UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Nasipit, Talamban, Cebu City, Philippines 6000

CE 3212L GIS: APPLICATIONS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROGRESS REPORT 1 (WEEK 5)

&
SUMMARY OF PUBLISHED STUDIES

Submitted by:

Group 4 – Singles Club

Submitted to:

Engr. Kathrina Marie M. Borgonia, MSCE

PUBLISHED STUDY SUMMARY

group 4 – singles club

leader : masong, rio christelle
members : aguhob, keeya
bacalla, ma. geralda
bensig, hezron donald
oropel, denmar john
veloso, reign marion

Chosen Problem:
Traffic congestion in any part of the Philippines, and how GIS
aids in its transportation system.
Researcher : Aguhob, Keeya Fernandez

Title of Published Study : ESTABLISHING THE NEED FOR RURAL ROAD DEVELOPMENT USING QGIS
AND ITS ESTIMATION

Author of Publication : M.L. Priyanka, M. Padmakar, B. Barhmaiah

Date of Publication : n.d.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

With the development of India mainly relying on the development of villages, there has to be a good
connection between the main cities of India to these villages. A good connection, specifically street
transport, then provides different financial advantages to the provincial territories and the nation overall
that brings about a solid foundation for the Agro based economy.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study is to digitize the existing road scenario, perform an analysis of each specified
alternative rural roads, and estimate the cost of establishing a new road network. These new roads
connect the villages with all- weather roads. The main assumption done for the purpose of estimation is
the profile of road. It is assumed to be uniformed throughout the route.

METHODOLOGY

In this study two rural areas were observed, where the road network is present but has no shorter route
for proximal villages and an absence of pucca road provision for the movement of the villagers’ vehicles
and the vehicles used for the transports of small scale industries present in the village. The existing road
networks connecting the villages in the specified two rural areas are analyzed and was transformed as
shorter routes than the original by laying roads digitally.

Three alternative routes from Kollivanipalem to Cheepurupalli are obtained from the transformation.
These are (a) route of length 5.988 km., (b) another route of 6.352km., and lastly (c) another route of
4.404km. The lengths are calculated through the field calculator option present in QGIS automatically
and verified in the site randomly by going over the proposed road networks. The validation of the route
lengths were approximately equal to that of the one measured, so that it is carried for further analysis and
estimation purpose.

Additionally this study made use of digitization. Digitization is a technique for changing over raster
information into vector information. The procedure was done with a satellite picture covering a raster
map containing desired highlights and was utilized as the base and highlights were covering over it with
the assistance of digitizing devices accessible in the GIS programming. Separate vector layers are then
made for various highlights such as streets, streams, water bodies, land use and wells.
Lastly the study created an estimation for a proposal of establishing new roads following a series of factors
such as the material cost, equipment and labor charge, hauling charge, and contingencies.

RESULTS

From digitizing and estimating the budget for the proposal of the establishment of a new road, the study
came up with the following results:

a) Elluppi-Marripalem, considered as connectivity 1, has a distance of 1.411 km. and was estimated
to cost around Rs 12,07,000 (~810,000 Php)
b) Elluppi-Gullepalle, considered as connectivity 2, has a distance of 2.578 km. and was estimated
to cost around Rs 25,87,000 (~1,740,000 Php)
c) Kollivanipalem-Cheepurupalli, considered as connectivity 3, has a distance of 4.404 km. and was
estimated to cost around Rs 66,00,000 (~4,200,000Php)

CONCLUSION

In this study, three connectivities, Elluppi-Marripalem, Elluppi- Gullepalle, and Kollivanipalem-

Cheepurupalli, were selected based on population, traffic flow, additional features such as industries,
agricultural fields, artworks and etc. Google Earth was utilized to find the shortest routes for proposed
connectivities. After, QGIS was used to carry georeferencing and digitization.

From the result of the study, there is an expected increase in agriculture and all climate street association
by determining the shortest routes that can decrease the time of moving produce, if the the proposal of
the establishment of the new road is carried out. Furthermore, it lessens the expense of transportation of
crude materials that helps in the distribution of produce.

HOW CAN THIS HELP THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED BY THE GROUP?

The group aims to talk about the Traffic Congestion in Cebu City and possibly suggest ways that may
resolve or lessen the said problem. And this study may help when it comes to analyzing and digitizing
alternative routes that may lead to a decrease of traffic congestion in Cebu City.
Researcher : Bacalla, Ma. Geralda

Title of Published Study : GIS – BASED SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SINKHOLES IN CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES:
INSIGHTS ON SINKHOLE GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT

Author of Publication : R.M. Lumongsod, N. Ramos, R. Ramos

Date of Publication : n.d.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In 2017, at least 770 sinkholes were found in Cebu City according to Mines and Geosciences Bureau
Region 7. These sinkholes occur in formational units that generally comprise Cebu City’s geology.
Sinkholes are hazardous because they can destroy highways and buildings. Sinkholes can also cause
water quality problems. Occurrence of sinkholes should be analyzed to address this problem.

OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is to analyze the genesis and development of sinkholes. This study also aims
to determine how the geomorphic, geologic, and hydrologic factors influence the sinkhole distribution
in the area using GIS-based morphometric and terrain analyses.

METHODOLOGY

A GIS database of sinkholes was built stemming from the ground-validated. Sinkholes were treated in this
study both as points and as polygons (for morphometric analyses). These were then spatially analyzed
based on the following geological and geomorphological factors: formational unit, lineaments, streams,
elevation, and slope.

Sinkhole Polygons - Sinkhole polygons were measured for the following geometric properties: area,
compactness, eccentricity, index of circularity, and orientation, generated automatically based on Field
Calculator and Minimum Bounding Geometry.

Sinkhole Centroids - The centroid of each sinkhole polygon was obtained and used for point data analyses
such as frequency and proximity. Attributes of the centroids included fields from the original sinkhole
polygons, as well as the elevation and slope gradient obtained using Extract tool.

RESULTS

Sinkhole geometry - There seems to be an increase in eccentricity within the older formations. The plot
of compactness values for the sinkhole show a decreasing trend towards increasing relative age.
Streams and lineaments - The distribution of sinkholes with increasing nearest lineament distance does
not seem to have any correlation. Most sinkholes occur less than 500 m away from the nearest lineament.
Most sinkholes trend west and northeast, following the trend of most streams and lineaments,
respectively.

Slope and elevation - A decrease in sinkhole frequency can be seen with increasing slope steepness. No
general trend can be established when elevation is compared with frequency.

Formational units and relative age - A general decreasing frequency with increasing relative age can be
observed. There is a general increasing trend in terms of both percent sinkhole and sinkhole density with
increasing relative age of formational unit.

CONCLUSION

The results show that there are at least four factors that significantly affect the shape and occurrence of
sinkholes in Cebu City: relative age of underlying karstic bedrock, presence of streams and lineaments,
elevation, and slope.

Most sinkholes in Cebu City occur in flat to gentle slopes and low elevation. Moreover, the direction of
elongation of sinkholes are affected by the nearest stream or lineament. The relative age of the underlying
bedrock affects the morphometry and occurrence of sinkholes. It was observed that with increasing
relative age, there is also an increase in sinkhole area, percent sinkhole, and sinkhole density, and
decrease in sinkhole frequency.

HOW CAN THIS HELP THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED BY THE GROUP?

The group wants to address the Traffic Congestion in Cebu City and we want to suggest ways to resolve
this and perhaps create alternative routes using GIS. This uses the same area of study and the
methodology performed can serve as basis by the group in mapping routes, slopes and streamlines
which may be few of the key factors of the solution. Nonetheless, this study gave us an idea of using
polygons and centroids in GIS if applicable.
GIS Map Outputs:

Simple geomorphological map of Cebu City

showing streams, lineaments, and sinkholes

General lithology of Cebu Island

Slope of Cebu City. A decreasing trend in

Hill shade map of Cebu City. Sinkholes frequency with increasing slope steepness can
as polygons and points (centroids) clearly be observed
 Elevation map of Cebu City showing sinkhole
centroids

Map showing the distribution of karst formations

in Cebu City
Researcher : Bensig, Hezron Donald

Title of Published Study : APPLICATION OF GIS FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION EVALUATION STUDIES

Author of Publication : M. Sureshkumar, S. Supraja and R. Bhavani Sowmya

Date of Publication : May 2017

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study was conducted in one of the famous towns in India - Kanchipuram, also called as the “city of
thousand temples”. The town covers an area of 36.14 sq. km, with a population of 2.32 lakhs (Census
2011). Statistically, the town was composed of 707 streets and 51 wards in the municipal boundary. Due
to several economic development, the volume of vehicles passing by the streets of the city also drastically
increased.

Over the past few decades, the traffic increased in many folds as an effect of urbanization. Due this growth
of vehicles, traffic congestion also increased. Thus, causing increase in the travel time even in short
distances.

OBJECTIVES

The study was mainly conducted to provides possible solutions to the traffic congestion in
Kanchipuram. Specifically, the following objectives were targeted:

• Identify the traffic volume at different time intervals

• Identify the highest volume of vehicle passing by at specific time interval.

METHODOLOGY

To analyze the traffic volume in different locations in the city, the following methods were used :

1. Network Analysis of cars passing by in junctions through the help of CCTV footages.
2. Integration of mobile phones with GIS information to understand traffic information.
3. Path optimization for specific activity using GIS.

Moreover, time interval was mainly divided into seven. From the data gathered at different time interval,
it was shown what type of mostly passed by at specific times. Further, the target samples was only
narrowed down to four types : (1) two-wheeler trucks; (2) three-wheeler trucks; (3) light motor vehicles
(LMV); and (4) heavy motor vehicles (HMV)
GIS ANALYSIS

GIS was used to prepare a spatial database and trasit analysis for the stud area. Base map was prepared
by using high volume resolution satellite images (Quickbird). Moreover, thee Kunchipuram town map
was used to delineate the ward boundary in the study area. Transit route was also prepared prior.

RESULTS

From the data gathered and traffic volume analysis conducted, the following results wee summarized as
follows:

(1) Amon the four classified vehicles, it showed that two-wheeler trucks have the highest vehicle
volume on all seven (7) time intervals. Specifically, the amount of two-wheeler vehicles’ highest
volume was identified from 6:40 to 8:20 pm;
(2) From the three-wheeler trucks, it has been identified that it peak volume occurs from 9:06 to
10:20 am and from 6:40 to 8:20 pm;
(3) For LMV, volume is severe from 7:40 to 9:06 am, and;
(4) For HMV, volume is severe from 7:4 to 9:06 am.

CONCLUSION

From the results gathered and analysis performed, it was concluded that the current situation was still
solvable by performing several measures. The thematic map showed the causes of the traffic congestion
in the town. From the results gathered, the following proposal were made to lessen traffic congestion in
the town: (1) providing proper parking locations; (2) providing alternate routes, and; (3) avoiding the
establishment of new commercial zones.

HOW CAN THIS HELP THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED BY THE GROUP?

As identified by the group, the possible problems that we wanted was to suggest ways to resolve the
traffic congestion in Cebu City and/or map alternative routes through the help of GIS. The methodology
used in this study can be integrated or adapted by the group in performing volume analysis of the
vehicles passing by in specific junctions in Cebu City. Further, this study has also provided us an idea to
by using time intervals and grouping vehicles depending on their type.
Researcher : Masong, Rio Christelle C.

Title of Published Study : GIS FOR BETTER PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSIT

Author of Publication : M.C. Paringit, K.J. Lucas, M. Cutora

Date of Publication : June 2019

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Because of the nature of data in transportation modelling, there is difficulty in analyzing and updating
spatial data. Because of this, experts before relied on simplified transport models and aggregated traffic
zones. Even now because there is an increase of urban population which is directly proportional to the
increase in movement needs in urban transportation, data needs are also growing. In addition, improper
traffic management and planning will lead to severe traffic congestion and accidents in the city.

OBJECTIVES

The study aims to utilize GIS for transit system modelling which includes the following: transit service area
analysis, data attribution, network representation, transit demand, transit distribution, linking
transportation systems, among others. Furthermore, this paper presents Geographic Information System
(GIS) as a potential decision-making method for use in transportation planning. Several papers are
reviewed to fully utilize the use of GIS. The five journals reviewed for this paper are related to studies for
public transportation. From route optimization to mapping transit access, GIS played a role in research.

1. Level of Service in Kuala Lumpur

The purpose of this journal to evaluate the level of service of public transportation provided by Rapid
Kuala Lumpur using Geographical Information System (GIS). From this, Din et al. wanted to calculate
employment density at ten 1obs per Hecate of household density at 7.5 unit per hectare as support data.

2. Mapping Transit Based Access

The objective of this journal by Lei et al. is to develop a framework for supporting transit service analysis
and planning. This should be concerned with the measurements of access provided by the transit.

3. Geographic Information System (GIS) to measure Sustainable Urban Transport performance.

For this journal by Nadi et al., the objective is to show how Geographical Information Systems (GIS) used
to measure the performance of Urban Transport Sustainability. The paper will focus on these parameters:
Accessibility: To measure the accessibility to transit network for household and cars and to evaluate the
accessibility to health care facilities Public Transport: To measure the performance of public transport
studies area to know level of service, accessibility, and catchment areas Traffic and Road Network: To
represent the multi-modal transportation network to support network equilibriumbased travel demand.

4. Transit Route Design Applications Using Geographic Information Systems

To apply two simple methods for designing and improving public transportation routes with the aid of
TransCAD and a geographic information system was the plan of Ramirez et al. For this paper, the
objective is to overlay population and transportation network and draw the impact band width on each
sides of the transportation segments.

5. GIS Based Route Optimization for Effective Traffic Management

The objective of Sureshkumar et al. (2017) is to apply Spatial Analysis in Route Optimization. In order to
so, the researchers identified the traffic volume at congested locations in the study area, developed a GIS
database for the traffic volume, and determined the alternate routes for effective traffic management.

METHODOLOGY

GIS is the primary method of the study. Methodology is divided into five (5) parts.

1. Level of Service in Kuala Lumpur

A set of data was collected from literature review and local government, such as transit routes, rapid bus
stops, street maps, and census data. These data were converted into GIS shape files. The model was
analyzed in terms of service coverage area and transit supportive area to calculate Level of Service. (See
Figure 1)

* Transit System in GIS- transit routes and bus stops (See Figure 2) * Transit System is important in densely
populated area (See Fig 3- color green in Map)

2. Mapping Transit Based Access

Network Analysis and Buffer Analysis are the GIS tools used in this traffic study.

Network Analysis - includes basic functions of GIS including measuring accessibility aggregates, defining
locations for level of accessibility, calculating lengths of links, and estimating pollutants in roads networks.

Buffer Analysis - used to represent space time isochrones and finding spatial objects within an area.

3. GIS to measure Sustainable Urban Transport performance

Key parameters for this study:

• user’s time budget and socioeconomic characteristics,

• travel by transit route,
• schedule,
• location of user in a time of day
An accessibility measure developed from O’Sullivan was used to optimize route choices.

𝐴ij - the average time in travelling to a given destination j by a given travel time in the first trip and
returning at a given departure time in a second trip
tij - the travel time from i to j for a desired arrival time at j using transit
tij - the travel time from j to i for a specified departure time at j using transit

*Developed Model Accessibility in terms of time constraints (See Figure 4)

4. Transit Route Design Applications Using GIS

A direct-demand model was utilized to optimize the path for a brand-new route. This will minimize the
optimal alignment as an input to generalized impedance. A ridership prediction was successfully
calculated. Route alignment from analysis and model was determined by use of minimal length and
impedance criteria. (This method is good for small transit agencies and local planning authorities.)

*Optimized Path using GIS (See Figure 5)

An accessibility measure developed from O’Sullivan was used to optimize route choices.

𝐴ij - the average time in travelling to a given destination j by a given travel time in the first trip and
returning at a given departure time in a second trip
tij - the travel time from i to j for a desired arrival time at j using transit
tij - the travel time from j to i for a specified departure time at j using transit
*Developed Model Accessibility in terms of time constraints (See Figure 5)

5. GIS Based Route Optimization for Effective Traffic Management

Spatial analysis is carried out for the traffic volume data. The materials needed to apply spatial analysis for
route optimization are:

• Preparation of base map

• Identification of traffic congested location
• Collection of traffic volume data
• GIS analysis
• Identification of new routes

*Kanchipuram (Study Area)- one of the famous tourism locations (See Figure 6)

The study identified the present traffic volume in Kanchipuram city. The adoption of new routes in the
study area is useful to increase the transit service and may help in proper traffic management.

*Proposed Route in Kanchipuram (See Figure 7)

RESULTS

GIS Map Output : See Figures at the end of this document

CONCLUSION

After collating the five literature, a GIS analysis was a big help in each study. Though GIS was not the
primary tool, aggregated big data enabled researchers to meet their objectives. The ability of GIS to
combine large amounts of data from different sources makes them a powerful tool. From volume data to
population density, level of service and accessibility can be determined. From there route optimization
and other transport planning may be further analyzed and developed.
HOW CAN THIS HELP THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED BY THE GROUP?

The main problem identified by the group is all about Traffic. This is basically the published study that
serves as the basis of the problem identified as it gives a thorough and detailed explanation about the
research study. Furthermore, useful concepts and ideas used could be utilized upon addressing of the
chosen problem. Lastly, this study serves as the guide in using GIS to focus on the problem at hand.

FIGURES

Figure 1 - Methodological Framework

 Figure 2 - Transit System Chosen

Figure 3 - Transit Supportive Area (TSA)

 Figure 4 - Composite Access Time

Figure 5 - Optimized Routing from GIS

 Figure 6 - Kanchipuram

Figure 7 - Kanchipuram Proposed Route

Researcher : Oropel, Denmar John

Title of Published Study : Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Forest Management

Author of Publication : S.H. Sonti

Date of Publication : 2015

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Forests are important renewable natural resources, and are significant to every living being, most
especially providing and preserving an environment suitable for human life. In this ever-changing world,
forest resource management which covers a broad range of natural resources within a forested area has
become more complex and demanding to forest managers.

OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the potential application of Geographic Information
System (GIS) technology in forest management in general, and in three African countries.

METHODOLOGY

In this study, the applications of spatial technologies such as the Global Positioning System (GPS), Remote
Sensing (RS), and Geographic Information System (GIS) are discussed. GIS is the main focus of the study
presenting its application in general and in forest management. Further, GIS’s application in forest
management in three countries of Africa are presented.

Spatial Technologies and Their Applications

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a radio navigation and locational system that enables the user to
determine very accurate locations on the surface of Earth which is satellite and ground-based.

Remote Sensing (RS) usually are satellites or airborne sensors that are used to gather information about
the surface of the Earth from a distant platform.

Geographic Information System (GIS) is an application that enables the storage, management, and
analysis of large of spatially distributed data which are usually associated with their particular geographic
features.

GIS Applications in General

GIS, GPS, and RS usage either individually or in combination span a broad range of applications and
degrees of complexity such as vegetation classification for predicting crop yield or environmental
impacts, modelling of surface water drainage patterns, or tracking animal migration patterns.
Applications of GIS can be grouped into various categories depending on the level of integration with
other forest management and financial systems. These categories include data collection and
maintenance, map production, data viewing and query, and decision support systems.
GIS Applications in Forest Management

Strategic Planning and Modeling: GIS allows the forest managers to effectively add both important
temporal and spatial dimension to the management planning process. Depending on the limits of
inventory and model, the manager can map what the forest will look like in 100 years

Map Production: A wide variety of maps is needed by forest managers to assist in their daily activities.
Features such as topographic features (contours), infrastructure, water points, fire breaks, neighbors and
conservation areas may be also included in the map.

Fire Management: Forest fire managers have used GIS for fuel mapping. The modelling capabilities of
GIS have been quite effective in this context. With input layers stored in the GIS, its mathematical
modelling capabilities, along with selected lookup tables, fuel and fire intensity models were
implemented.

Harvest Planning: Harvest planning activities include the identification of felling directions, extraction
routes, depots and sensitive zones such as wetlands. Maps constitute a basic planning tool for these
activities.

Resource Management: Collection of forest inventory data and monitoring changes are critical to forest
management activities, and these activities can be built by GIS by incorporating models to guide.

GIS Application in Forest Management in Africa

Kenya: Forests are an important source of livelihood, environmental services, and economic growth in
Kenya. Kenyan forests are biologically rich and harbor high concentrations of endemic species which are
vital resources that serves inhabitants in coastal areas. Wulder [8] explained that following the advances
in high resolution Remote Sensing Digital Data and Aerial Photography, mapping of the trends of cover
changes have become relevant source of information for understanding land cover pattern changes.

Cameroon: Cameroon’s productive ecosystems provide services and sustenance either directly or
indirectly to millions of people. The Interactive Forest Atlas of Cameroon provides users with up-to-date
information on the forest sector, allowing them to access land use allocation information in their efforts
to improve monitoring and management of forest resources. Community forests were introduced and
the following geo information were needed:

• A map showing the boundaries of the intended community forest (community forest boundary
map);
• A clear description of activities previously carried out in the proposed community forest area;
• An inventory report of community forest resources;
• A final management plan, zoning the forest into compartments.

Congo: Having the second largest tropical rainforest in the world, Congo Basin is the home to numerous
amounts of species. RS and GIS have emerged as powerful tools in forest monitoring that can provide
critical information to decision makers on how to protect this valued natural resource.
RESULTS

GIS MAP OUTPUTS

The illustrations below represent some of the uses of GIS in forest management in Congo.

CONCLUSION

With the increasing complexity of forest management due to a greater social involvement and
environmental pressures, GIS is likely to play an increasingly significant role. The capabilities of GIS
provide greater opportunities for information access even in more remote areas. The range of
applications reviewed in this essay is clear evidence to the significant value of forests and the potential of
GIS to aid in their management. Stronger tools are necessary for the analytical resolution of conflicting
suitability’s and choices in resource allocation. In a sense, forestry applications embody the full scope of
GIS technology. Thus, its study provides an excellent overview of its potential as a management tool for
natural resource concerns and o the state of the technology.
HOW CAN THIS HELP THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED BY THE GROUP?

The group has selected the worsening traffic problems in Cebu City, and we suggest to add new routes
that is functional, economical, and safe. With this study, we will be able to present possible locations of
potential forest areas that are capable of being converted as a new route, while preserving the
environment and wildlife in it. With the use of QGIS, locating these potential routes will be much easier,
faster, and more convenient.
Researcher : Veloso, Reign Marion

Title of Published Study : SENTINEL-2-DERIVED LAND COVER MAP USING PIXELBASED

CLASSIFICATION FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS

Author of Publication : J.L. Bas & R. Fornis

Date of Publication : n.d.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Hydrological studies such as rainfall-runoff modelling and flood risk management require reliable land
cover datasets to estimate model parameter values. Up-to-date land cover maps for many areas in the
Philippines are scarcely available, if not unobtainable. Researchers often resort to manual digitization of
aerial imagery that is both time-consuming and inefficient when working with large study areas.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this paper is to assess the accuracy of the maximum likelihood classification algorithm of
ArcGIS in classifying land cover from a Sentinel2 satellite image of the Upper Butuanon River
Watershed.

METHODOLOGY

A. Study Area The study area is located within the jurisdiction of the city of Cebu encompassing the
political boundaries of seven barangays (villages) having a total area of 35.363 km2 . The elevation
of the watershed ranges from 40 meters to 750 meters above mean sea level. Baguio clay loam and
Faraon clay are the dominant soil types of the study area.

B. The Sentinel-2 images acquired from the USGS Earth Explorer image database considered for this
study were selected based on the following criteria: (a) cloud cover of less than 10 percent and (b)
acquisition date beginning January 2018. Bands 2, 3, 4 and 8 (red, green, blue and near-infrared
bands, respectively) of the images were added into the ArcGIS data frame for layer stacking. Channel
combinations using bands 2, 3 and 4 will give a near-natural color representation of the images as
shown in Fig. 1. These images were clipped to include only the study area using raster processing
tools in ArcGIS. By careful visual inspection of the images, the data acquired on February 9, 2018
was considered superior among the other datasets due to the absence of cloud cover.
C. Land Cover Classification Scheme A standardized land cover classification scheme was presented in
[3] to be used when working with remotelysensed data. The classification scheme involves two levels
of classification. For the purpose of this study, only the Level I categories were adopted. These
categories are the following: urban/built-up land, forestland, agricultural land, rangeland and barren
land.

D. Maximum Likelihood Classification The entire process of image classification from satellite data was
done within the ArcGIS environment. Training samples for each of the land cover categories were
gathered. The channel combination of the near-infrared, red and green bands was used as aid in
selecting training samples as land cover categories emit different spectral signatures. Maximum
likelihood classification (MLC) is the most common pixelbased classification method under
supervised classification and its algorithm is native in ArcGIS. In MLC, each class in each band is
assumed to be a normally distributed function [4] and the likelihood of a pixel belonging to a specific
category is computed based on (1).

where i is the class, x is 4-dimensional data where 4 represents the number of bands, p(wi ) is the
probability of wi occurring in the image, |∑i| is the determinant of covariance matrix of wi, i (-1) is
the inverse matrix and mi is the mean vector.

RESULTS

The classified Sentinel-2 image after performing majority filter and boundary clean is shown in Fig. 2. To
evaluate the accuracy of the classification algorithm, a total of 1128 stratified random validation points
were selected using an orthophoto file with a resolution of 0.5 meters. Images from Google Earth Pro
were also used during the selection of validation points. A confusion matrix was constructed to compare
the relationship between the observed and predicted classes. The confusion matrix reflects the
agreement between the produced land cover map and the validation points through four accuracy
measures: producer accuracy, user accuracy, overall accuracy and kappa coefficient. The diagonal line in
the confusion matrix shows the agreement between the observed class and the predicted class. The
overall accuracy is the ratio between the number of pixels classified correctly and the total number of
pixels. The kappa coefficient ranges from 0 (total disagreement) to 1 (total agreement) [5].
An overall accuracy of 90.60% shows a good relationship between the observed and predicted land cover
classes. A kappa coefficient of 0.8815 also shows that there is good agreement between reality and the
produced land cover map.

CONCLUSION

An overall accuracy of 90.60% and a kappa coefficient of 0.8815 show that the results of maximum
likelihood classification represent real land cover scenarios in the study area. Pixel-based classification is
a reliable method of generating land cover maps that can be used for other hydrological applications
such as curve number grid creation and percent impervious estimation, among others.

HOW CAN THIS HELP THE PROBLEM IDENTIFIED BY THE GROUP?

The study can help solve the chosen problem because it mainly tackles the utilization of GIS software for
hydrological applications. Since the problem that was chosen mainly revolves around road mapping, it
would also involve the hydrology aspect especially in analyzing and selecting the area to be used in the
future study. In addition, it can also help in road mapping
PROGESS REPORT 1 (WEEK 5) | Video Clip Presentation

GROUP NAME : SINGLES’ CLUB

LEADER : MASONG, Rio Crystelle
MEMBERS : AGUHOB, Keeya
BACALLA, Ma. Geralda
BENSIG, Hezron Donald
OROPEL, Denmar John
VELOSO, Reigh Marion

Date of Last Meeting : February 18, 2021 (Thursday)

Date of Next Meeting : To be discussed

GANTT CHART

Presented in the Gantt Chart below is the schedule of task and the target dates of completion for each
task. The following are as shown:

February 2021 Mar

TASKS
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1
Research for Pub. Study
Summary of Pub Study
Creating of PPT
Video Recording/Editing
Video Submission
Presentation Day

LEGEND: - Completed Task

ACTION ITEMS IN PROGRESS (Updated as of February 22, 2021, Monday) :

The following actions are currently in progress or pending:

1. Creating of PPT File for the presentation.

ACTION ITEMS COMPLETED (Updated as of February 22, 2021, Monday) :

The following actions have been completed:

1. Contribution of a published study from each member.

2. Votation of the chosen published study for the presentation and main reference for the
technical report.
3. Compilation of Summaries of publish studies.
4. Submission of compilation of summaries.
CLARIFICATION(S) :

(There has or have been no clarification(s) from the members at the moment)

RECOMMENDATION(S) :

(There has or have been no recommendation(s) from the members at the moment)