFKJURXSVLQFRXQWULHV

2.4. Lessons learned

7KHH[SHULHQFHRIGHSOR\LQJDODUJHQHWZRUNRIZLUHOHVVVHQVRUIRUPRQLWRULQJFDEOHVWD\HGEULGJHWDXJKWWKHUHVHDUFK
WHDPVHYHUDOLPSRUWDQWOHVVRQV

 Fidelity of data acquisition. 7KHGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQFDSDELOLW\LVOLPLWHGE\WKHDQDORJWRGLJLWDOFRQYHUWHU¶V
$'&PLQLPXPUHVROXWLRQDYDLODEOHVDPSOLQJUDWHDQGPHDVXUHPHQWV\QFKURQL]DWLRQ0HDVXULQJORZOHYHO
 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13 9

DPELHQWYLEUDWLRQVXVLQJH[LVWLQJZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUVFDQEHSDUWLFXODUO\FKDOOHQJLQJVRDKLJKUHVROXWLRQ
$'&LVUHTXLUHGHJELW$QRWKHULVVXHLVVDPSOLQJUDWH6+0FDQRIWHQEHFDWHJRUL]HGLQWRFRQVLVWRI
WZRW\SHVRIUHVSRQVHVVWDWLFDQGG\QDPLF6WDWLFUHVSRQVHVYDU\VORZO\LQWLPHUHTXLULQJORZVDPSOLQJ
UDWHVHJ+]WHPSHUDWXUHKXPLGLW\OLJKWFUDFNGHSWKFRPSDVVRULHQWDWLRQHWFDUHLQWKHGRPDLQRI
VWDWLFPHDVXUHPHQWV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGG\QDPLFPHDVXUHPHQWUHTXLUHVDPSOLQJDWDKLJKUDWHHJ+]
([DPSOHVRIG\QDPLFUHVSRQVHVDUHDFFHOHUDWLRQVWUDLQZLQGYHORFLW\WLOWHWF7KHVDPSOLQJUDWHIRUG\QDPLF
UHVSRQVHVPXVWEHDWOHDVWWZLFHWKHODUJHVWIUHTXHQF\RILQWHUHVW7RHQVXUHVLJQDOLQWHJULW\KLJKTXDOLW\DQWL
DOLDVLQJ ILOWHUV PXVW EH XVHG IRU G\QDPLF PHDVXUHPHQWV 0RUHRYHU WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV PXVW EH WLJKWO\
V\QFKURQL]HGZKLFKLVDGLIILFXOWWDVNDVHDFKZLUHOHVVVHQVRUKDVLWVRZQORFDOFORFN)RUH[DPSOHDPV
V\QFKURQL]DWLRQHUURUEHWZHHQWZRPHDVXUHGDFFHOHUDWLRQUHVSRQVHVZLOOUHVXOWLQGHJUHHHUURULQWKHSKDVH
DQJOHDW+]DQGGHJUHHHUURUDW+]>@ZKLFKFDQEHLGHQWLILHGIDOVHO\DVGDPDJH

 Reliable Communication.0DQ\LVVXHVLQWULQVLFWRWKHZLUHOHVVVHQVRUPXVWEHDGGUHVVHGWRHQVXUHUHOLDEOH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ :LUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LV QRW UHOLDEOH XQOHVV ORVW SDFNHWV DUH SURSHUO\ WUDQVPLWWHG DQG
WUDFNHG7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVQRWRQO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQQRGHVEXW
DOVRQHWZRUNHQYLURQPHQW)RUH[DPSOHZKHQPXOWLSOHQRGHVDUHWU\LQJWRVHQGSDFNHWVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKH
SDFNHWVFROOLGHDQGDUHORVWGXULQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQ3DFNHWORVVPD\GHJUDGHPHDVXUHPHQWVLJQDOVEHFDXVHLW
LQWHUIHUHVZLWKDFTXLULQJDFFXUDWHGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQ

 Power Management.3RZHUPDQDJHPHQWLVQRWDQLVVXHLQDWUDGLWLRQDOZLUHGVHQVRULPSOHPHQWDWLRQWKH
VHQVRUVFDQUHPDLQDFWLYHDWDOOWLPHVDQGWKXVKDYHWKHDELOLW\WREHLQWHUURJDWHGDWDQ\WLPHWRDFTXLUHGDWD
8QOLNHVXFKZLUHGV\VWHPVRQHRIWKHPRVWFULWLFDOIHDWXUHVRIDVXFFHVVIXOZLUHOHVVVHQVRUGHSOR\PHQWLVWKH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIFDUHIXOSRZHUPDQDJHPHQW(QHUJ\VDYLQJFDQEHLPSOHPHQWHGE\LPSRVLQJGXW\F\FOH
LHVOHHSDQGZDNHDOORZVWKHVHQVRUQHWZRUNWRVOHHSPRVWRIWKHWLPH,Q6+0IRUFLYLOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHV
HQHUJ\KDUYHVWLQJWKURXJKDVRODUSDQHODQGZLQGSRZHUFDQEHHPSOR\HGWRH[WHQGWKHRSHUDWLRQDOOLIHRI
ZLUHOHVVVHQVRUQHWZRUN(QHUJ\VDYLQJDQGKDUYHVWLQJVKRXOGEHEDODQFHGWRDFKLHYHORQJWHUPIXOOVFDOH
GHSOR\PHQW

 Data Management.7KHPDQDJHPHQWRIGDWDFROOHFWHGIURPD:66QHWZRUNLVFULWLFDOJLYHQWKDWHDFKVHQVRU
QRGHDFTXLUHVODUJHDPRXQWVRIGDWD)RUH[DPSOHIRXUFKDQQHOVRIELWGDWDDUHFROOHFWHGDW+]IRUDQ
KRXUWDNH0%RIPHPRU\,IWHQVRUKXQGUHGVRIVHQVRUQRGHVKDYHWRVHQGWKHGDWDWRWKHEDVHVWDWLRQGDWD
LQXQGDWLRQFDQRFFXU1RWHWKDWWKHWLPHIRUGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQLVKHDYLO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKH
VDPSOLQJUDWHPHDVXUHPHQWWLPHVL]HRIQHWZRUNQXPEHURIELWVRQ$'&DQGFKDQQHOV'DWDDJJUHJDWLRQ
WKDWSURFHVVHVUDZPHDVXUHPHQWLQWRXVHIXOLQIRUPDWLRQHJDFFHOHUDWLRQLQWRGLVSODFHPHQWFDEOHWHQVLRQ
LVQHFHVVDU\WRPDQDJHVXFKGDWDFKDOOHQJHV

7KHVHOHVVRQVLQIRUPWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQ:661SODWIRUPIRUFLYLOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHPRQLWRULQJ

'HVLJQRIWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUSODWIRUP

7KLVVHFWLRQGHVFULEHVWKHGHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH;QRGH6PDUW6HQVRU7KHVHFWLRQILUVWLQWURGXFHVRYHUDOO
GHVLJQSKLORVRSK\DQGWKHQGHVFULEHVKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUHIUDPHZRUNHQDEOLQJLWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

3.1 Design philosophy

7KHSULPDU\PRWLYDWLRQIRUGHYHORSLQJDQH[WJHQHUDWLRQZLUHOHVVVHQVRUV\VWHPZDVWRSURYLGHSRZHUIXOKDUGZDUH
DQG D UREXVW VRIWZDUH IUDPHZRUN IRU ERWK FDPSDLJQVW\OH DQG ORQJWHUP 6+0 7KH KDUGZDUH PXVW KDYH KLJK
UHVROXWLRQELWDQGKLJKVDPSOLQJUDWH!N+]GDWDDFTXLVLWLRQDSRZHUPLFURSURFHVVRUVXLWDEOHIRUKLJKGDWD
WKURXJKSXW DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG GDWD DJJUHJDWLRQ DQG DQ 5) WUDQVFHLYHU WKDW DOORZV IRU ORQJUDQJH XS WR  NP DQG
UHOLDEOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ,QWHUPVRIWKHVRIWZDUHIUDPHZRUNDPLGGOHZDUHVHUYLFHRULHQWHGIUDPHZRUNWKDWVXSSRUWV
QHWZRUNDQGDSSOLFDWLRQVFDODELOLW\HJGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURWRFROWLPHV\QFKURQL]DWLRQHWFVRIWZDUHSDFNDJHVWKDW
10 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13

LQFRUSRUDWHOLEUDULHVIRUKDUGZDUHDQGGDWDSURFHVVLQJHJVHQVRUGULYHUQXPHULFDOWRROV6+0DOJRULWKPHWFDQG

D XVHUIULHQGO\ LQWHUIDFH DUH UHTXLUHG )RU WKH QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ VHQVRU WR EH GHSOR\HG RQ IXOOVFDOH VWUXFWXUHV
DXWRQRPRXV QHWZRUN RSHUDWLRQ D PDLQWHQDQFHIULHQGO\ HQYLURQPHQW VXFK DV RYHUWKHDLU SURJUDPPLQJ DXWRPDWLF
UHSRUWJHQHUDWLRQRIIDXOWVDQGSRZHUPDQDJHPHQWVKRXOGEHFRQVLGHUHG
$OLJQLQJ ZLWK WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV WKH ;QRGH KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG DV D QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ ZLUHOHVV SODWIRUP IRU
VWUXFWXUDOPRQLWRULQJDSSOLFDWLRQV7DEOHVKRZWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKH;QRGHZLWKRWKHUZLUHOHVVVHQVRUSODWIRUPVLQ
WHUPVRIKDUGZDUH

7DEOH&RPSDULVRQRIVHOHFWHGZLUHOHVVVHQVRUSODWIRUPV>@
0D[LPXP $'& 1XPEHURI
([SDQGDEOH 6DPSOLQJ (QHUJ\
3ODWIRUP 3URFHVVRU 5DGLR5DQJH 5HVROXWLRQ 6HQVLQJ
'DWD6WRUDJH 5DWH +DUYHVWLQJ
)UHTXHQF\ ELWV &KDQQHOV
:DVS0RWH>@  *% NP    ;
0LFURVWUDLQ>@ 1$  NP   N+] ;
L0RWH>@   P    
0DUWOHW>@  *% !P   N+] ;
;QRGH  *% NP   N+] ;

3.1. Xnode hardware

7KH;QRGHFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHERDUGVZKLFKDUHWKHSURFHVVERDUGUDGLRSRZHU53ERDUGDQGWKHVHQVRUERDUG7KH
SURFHVVRUERDUGWKHPLQLGHYHORSHGE\(PEHVW7HFKQRORJ\IHDWXUHVDQ/3&PLFURFRQWUROOHUIURP1;3
WKDWRSHUDWHVZLWK$50&RUWH[00PLFURFRQWUROOHUDWIUHTXHQFLHVXSWR0+]ZKLFKFDQEHXVHGWRH[HFXWH
RQERDUGFRPSXWDWLRQDQGGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQ7KHQRQYRODWLOHPHPRU\DYDLODEOHRQWKHPLQLLV0%RI6'5$0
LQZKLFKLVXVHGIRUWHPSRUDU\GDWDVWRUDJHDQGSURFHVVLQJ7KHPLQLKDVYDULRXVJHQHUDOSXUSRVHLQSXWRXWSXW
*3,2SLQVDQGLQWHUIDFHVVXFKDVVHULDOSHULSKHUDOLQWHUIDFH63,DQGLQWHULQWHJUDWHGFLUFXLW,&
7RH[WHQGWKHGDWDVWRUDJHVL]HIRUKLJKVDPSOLQJDSSOLFDWLRQWKH6'FDUGFDQEHSOXJJHGLQWRWKH53ERDUGWKDW
SURYLGHVH[WHQVLEOHVWRUDJHVSDFHRIVHYHUDO*%7KH53ERDUGLQFOXGHVDSRZHUPDQDJHPHQWFLUFXLWWKDWFRQWUROV
FKDUJLQJIURPZDOOSRZHUDQGVRODUSDQHOV7KHUDGLRWUDQVFHLYHULQWKH53ERDUGLVD*+]UDGLRIRUORZSRZHU
ZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ$WPHO$75)7KHFRPPXQLFDWLRQUHDFKHVXSWRNPOLQHRIVLJKWZLWKPD[LPXP
WUDQVIHUUDWHVRINESV
7KHVHQVRUERDUGVKRZQLQ)LJHPSOR\VDELW$'&7H[DV,QVWUXPHQWV$'6(ZKLFKKDVFKDQQHOV
DOORZLQJPD[LPXPVDPSOLQJUDWHXSWRN+],QWHUPVRIVHQVLQJWKHD[LVDQDORJDFFHOHURPHWHU/,6$/+
WDNHVFKDQQHOVOHDYLQJXSWRFKDQQHOVDYDLODEOHIRUH[WHUQDODQDORJVHQVRUV%XLOWLQVWUDLQFLUFXLWU\LVSURYLGHG
WRDFFRPPRGDWHXSWRFKDQQHOVRIVWUDLQVHQVLQJWKHPHDVXUHGHOHFWULFDOVLJQDOLVHDVLO\FRQYHUWHGLQWRVWUDLQWKURXJK
HPEHGGHGVKXQWFDOLEUDWLRQ


 
)LJ6FKHPDWLFIRUWKH;QRGHVHQVRUERDUG

7KH0(06DFFHOHURPHWHUKDVVHOHFWDEOHUDQJHVHWXSIRU“JDQG“JZLWKQRLVHGHQVLW\RIXJ +] 7KH
DQDORJLQSXWLVDGGHGZLWKVLJQDORIIVHWVXFKWKDWWKHUHVXOWLQJVLJQDOVWD\VZLWKLQ9UDQJH6WUDLQJDXJHVDUH
 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13 11

FRQQHFWHGWRWKHVHQVRUERDUGWKURXJKH[WHUQDOFRQQHFWRUDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJGLIIHUHQWLDOVLJQDOLVGLUHFWO\IHGWKURXJK
WKH$'&$OODQDORJVLJQDOVDUH$$ILOWHUHGWRUHMHFWXQGHVLUDEOHKLJKIUHTXHQF\FRPSRQHQW7KH$'&WUDQVIHUFK
RIGDWDWKURXJK63,FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWK/3&
7KHGHYHORSHGKDUGZDUHLVVWDFNHGWRJHWKHUWRFRPSULVHDQLQWHJUDWHGVHQVRUQRGH7KHVHQVRUQRGHLVSDFNDJHGLQ
DQ,3HQYLURQPHQWDOO\KDUGHQHGHQFORVXUHVHH)LJ7KURXJKWKHFRQQHFWRUVRQHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHHQFORVXUHVRODU
SDQHOZDOOSRZHUDQGH[WHUQDOVHQVRUVFDQEHHDVLO\SOXJJHG
3UHOLPLQDU\,QLWLDOWHVWLQJVKRZVWKDWWKHELW$'&FDQDFKLHYHDG\QDPLFUDQJHRIG%(12%



D      E
)LJ;QRGH6PDUW6HQVRUDVWDFNHGPRGXODUERDUGVEZHDWKHUSURRIHQFORVXUH

3.2. Xnode software

7KHHPHUJHQFHRIZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUSODWIRUPVZLWKSRZHUIXOFRPSXWDWLRQDOFDSDELOLWLHVKDVHQDEOHGZLUHOHVV
6+0DSSOLFDWLRQVKRZHYHUDVWKHGHPDQGVRIZLUHOHVV6+0V\VWHPVLQFUHDVHFHUWDLQSURSHUWLHVRIHYHQWGULYHQ
RSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVIRUWKHVHVHQVRUQRGHVVXFKDVWKH7LQ\26RSHUDWLQJV\VWHPRIWKH,PRWHKDYHEHJXQWRLPSRVH
OLPLWDWLRQVRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI6+0V\VWHPV7KHSUREOHPDWLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQFOXGHVWDWLFUHVRXUFHDOORFDWLRQ
VLQJOHDSSOLFDWLRQ IRFXV ODFN RI UHDOWLPH VFKHGXOLQJ VXSSRUW DQG GHSHQGHQFH RQ D QRQVWDQGDUG SURJUDPPLQJ
ODQJXDJH 7R DGGUHVV WKHVH OLPLWDWLRQV WKH ;QRGH KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG EDVHG RQ D UHDOWLPH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP
)UHH5726FRPPRQO\XVHGIRULQGXVWULDOFRQWUROV\VWHPVDQGVLPLODUDSSOLFDWLRQV
2QHNH\EHQHILWRIWKH;QRGHVRIWZDUHSODWIRUPLVWKHPRUHIOH[LEOHDSSOLFDWLRQIUDPHZRUN0RYLQJWRWKLVQHZ
SODWIRUP HQDEOHV VHYHUDO EHQHILWV IRU XVHUV FRPSDUHG WR WKH ,PRWH 7LQ\26EDVHG V\VWHP PDLQO\ GXH WR WKH
DYDLODELOLW\RIDUHDOWLPHVFKHGXOHU)UHH5726SURYLGHVDSULRULW\EDVHGSUHHPSWLYHVFKHGXOHUDVZHOODVLQWHUWDVN
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FRRUGLQDWLRQ WRROV HJ TXHXHV PXWH[HV DQG VHPDSKRUHV ,W FDQ HIILFLHQWO\ DGGUHVV WKH
OLPLWDWLRQVRIHYHQWGULYHQRSHUDWLQJV\VWHPVRQORZSRZHUPLFURSURFHVVRUV,QSDUWLFXODUORQJUXQQLQJORZSULRULW\
WDVNVFDQQRORQJHUEORFNLPSRUWDQWIXQFWLRQVXFKDVVHQVRUVDPSOLQJDQGUDGLRFRPPXQLFDWLRQVHH)LJ


D


E
)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIWDVNVFKHGXOLQJEHKDYLRULQD7LQ\26DQGE)UHH5726>@
12 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13


7KH;QRGHUHWDLQVWKHVXFFHVVIXO62$EDVHGPLGGOHZDUHIXQFWLRQDOLW\RIWKH,OOLQRLV6+07RROVXLWHDOORZLQJWKH
UDSLG GHYHORSPHQW RI DSSOLFDWLRQ IXQFWLRQDOLW\ EDVHG RQ FRPSRVLQJ WKH DYDLODEOH PLGGOHZDUH PRGXOHV IRU
IXQGDPHQWDO :661 IXQFWLRQDOLWLHV V\QFKURQL]HG VHQVLQJ UHOLDEOH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WLPH V\QFKURQL]DWLRQ SRZHU
PDQDJHPHQW HWF DV ZHOO DV DSSOLFDWLRQOHYHO VHUYLFHV VSHFLILF WR 6+0 FDEOH WHQVLRQ HVWLPDWLRQ V\VWHP
LGHQWLILFDWLRQPRGDODQDO\VLVHWF)LJVKRZVWKHRXWOLQHRIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH5HPRWH6HQVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQ
SURYLGLQJV\QFKURQL]HGGLVWULEXWHGGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQRYHUWKH:661


 

)LJ2XWOLQHRIWKH5HPRWH6HQVLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVWUXFWXUHDQGLWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQ)UHH5726>@

%DVHG RQ WKH H[SHULHQFH RI WKH -LQGR %ULGJH GHSOR\PHQW LQ WKH ,PRWH7LQ\26EDVHG HQYLURQPHQW WKH ;QRGH
SODWIRUPWDNHVHIIRUWWREHPRUHRSHQDQGVWDQGDUGL]HGIRUHDVLHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGLQWHURSHUDWLRQZLWKRWKHUVRIWZDUH
DQGKDUGZDUHSODWIRUPV7KHVWDQGDUG&ODQJXDJHLVXVHGIRUDSSOLFDWLRQGHYHORSPHQWLQSODFHRIDFXVWRPQHV&
YDULDQW ZKLFK DOORZV IRU PXFK VLPSOHU SRUWDELOLW\ RI DSSOLFDWLRQV ZLWK WKH ;QRGH SODWIRUP 0DQ\ OLEUDULHV DQG
QXPHULFDODOJRULWKPVLPSOHPHQWHGLQ&FDQEHXVHGGLUHFWO\ZLWKRXWPRGLILFDWLRQLQWKH;QRGHFRGH$GGLWLRQDOO\
WKH UDGLR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKH ,3Y SURWRFRO VWDFN ZLGHO\ DGRSWHG E\ WKH ,QWHUQHW RI 7KLQJV ,R7
FRPPXQLW\RSHQLQJWKHGRRUWRSRWHQWLDOLQWHJUDWLRQRIKHWHURJHQHRXVGHYLFHVLQVLGHDVLQJOH:661

'LVFXVVLRQ

$VDZLUHOHVVVHQVRUSODWIRUPWKH;QRGH6PDUW6HQVRULVFOHDUO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHGIURPRWKHUDYDLODEOHSODWIRUPVLQ
LWV FDSDELOLWLHV DQG LQWHQGHG XVHV 6LPLODU WR WKH ,PRWH WKH ;QRGH VXSSRUWV KLJKILGHOLW\ KLJKVDPSOLQJ UDWH
DSSOLFDWLRQVUHTXLULQJSUHFLVHV\QFKURQL]DWLRQDPRQJKXQGUHGVRIVHQVRUFKDQQHOV&RPELQHGZLWKWKH,OOLQRLV6+0
7RROVXLWH WKH ;QRGH LV D UHVHDUFK HQDEOHU DFURVV D UDQJH RI FLYLO HQJLQHHULQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG XVH FDVHV WKDW DUH
FXUUHQWO\GLIILFXOWWRLPSOHPHQWGXHWRLQVXIILFLHQWUHVROXWLRQRIDYDLODEOH$'&VODFNRIVRIWZDUHVXSSRUWDQGRUWKH
FRPSOH[LW\RILPSOHPHQWLQJORZSRZHUGLVWULEXWHGHPEHGGHGV\VWHPV
:LWKWKHHPHUJHQFHRI,R7WHFKQRORJLHVWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIPRUHVWDQGDUGL]HGKDUGZDUHQHWZRUNSURWRFROVDQG
VRIWZDUH LQWHUIDFHV SURPLVH WKDW WKH QHDU IXWXUH ZLOO EULQJ WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI KHWHURJHQHRXV :661V FRPELQLQJ
GLIIHUHQW VHQVRUSODWIRUPV LQD VLQJOHGHSOR\PHQW 6XFK GHSOR\PHQWV ZLOO EH DEOH WR WDNH DGYDQWDJHRI WKH XQLTXH
IHDWXUHV RI GLIIHUHQW :66 SODWIRUPV VXFK DV SRZHU HIILFLHQF\ SURFHVVLQJ FDSDELOLW\ $'& UHVROXWLRQ DQG VHQVRU
VHOHFWLRQRQDQDVQHHGHGEDVLVWRILWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRIDSDUWLFXODUPRQLWRULQJGHSOR\PHQW7KH;QRGHWDNHVWKH
ILUVWVWHSVRQWKLVSDWKE\XWLOL]LQJDVWDQGDUGL]HGQHWZRUNSURWRFROVWDFNDQGSURYLGLQJRSHQ$3,VWRLWVPLGGOHZDUH
VHUYLFHV
7KHXQLTXHKLJKILGHOLW\V\QFKURQL]HGGLVWULEXWHGVHQVLQJFDSDELOLWLHVRIWKH;QRGHDOVRSURYLGHDFRVWHIIHFWLYH
DOWHUQDWLYHWRZLUHGGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHPVIRUVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ3UHYLRXVZLUHOHVVSODWIRUPVODFNHGHLWKHU
$'&UHVROXWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ UDQJH RUQHWZRUNVFDODELOLW\ WRVHUYH DV D YLDEOH UHSODFHPHQW IRUZLUHG V\VWHPV
&RQVLGHULQJWKDWDODUJHSRUWLRQRIWKHZLUHGPRQLWRULQJV\VWHPFRVWUHVXOWVIURPWKHFDEOLQJEHWZHHQWKHVHQVRUVDQG
WKHGDWDDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHPZLUHOHVVVHQVRUVDUHDQDWWUDFWLYHDOWHUQDWLYHHVSHFLDOO\IRUODUJHFLYLOVWUXFWXUHVRIIHULQJ
WKHSRWHQWLDOIRUORZFRVWFRQWLQXRXVDQGUHOLDEOH6+0
 B.F. Spencer et al. / Procedia Engineering 171 (2017) 5 – 13 13

&RQFOXVLRQ

7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHG WKH PRWLYDWLRQ DQG SULPDU\ GHVLJQ SKLORVRSK\ IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D QH[WJHQHUDWLRQ
ZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUSODWIRUPLQWHQGHGIRUKLJKILGHOLW\G\QDPLFVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJDSSOLFDWLRQV9DULRXV
KDUGZDUH DQG VRIWZDUH LVVXHV DUH WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW EDVHG RQ WKH OHVVRQV OHDUQHG IURP UHFHQW HIIRUWV WR GHYHORS
VWDELOL]HDQGRSHUDWHIXOOVFDOHZLUHOHVVVPDUWVHQVRUQHWZRUNVIRU6+0RIFLYLOLQIUDVWUXFWXUH+LJKILGHOLW\PXOWL
VFDOH UHVSRQVHV FDQ QRZ EH FDSWXUHG E\ WKH ;QRGH 6PDUW 6HQVRU SODWIRUP ZLWK D V\QFKURQL]HG GLVWULEXWHG GDWD
DFTXLVLWLRQDSSOLFDWLRQWKDWFDQDOVREHH[WHQGHGWRSHUIRUPLQQHWZRUNGDWDSURFHVVLQJDQGDQDO\VLV7KH;QRGHWDNHV
VWHSV WR LQFUHDVH WKH VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQ RI WKH :661 HQYLURQPHQW IRU 6+0 DSSOLFDWLRQV ZKLFK XS WR QRZ KDV EHHQ
IUDJPHQWHGDQGUHOLDQWRQV\VWHPVIRFXVHGVROHO\RQDVLQJOHSODWIRUPRUHYHQDVLQJOHGHSOR\PHQW+RZHYHUPXFK
ZRUNUHPDLQVWREHGRQHWRLQWHJUDWHDQGVWDQGDUGL]HWKHYDULRXV:661EDVHGVROXWLRQVGHYHORSHGE\WKHFRPPXQLW\

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ &HOHEL03XUYLV5+DUWQDJHO%*XSWD6&ORJVWRQ3<HQ32¶&RQQRU-DQG)UDQNH06HLVPLFLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQRIWKH

%LOO(PHUVRQ0HPRULDO0LVVLVVLSSL5LYHU%ULGJHDW&DSH*LUDUGHDX02$FRRSHUDWLYHHIIRUW3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HLVPLF
+LJKZD\&RQIHUHQFH0HPSKLV7HQQ86$
>@ 6SHQFHU-U%)5XL]6DQGRYDO0 .XUDWD16PDUWVHQVLQJWHFKQRORJ\RSSRUWXQLWLHVDQGFKDOOHQJHV6WUXFWXUDO&RQWURODQG
+HDOWK0RQLWRULQJ
>@ 3DN]DG61)HQYHV*/.LP6&XOOHU'('HVLJQDQG,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI6FDODEOH:LUHOHVV6HQVRU1HWZRUNIRU6WUXFWXUDO
0RQLWRULQJ$6&(-RXUQDORI,QIUDVWUXFWXUH(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ 5LFH-$0HFKLWRY.6LP6+1DJD\DPD7-DQJ6.LP56SHQFHU%)$JKD*)XMLQR<)OH[LEOHVPDUWVHQVRUIUDPHZRUN
IRUDXWRQRPRXVVWUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJ6PDUW6WUXFWXUHVDQG6\VWHPV±
>@ -DQJ6-R+&KR60HFKLWRY.5LFH-$6LP6+-XQJ+-<XQ&%6SHQFHU%)$JKD*6WUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJRIDFDEOH
VWD\HGEULGJHXVLQJVPDUWVHQVRUWHFKQRORJ\'HSOR\PHQWDQGHYDOXDWLRQ6PDUW6WUXFWXUHVDQG6\VWHPV±±
>@ 1DJD\DPD7DQG6SHQFHU-U%)6WUXFWXUDOKHDOWKPRQLWRULQJXVLQJVPDUWVHQVRUV1HZPDUN6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ/DERUDWRU\
5HSRUW8QLYHUVLW\RI,OOLQRLVDW8UEDQD&KDPSDLJQ
>@ 5RGHQDV+HUUDL]'6RJD.)LGOHU3DQGGH%DWWLVWD1:LUHOHVV6HQVRU1HWZRUNVIRU&LYLO,QIUDVWUXFWXUH0RQLWRULQJ±$%HVW
3UDFWLFH*XLGH,&(3XEOLVKLQJ,6%1
>@ )X<*0HFKLWRY.$+RVNHUH96SHQFHU-U%)'HYHORSPHQWRI5726EDVHGZLUHOHVV6+0V\VWHPEHQHILWVLQDSSOLFDWLRQV
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ6PDUW,QIUDVWUXFWXUHDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ&DPEULGJH8.
>@ $JKD*$FWRUV$0RGHORI&RQFXUUHQW&RPSXWDWLRQLQ'LVWULEXWHG6\VWHPV0,73UHVV
>@'RQJ;=KX':DQJ</\QFK-3DQG6ZDUW]5$'HVLJQDQG9DOLGDWLRQRI$FFHOHUDWLRQ0HDVXUHPHQW8VLQJWKH0DUWOHW
:LUHOHVV6HQVLQJ6\VWHP$60(&RQIHUHQFHRQ6PDUW0DWHULDOV$GDSWLYH6WUXFWXUHVDQG,QWHOOLJHQW6\VWHPV1HZSRUW5,86$
>@.DQH0=KX'+LURVH0'RQJ;:LQWHU%+lFNHOO0/\QFK-3:DQJ<6ZDUW]$'HYHORSPHQWRIDQH[WHQVLEOH
GXDOFRUHZLUHOHVVVHQVLQJQRGHIRUF\EHUSK\VLFDOV\VWHPV3URF63,(6HQVRUVDQG6PDUW6WUXFWXUHV7HFKQRORJLHVIRU&LYLO0HFKDQLFDO
DQG$HURVSDFH6\VWHPV
>@1DFKPDQ/+XDQJ-6KDKDEGHHQ-$GOHU5DQG.OLQJ5,PRWH6HULRXVFRPSXWDWLRQDWWKHHGJH,QWHUQDWLRQDO:LUHOHVV
&RPPXQLFDWLRQVDQG0RELOH&RPSXWLQJ&RQIHUHQFH
>@/LEHOLXP:DVS0RWHKWWSZZZOLEHOLXPFRPSURGXFWVZDVSPRWH
>@0LFUR6WUDLQ9/LQN/;56'DWDVKHHWKWWSZZZPLFURVWUDLQFRPZLUHOHVVYOLQN